消声室内最大自由声场误差的估算

消声室内声场与理想自由声场之间的误差估计，是消声室设计的重要依据。本文指出了 Ｏｌｓｏｎ公式的前提不适用于消声室内的声场，进而对消声室内不同方向、不同测试位置上的自由声场误差进行了理论估算，并对纯音源与宽带噪声源给出了不同的估算公式。     

模波束形成及其Robust处理

声源被动测向和定位属于水声学中的逆问题。利用浅海水声环境中传播波的简正波特性，将平面波波束形成的概念加以推广构成模波束形成，可以实现声源定位（深度和距离）或改善两维搜索条件下的信号检测能力。本文论述了这种方法，并给出了常规和最佳模波束形成的计算机模拟实验结果；模拟实验的基阵数据，分别来自对模程序产和的声场和实际声场的采集。文中还研究了实际环境条件下可能出现的模型失配及其对两种模波束形成的影响，以及相应的Robust处理问题。     

脉冲波声场的数值计算与测试研究

针对超声检测中影响缺陷定量准确性的声场问题进行了深入讨论,研究了脉冲波声场的计算方法,设计了相应的计算软件并绘制出实用换能器声轴线上的声压分布曲线,分析了不同材料和厚度的采样回波对频谱的影响,比较了连续波声场和脉冲波声场的分布特性及异同点。对脉冲波声场的测试结果表明,数值计算和实测结果有较好的一致性。本研究结果为提高超声检测中缺陷定量的准确性和科学性提供了依据。     

基于时间反转镜的宽带匹配场处理

声场的互易性和线性波动方程的时反不变性能用时间反转来代替频域的相位共轭。因此,时间反转技术可以应用于宽带的匹配场处理中。时间反转匹配场处理时,仍然需要知道海洋环境的先验知识,例如声场的声速分布,海洋边界条件等等。文章对时间反转应用于匹配场处理进行了仿真并分析海上试验数据。仿真和试验数据分析结果表明:该套时间的反转处理方法可以实现匹配场定位,定位精度较高,而且多元阵信号处理的增益也十分明显。     

双层介质声传播问题的标准解及有限元解

文章通过双层介质中的声传播问题,研究了有限元方法在水下声场计算中的应用。基于传统的Galerkin方法推导出水下声场的有限元方程,采用四节点四边形单元离散求解物理域,可选择辐射边界条件、DtN (Dirichletto Neumann)非局部算子、完美匹配层来处理出射声场,得到有限元解。为了验证该有限元模型,需要高精度的参考解。水平不变均匀介质中的声传播问题存在解析解,但双层介质问题不存在解析解。因此,对于双层介质声传播问题,使用波数积分法推导出标准解。分别考虑了有限深度和无限深度双层介质两种情况,并进行了数值模拟。数值结果表明,文章所提的有限元模型与参考解非常吻合。此外,还发现当某号简正波的本征值非常接近割线时,简正波模型KRAKEN难以准确计算该号简正波的本征值,从而声场计算结果存在明显误差;但是有限元方法不需要计算本征值,所以当KRAKEN模型出现此类问题时,有限元方法仍能给出准确的声场计算结果,表明有限元方法在普适性方面优于简正波方法。     

多极声源在裸眼井外的纵横波辐射特性

声波远探测方法已逐渐成为石油测井的一门重要应用技术,声源向井外地层中的辐射特性是远探测声场的主控因数。推导了单极、偶极和四极子声源的远场位移渐近解与辐射指向性公式,模拟分析了低频和常规测井频率下多极子声源在井外地层中的辐射图样,优选出不同声源辐射到地层中的优势波类型,并对比了不同频率下优势波指向性的变化规律。结果表明:单极辐射P波和偶极辐射SH横波在各自的辐射声场中占据了主导地位,它们对应的最佳激发频段分别在10 k Hz和4 k Hz左右,而在四极子声源的辐射声场中,P波和SH横波的指向性相近,均优于SV横波,且两者在7 k Hz左右达到最佳,为多极子声波远探测技术的应用提供了理论支持。     

宽带噪声目标声场干涉结构图的时空变换

水听器接收的运动目标宽带噪声的频率-时间I(ω,t)声场干涉结构图随着目标的运动会发生相应的变化。这个变化将引起I(ω,t)中干涉条纹的弯曲,使得I(ω,t)和频率-距离干涉结构图不再有简单的线性映射关系。在深入分析宽带噪声运动目标频率-时间I(ω,t)和相应频率-距离I(ω,r)声场干涉结构间的非线性映射关系的基础上,提出了一种从I(ω,t)到线性I(ω,r)的时空变换方法(Time-Space Linear Transformation,TSLT)。数值仿真实验结果表明,TSLT可以有效地消除目标运动的影响,从I(ω,t)中恢复出能真实反映频率-距离声场干涉结构规律的I(ω,r)。最后给出利用运动目标宽带噪声声场干涉结构估计波导不变量的应用例。     

斜坡海底对声场水平纵向相关性的影响

利用数值仿真分析和总结了不同斜坡海底条件下声场水平相关性随水平间隔和传播距离的变化规律,并利用楔形简正波理论对海底倾斜引起的声场水平纵向相关变化机理进行了解释.研究结果表明,上坡和下坡地形的声场水平纵向相关性具有很大的差别.与水平海底相比,下坡海底会增加声场水平纵向相关性,上坡海底会减小声场水平纵向相关性.有效简正波之...     

浅海低频声场的水平纵向相关性

基于一次浅海声学实验数据,研究了浅海低频声场的水平纵向相关特性。利用简正波干涉理论,对实验结果中声场水平纵向相关的振荡结构与强烈起伏现象进行了分析与解释。声场水平纵向相关的振荡结构是由简正波干涉所致,该实验结果进一步验证了该现象在浅海低频条件下的普遍性。当实验中采用的爆炸声源的标称深度位于声场中某号有效简正波的一个波节附近,声源实际爆炸深度的较小变化引起该号与其它号有效简正波幅度比值的较大变化,从而在有效简正波号数较少的情况下引起了声场水平纵向相关的强烈起伏现象,该现象表明在一定条件下声源深度是浅海低频声场水平纵向相关的一个敏感参数。     

基于波叠加与统计最优近场声全息的单面声场分离技术

基于空间声场变换的近场声全息以及统计最优近场声全息都要求全息面一侧的声场必须为自由声场。为了克服应用上的局限性,提出了一种波叠加方法和统计最优近场声全息相结合的方法。针对现有的双全息面声场分离技术需要在两个全息面上进行声压测量,效率较低的问题,首先采用波叠加算法根据全息面上的声压重构出某个重建面上的声压,然后利用全息面和重建面的声压数据采用统计最优近场声全息技术分离出全息面某一侧声源在全息面上单独产生的声学量,从而以更少的测点数在全息面两侧都存在声源的情况下实现空间声场分离。实验和数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于改进统计最优近场声全息的空间多种声源声场重建

为获取空间多种声源声场信息,传统统计最优近场声全息需要较多高阶项数的波函数来重建声场,而随着波函数阶数的提高,该方法对误差的放大作用也越大;此外传统方法都采用与声源共形的全息测量面,限制了其应用范围。提出了一种基于平面测量的改进统计最优近场声全息方法,可在波函数阶数较低的情况下提高重建精度。首先通过分析空间多种声源的特点选取合适的波函数组合,然后用该组合求出声场传递矩阵,最后重建出目标声源声场。通过数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性和适用性。结果表明:该方法能够有效地降低重建所需波函数阶数,抑制高阶波数对误差的放大作用从而提高重建精度,即使全息面与声源不共形,也能准确地重建出目标声源声场。     

基于深海声影区海底反射损失的地声参数反演方法

海底的声速、密度、衰减系数等地声参数,在声场预报、目标定位中十分重要。因地声参数原位测量和海底采样在深海中实施困难,需要寻找新的方法来获取地声参数。在深海声影区环境下,直达波会随着距离的增加而逐渐消失,一次反射波及多次反射波是对深海声影区声场起重要作用的多途信号。文章首先对声影区多途达到结构进行分析,利用多次比较法得到随掠射角变化的反射损失,并对海底地声参数进行反演,然后将反演的地声参数代入声场模型得到海底反射损失,将其与实验测量结果进行比较,结果吻合较好。并通过对反演过程的散点图和后验概率进行分析,证明了反演结果的可靠性。该方法可用于深海声影区的海底地声参数的反演。     

水下稳态涡流场声传播的数值模拟和实验研究

声波穿过涡流场时声传播特性会发生改变,可由此判断涡流场的存在及其特征参数。文章首先推导了二维稳态涡流场的射线微分方程组,实现了声波通过涡流场的声线轨迹模拟。然后开展水池超声传感器实验,采用现代计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)仿真方法获取涡流场参数。最后将通过涡流场声信号的时延结果,与实验测量值进行对比分析。结果表明,对于涡核半径为30 mm,最大切向速度为1.2 m·s^-1的涡流场,数值模拟误差小于10%,验证了基于射线声学的水下稳态涡流场声传播数值模拟的有效性。     

Wave equation-based imaging of mode converted waves in ultrasonic NDI, with suppressed leakage from nonmode converted waves

The value of imaging techniques in ultrasonic nondestructive inspection (NDI) to find and characterize defects in steel components has already been demonstrated. The imaging techniques based on the integral representation of the wave equation, the Rayleigh integrals for wave field extrapolation, are becoming feasible and attractive due to advances in array technology and due to faster computers. Known implementations are the total focusing method (TFM), the synthetic aperture focusing method (SAFT), and the inverse wave field extrapolation method (IWEX). In principle, these techniques compensate propagation effects from sources to a scatterer such as a defect and propagation effects from the scatterer to receivers. Currently, this approach is applied to wave fronts of single modes (pure longitudinal or pure transversal). In practice, multiple wave fronts from the scatterer will be received as a result of mode conversion. These arrivals will not have the same arrival time because of the difference in sound velocity between longitudinal and transversal waves. Images of mode converted waves are obtained by choosing the appropriate sound velocity that corresponds with the mode-converted scattered wave in the imaging process. Therefore, the nonmode converted waves will image as leakage artifacts in the mode-converted images, and vice versa. This may lead to false interpretations. In this paper, such artifacts will be identified and explained with the help of an analytical example. Measurements from steel test pieces with a 4 MHz linear array transducer with 64 elements will be used to demonstrate the artifacts. Furthermore, a procedure to predict the artifacts and the subsequent suppression from the input measurements will be presented and demonstrated.     

基于有限元法的管形振子声场特性研究

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对管形振子的振动模态及在清洗槽中的辐射声场进行数值计算分析,并用铝箔腐蚀的方法记录了管形振子的声场分布情况。结果表明基于线性理论的ANSYS软件能够较好地预测低强度的超声场;管形振子在清洗槽中的辐射声场在径向方向出现驻波,驻波沿管形振子的轴向间断出现,驻波数等于振子的半波长数,此外作耦合振动的管形振子和非耦合振动的振子相比其辐射的声场更均匀,表明这种新型辐射器有很好的应用前景。     

Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of nanotube diameter on heat pulse propagation in thin armchair single walled carbon nanotubes

The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to investigate the effect of nanotube diameter on heat pulse propagation in thin armchair single walled carbon nanotubes. A picosecond heat pulse was applied in the middle of each nanotube. The heat pulse generated several wave packets, which gradually leave diffusive background and propagate along the nanotube with the speed of sound waves. These wave packets correspond to the second sound waves and twisting (TW) phonon mode. It was found that by increasing the nanotube diameter the contribution of second sound waves to heat transportation decreases while the contribution of TW phonon mode increases. Also, it was observed that the propagation speeds of wave packets increase with increasing nanotube diameter. This observation was explained by taking into account the effect of nanotube diameter on C–C bond lengths and eventually on the modulus of elasticity of armchair SWCNTs.     

Noise,anti-noise and fluid flow control

This paper celebrates Thomas Young's discovery that wave interference was responsible for much that is known about light and colour. A substantial programme of work has been aimed at controlling the noise of aerodynamic flows. Much of that field can be explained in terms of interference and it is argued in this paper that the theoretical techniques for analysing noise can also be seen to rest on interference effects. Interference can change the character of wave fields to produce, out of well-ordered fields, wave systems quite different from the interfering wave elements. Lighthill's acoustic analogy is described as an example of this effect, an example in which the exact model of turbulence-generated noise is seen to consist of elementary interfering sound waves; waves that are sometimes heard in advance of their sources. The paper goes on to describe an emerging field of technology where sound is suppressed by superimposing on it a destructively interfering secondary sound; one designed and manufactured specifically for interference. That sound is known as anti-sound, or anti-noise when the sound is chaotic enough. Examples are then referred to where the noisy effect to be controlled is actually a disturbance of a linearly unstable system; a disturbance that is destroyed by destructive interference with a deliberately constructed antidote. The practical benefits of this kind of instability control are much greater and can even change the whole character of flows. It is argued that completely unnatural unstable conditions can be held with active controllers generating destructively interfering elements. Examples are given in which gravitational instability of stratified fluids can be prevented. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of shear flows can also be avoided by simple controls. Those are speculative examples of what might be possible in future developments of an interference effect, which has made anti-noise a useful technology.     

Multi-parameter identification and shape reconstruction for unbounded fractal rough surfaces with tapered wave incidence

In this paper, we study the inverse scattering of tapered waves from sound soft surfaces or horizontally polarized electromagnetic waves from perfectly conducting surfaces. By the related Fréchet derivative with respect to a given surface of the solution of direct scattering problems, an efficient algorithm is proposed to reconstruct the parameters of unbounded rough surfaces from a set of scattered field measurements. Tapered wave is introduced to realize the asymptotic truncation for unbounded fractal rough surface. In order to improve the results of reconstruction, multi-angle and multi-frequency incidence strategy has been used. The numerical results show that the method yields satisfactory reconstructions for some rough surface profiles.     

椭球面镜声波反射聚焦数值模拟研究

据Hamilton线性理论解,给出沿椭球面镜轴线的电弧放电等离子声源(AD-PSS)反射波计算结果,分析由镜面引起的相位变化对中心波、边缘波及尾波传播影响。在聚焦前区中心波压力为正,边缘波、尾波压力为负;聚焦后区则相反。在线性条件下,反射波压力峰值出现于椭球面镜几何焦点,越过焦点后反射波压力幅值迅速衰减。利用有限元软件COMSOL对椭球面镜声反射过程进行数值模拟,揭示反射波传播演化过程及声场分布规律。据KZK方程及等效声源法,分析非线性效应对声传播过程影响。研究表明,非线性效应将使椭球面镜实际焦点位置偏离几何焦点,即正压实际焦点出现在几何焦点后,负压实际焦点出现在几何焦点前;随非线性系数增加正压实际焦点后移,负压实际焦点前移。     

Producing bowtie limited diffraction beams with synthetic arrayexperiment

Limited diffraction beams have a large depth of field and could have applications in medical ultrasound and other wave related areas such as electromagnetics and optics. However, these beams have higher sidelobes than conventional focused beams at their focuses. Recently, a new type of beam, called bowtie limited diffraction beams, was developed. These beams can achieve both low sidelobes and a large depth of field in medical imaging. In this paper, the production of bowtie beams in water with a synthetic array experiment is reported. A broad-band PZT ceramic/polymer composite transducer of about 1 mm diameter and 2.5 MHz central frequency was scanned in a raster format and placed at the centers of elements of an equivalent two-dimensional array of 50 mm diameter aperture. A polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) needle hydrophone of 0.5 mm diameter was used to receive the waves produced by the transducer. Proper weighting functions were applied to the received signals to produce various beams. Results show that the bowtie beams produced with the synthetic array experiment are in good agreement with those derived from theory and obtained by computer simulations. The depth of field of these beams is about 216 mm and sidelobes of a tenth derivative bowtie X wave in pulse-echo imaging are about 30 dB lower than those of rotary symmetric limited diffraction beams such as the zeroth-order X wave discovered previously