超音速等离子喷涂Fe基合金层疲劳损伤声发射信号的处理与分析

为了通过对声发射信号的处理来诊断涂层接触疲劳损伤,采用超音速等离子喷涂在淬火45钢上制备了Fe基合金涂层,采用扫描电镜及其附带的能谱仪观察涂层形貌、分析涂层成分;在球盘式滚动接触疲劳试验机上进行接触疲劳试验,借助声发射系统采集涂层接触疲劳失效前和失效时的声发射信号;采用小波变换和经验模态分解对声发射信号在不同尺度上进行分解和重构,提取了包含疲劳损伤信息的波形和频率特征。结果表明:Fe基合金涂层结构致密,存在少量孔隙,在沉积粒子边界处存在少量微观裂纹,孔隙率为2.753 5%,等离子喷涂过程中,Fe,Cr和Si只发生少量的烧损且在涂层内分布均匀;接触疲劳失效前的声发射信号以连续型为主,失效时以突发型为主,采用小波变换和经验模态分解均可获得涂层接触疲劳失效前和失效时较为纯净的疲劳损伤声发射信号;2种方法重构的涂层接触疲劳失效前和失效时声发射信号波形相似,经验模态分解方法对400 kHz以上高频和100 kHz以下低频干扰信号的滤除效果明显不及小波变换。     

等离子喷涂铁基涂层的接触疲劳失效机理研究

对超音速等离子喷涂铁基涂层的接触疲劳失效机理进行了研究.使用球盘式接触疲劳试验机进行了涂层的接触疲劳实验,并通过对失效试样表面形貌的观察,总结出了涂层三种典型的失效形式,即点蚀、剥落和分层.分别研究了三种失效形式的相应的失效机理,结果表明:点蚀失效是由粗糙的表面引起的;剥落失效是由于表层与次表层的微观缺陷引起的;而分层失效则由涂层内部的剪切应力机制决定.     

等离子喷涂Fe基合金涂层组织及接触疲劳损伤性能的研究

使用超音速等离子喷涂设备在45钢基体上制备了铁基合金涂层,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪等设备对涂层的组织结构进行了表征,借助显微硬度仪测定了涂层截面的硬度分布,以球盘式接触疲劳试验机为平台,利用声发射技术实时监测涂层的接触疲劳损伤过程。结果表明,涂层组织主要是由α(Fe,Cr)相和网状的Cr7C3组成,纳米级α(Fe,Cr)相分布于裂纹周围。声发射特征参数RMS可以反映涂层的接触疲劳损伤程度,在转速为2500r/min和应力水平为1.8489GPa实验条件下,分层是涂层失效的最终形式。     

涂层接触疲劳损伤过程中的声发射小波分析

采集铁基合金涂层在不同接触疲劳损伤阶段的声发射信号,并采用dB10基本小波对其进行5层小波分解和重构,分析了疲劳损伤声发射信号的波形和频率特征。结果表明:裂纹萌生阶段的原始声发射信号以连续型为主,裂纹的稳定扩展阶段以混合型为主,裂纹的失稳扩展阶段以突发型为主;通过小波变换实现了将疲劳损伤声发射信号与干扰波分离,获得了高信噪比的疲劳损伤特征信息;在不同的疲劳损伤阶段,声发射信号的频率分布各不相同。随着疲劳损伤的加剧,各层的波形幅值呈增大的趋势,并且疲劳损伤频率分布范围也更加的广泛。     

金属疲劳断裂的声发射检测技术

疲劳断裂是金属结构的主要失效形式,通过金属疲劳断裂时声发射特征参数的提取,建立了声发射特征参数和裂纹扩展速率之间的关系,由试样的三点弯曲疲劳试验,证明采用声发射技术监测疲劳裂纹的扩展,不仅与疲劳裂纹扩展的变化规律相似,而且能实时的捕捉到疲劳裂纹的产生。     

微缺陷对热喷涂涂层接触疲劳性能的影响

采用超音速等离子喷涂设备在45号钢基体上制备了三种含有不同微缺陷的NiCrBSi合金涂层。使用球盘式接触疲劳实验机对涂层的接触疲劳性能进行了测试,建立了Weibull失效概率图;使用扫描电子显微镜对涂层的微观结构和失效形貌进行了表征;比较了三种涂层的接触疲劳寿命及涂层的主要疲劳失效模式。结果表明,涂层内的微缺陷主要由微孔隙和微裂纹构成,涂层接触疲劳寿命的长短与这些微缺陷含量的多少成反比,涂层的孔隙率为2.5%,1.3%和2.1%,对应的接触疲劳寿命分别为7.77×105,8.99×105,7.81×105周次。同时,涂层微缺陷含量较少时涂层的失效模式主要以剥落失效为主;涂层微缺陷含量较多、结合强度较差时主要以分层失效为主;涂层内存在较大的孔隙可致使涂层的提早失效,同时涂层表面磨损失效的概率增加。     

基于K熵和关联维数的金属疲劳损伤过程的声发射信号特征分析

深化对金属疲劳损伤过程中声发射信号的特征认识,是运用声发射信号对金属结构损伤过程进行监测预测的重要基础热点问题。针对金属疲劳损伤经历裂纹萌生阶段、裂纹缓慢扩展阶段、裂纹快速扩展阶段、临近破坏等四个阶段产生大量的声发射信号,采用K熵和关联维数等混沌特征量来分析海量的声发射信号;通过对45号钢试件进行三点弯曲疲劳试验、测试得到试件疲劳损伤过程的声发射信号,分别估算不同时间段所产生声发射信号的K熵和关联维数,分析结果表明金属疲劳损伤过程的声发射信号具有混沌特征,其K熵和关联维数的变化趋势与金属疲劳损伤过程的四个阶段具有较清晰的对应关联,表明K熵和关联维数可以较好的揭示金属疲劳损伤过程的动力学特性,这将为运用声发射信号实现金属结构疲劳损伤在线监测及预测提供了一种新思路。     

40CrNiM0齿轮材料点蚀破坏的金相研究

用金相试验方法,对40CrNiMo中等硬度齿轮材料在接触疲劳过程中的表面破坏形态、裂纹的萌生与扩展等问题进行了研究,并从金属学角度对材料失效破坏过程进行了分析.结果表明,经过一定周次的循环后,试验滚轮表面产生的接触疲劳破坏是属点蚀破坏,从滚轮表面产生的塑性变形和金属流变层是表面产生点蚀破坏的重要原因.     

滚动接触条件下铁基涂层的疲劳磨损寿命实验研究

利用超音速等离子喷涂技术在45钢表面制备了铁基合金涂层,利用球盘式疲劳磨损实验机评价了铁基涂层在两种载荷条件下的疲劳磨损性能,利用两参数Weibull分布表征了涂层的疲劳寿命,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了涂层的微观结构和失效形貌,利用有限元方法研究了涂层内部应力分布.实验结果表明,载荷条件可以显著地影响涂层的寿命和失效形貌,高载下涂层的寿命明显降低;随着载荷的增加,主要失效形式由表面磨损失效转换成剥层失效,其中表面磨损是由于粗糙接触引起,而剥层则与应力分布机制有关.     

基于声发射技术的热障涂层损伤行为

热障涂层以优异的隔热、耐磨和耐蚀性而被广泛应用于航空涡轮发动机中。由于热障涂层体系内部结构复杂,服役环境苛刻,导致其失效不可预测。热障涂层系统内的表面开裂和界面分层是限制热障涂层长时间使用的瓶颈问题,且热障涂层的过早剥落失效会导致合金基体暴露在高温燃气中,这可能引起灾难性的后果。针对涂层的裂纹扩展行为,最重要也最直接的研究方法就是对热障涂层的整个失效过程进行实时无损检测,为寿命预测提供最直接的证据。声发射技术是一种实时动态的无损检测方法,可直接检测热障涂层失效过程中的裂纹扩展行为,因此在热障涂层失效检测领域得到了广泛的应用。然而,造成热障涂层损伤失效的因素较多,如失效机理复杂、失效形式多样,以及声发射信号本身的随机性和不可逆性,使得利用声发射技术检测热障涂层失效整个过程的研究还不够全面。目前,已通过声发射技术的参数分析和波形分析实现了对热障涂层损伤失效的定性、定量和定位分析,并对涂层寿命进行了预测。参数分析是以多个简化的波形特征参数来表示声发射信号的特征,即对一些特征量进行统计的过程,如能量、频率、幅度等。采用声发射特征参数法可定量评估热障涂层的损伤程度并对涂层的寿命进行预测。目前人们从连续损伤累计、某一特定参量变化等多个角度预测热障涂层的寿命,但是各种寿命预测模型主要是根据实验结果的经验或半经验公式,随着热障涂层的发展以及对热障涂层失效机理认识的不断加深,寿命预测模型也在不断发展与完善。波形分析是通过对声发射信号的时域波形或频谱特征分析来获取缺陷信息的一种信号处理方法。从理论上讲,波形分析应当能给出任何所需的信息,因而波形也是表达声发射源特征最精确的方法,目前主要通过小波变换把声发射波形信号从时域变换到频域,进而识别其损伤模式并实现声发射源的定位。本文对声发射技术进行了简要的介绍,总结了声发射技术参数分析和波形分析在热障涂层损伤模式识别、损伤位置的定位、损伤程度的定量评估和剩余寿命预测方面的研究进展,指出了当前研究中存在的问题并对其下一步的发展进行了展望。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.