压电式压力传感器动态特性补偿技术研究

针对近爆区冲击波压力测试中压电式压力传感器因动态特性不佳造成信号畸变之问题,通过激波管动态校准试验,分析传感器动态特性;对造成动态测试误差的主要因素,利用动态补偿技术设计数字补偿滤波器,对传感器爆炸信号进行补偿处理。结果表明,该方法能有效减小动态测试误差、提高近爆区冲击波压力测试精度。     

低通滤波器的阶跃响应及其对动态校准的影响

动态测试系统在利用阶跃信号进行动态校准时,系统中的低通滤波器环节所产生的衰减振荡可能会误导测试人员,特别是对于带传压管道的动态压力测试系统。仿真与测试结果表明,各种模拟低通滤波器和IIR数字低通滤波器的阶跃响应都会出现一定的衰减振荡。针对带低通滤波器的系统以及其他系统的阶跃激励校准,通过对简单FFT频响分析方法、矩形单脉冲法、冲激响应法三种方法的比较,发现矩形单脉冲法能更正确地对阶跃校准数据进行频响分析。     

基于冲击激励的加速度计动态特性的校准与补偿

采用一种基于钢球对碰撞的窄脉冲冲击激励装置,结合外差式激光干涉仪对加速度计进行了绝对法冲击校准,分析了该装置所产生波形的特点。利用加速度计的输入输出信号,采用相关二步法对表征加速度计动态特性的数学模型参数进行了辨识,与绝对法振动校准结果的比较说明了加速度计模型以及动态校准的可靠性。最后基于动态校准得到的加速度计模型,设计了数字补偿滤波器,通过对加速度计动态特性的补偿,提高了加速度计的带宽,减小了动态误差。     

基于小波降噪算法的动态测试系统

针对目前陀螺导航装备缺乏动态性能测试方法的状况,本文提出并实现了车载动态性能测试系统.并根据航向数据非连续变化的特点,提出了基于周期平移的小波阈值降噪算法.该算法通过对信号的分段周期平移、阈值降噪、逆平移的方法实现降噪,有效地克服了常规小波阈值降噪算法带来的Pseudo-Gibbs现象.仿真及实测数据表明采用该算法能够在有效剔除异常点、消除噪声的同时,消除降噪信号中的Pseudo-Gibbs现象.跑车实验表明车载动态性能测试系统为陀螺导航设备提供了有效的解决方案和统一的测试平台.     

基于绝对法冲击校准的加速度计参数辨识研究

针对动态计量中加速度计动态特性计量的问题,本文主要论述了基于绝对法冲击校准的加速度计动态计量.依据加速度计物理结构,采用一个二阶微分方程来描述其输入输出特性,并将该方程转化为一种特定的形式,然后利用绝对法冲击校准加速度计的数据,采用一种新的方法在频域确定了方程的未知系数从而得到了加速度计动态特性参数.最后采用激光绝对法振动校准对加速度计进行了校准试验,并将得到的复灵敏度结果与模型的频率响应进行了比较,一致性的结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

一种用于相控阵B超成像的数字波束合成器的设计

本文介绍了一种能沿任意波束指向全程动态聚焦的数字波束合成器的设计，此合成器用于相控阵Ｂ超成像系统。回声信号的延时量分解为“指向延时”和“聚焦延时”两部分，分别用产生相控发射激励的时序逻辑电路和一个“动态聚焦延时量表”实现。通过对Ａ／Ｄ采样时钟的控制及对Ａ／Ｄ采样时钟、地址计数时钟和存储器写时钟的时序配合，实现了同相位数据点采样及无冗余数据的缓冲存储器。所设计的数字相控波束合成器只用廉价的高速数字电路即可实现，成本极低。实验结果验证了该方案的可行性。     

小波包降噪与LMD相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

局部均值分解(Local mean decomposition,简称LMD)方法是一种新的自适应时频分析方法,并成功运用于滚动轴承故障诊断中,但对噪声比较敏感。为消除噪声对诊断结果的影响,提出了一种小波包降噪与LMD相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法首先利用小波包去除信号中的噪声,然后,进行LMD分解,并将分解后PF分量与分解前信号的相关系数作为判断标准,剔除多余低频PF分量,最后,选取有效PF集进行功率谱分析,提取故障特征。通过仿真数据和真实滚动轴承数据的故障诊断实验,其结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

一种选点法和能量法相结合的曲线光顺方法

将选点修改法和能量法相结合，提出了一种新的曲线光顺方法。和传统的选点修改法以及能量法的区别是：选点修改法每次只修改一个坏点，能量法一次性地修改所有控制顶点，而本文的方法则是用能量法一次性地修改所有对坏点有影响的控制顶点。数值实例表明，这是一种有效的曲线光顺方法。     

极差法剔除坏值及其不确定度的估计

在处理一列测量数据时,如果其中有粗差未予剔除或将一些误差较大而不属粗差的观测值剔除,都会歪曲了测量结果,所以首先需要判别测量列中是否包含有粗差的观测值。供判别粗差的一些熟知法则有:莱依达法则、肖维勒法则和文中给出的较好 t 判别法,本文再介绍一个简便的判别法——狄克逊法则,然后再谈如何用极差计算随机不确定度的方法。一、剔除坏值对某一个量同一条件下,独立测得 n 个值:     

弹道明胶的动态力学测试方法研究

弹道明胶是一种超软材料,其波阻抗很低,采用经典的霍普金森杆测试技术无法获得其在高应变率下的力学特性。该文采用3种基于霍普金森杆的改进方法分别对其动态压缩力学特性进行测试,并对比3种方法的优缺点。实验结果表明:铝杆配合半导体应变片的测试方法对透射信号的提升有限,无法获得弹道明胶的动态力学数据;基于聚偏氟乙稀(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)压电薄膜传感器的方法避免对透射信号的测量,可以获得满意的测试数据;撞击杆直接加载法在小应变阶段的测试结果可信,但在大应变阶段的测试结果无效。综合来看,使用PVDF压电薄膜传感器的测试方法可以较好地获取弹道明胶的动态力学特性。     

Design method and scientific method

A recurring theme in recent design theory has been a desire to relate design method to scientific method: to create the ‘science of design’ or a ‘design science’. There is an inherent paradox in such a desire since design and science are clearly very dissimilar kinds of activities. Further, the concept of ‘scientific method’ now seems to be in epistemological chaos. For these reasons, attempts to model design method on scientific method seem misplaced. It is proposed that it would be more fruitful to regard design as a technology, rather than as a science. The paper seeks to establish the basis for such a view, drawing especially on the idea that both design and technology involve the application of types of knowledge other than the purely ‘scientific’ kind.     

基于APEX方法的湍流退化图像复原算法

在目标探测过程中,为了消除大气湍流带来的影响,提出了一种基于APEX方法的盲去卷积图像复原算法.该算法是一种非迭代的盲图像复原算法,以湍流退化系统具有G类点扩展函数为假设前提,通过模糊图像的频谱信息直接估计点扩展函数,并采用SECB方法实现目标图像的重建.本文对该算法的原理及其对湍流退化图像复原的可行性进行了深入研究,进行了真实的湍流退化图像的复原实验,其结果表明,该算法能够快速实现对湍流退化图像的重建,并具有一定的稳定性,能满足目标探测过程中的实时性要求.     

Combination of Newmark method and natural element method for elastodynamics

The natural element method (NEM) is a meshless method. The trial and test functions of the NEM are constructed using natural neighbor interpolations which are based on the Voronoi tessellation of a set of nodes. The NEM interpolation is linear between adjacent nodes on the boundary of the convex hull, which makes imposition of essential boundary conditions easy to implement. We investigate the performance of the NEM combined with the Newmark method for problems of elastodynamics in this article. Applications are considered for a cantilever beam with different initial load conditions. The NEM numerical results are compared with the finite element method. NEM shows promise for these applications.     

基于拉格朗日乘子法的空间圆弧拟合优化方法

针对传统的空间圆弧拟合方法鲁棒性低、拟合精度不高等问题,提出了一种鲁棒性较强的空间圆弧拟合优化方法。首先,以拉格朗日乘子法为基础,基于平面条件约束建立目标函数,从而得出空间圆弧拟合方程;其次,采用RANSAC（random sample consensus,随机抽样一致）算法剔除错误跟踪点,将RANSAC算法的高稳定性应用到空间圆弧拟合的点云优化中,进而提高拟合精度。最后,通过实验分析验证了所提空间圆弧拟合优化方法的可行性,并与传统拟合方法进行比较,分析所提方法的拟合精度。实验结果表明：普通圆弧点云拟合的相对精度在0.003左右,复杂圆弧点云拟合的相对精度在0.01左右;相较于传统拟合方法,所提方法有效解决了拟合精度低及鲁棒性差等问题。研究结果表明提出的空间圆弧拟合优化方法一方面可运用拉格朗日乘子法增强鲁棒性,另一方面可通过采用RANSAC方法剔除错误点以提高拟合精度,具有广泛的工程实际应用价值。     

动态测量不确定度贝叶斯评定的改进方法研究

动态测量不确定度的评定一直是比较复杂的问题,到目前为止,国内外有许多学者对这一问题进行了探索与研究,给出了一些评定的方法,但这些方法都存在自身的缺点与不足,还不能给出十分精确的评定结果。因此,通过对现有基于贝叶斯理论的动态测量不确定度评定方法进行分析,用最大熵原理改进其先验分布的选择与计算方法,从而有效提高计算后验分布的精度,最终提高不确定度的计算准确度。     

Numerical manifold method based on the method of weighted residuals

Usually, the governing equations of the numerical manifold method (NMM) are derived from the minimum potential energy principle. For many applied problems it is difficult to derive in general outset the functional forms of the governing equations. This obviously strongly restricts the implementation of the minimum potential energy principle or other variational principles in NMM. In fact, the governing equations of NMM can be derived from a more general method of weighted residuals. By choosing suitable weight functions, the derivation of the governing equations of the NMM from the weighted residual method leads to the same result as that derived from the minimum potential energy principle. This is demonstrated in the paper by deriving the governing equations of the NMM for linear elasticity problems, and also for Laplaces equation for which the governing equations of the NMM cannot be derived from the minimum potential energy principle. The performance of the method is illustrated by three numerical examples.     

无机纳米材料的水热合成及其衍生方法

综述了纳米材料水热合成法的研究进展,并总结了水热合成法的优点和缺点,对水热合成法的反应机理作了初步的探讨,对水热反应中水的状态作了简要分析;对由水热法衍生出来的溶剂热和微波水热法也做了分析,介绍了溶剂热反应中经常使用的有机溶剂和微波反应中微波的加热机理;同时论述了目前这几种实验方法的实验进展和应用情况.     

Finite cell method

A simple yet effective modification to the standard finite element method is presented in this paper. The basic idea is an extension of a partial differential equation beyond the physical domain of computation up to the boundaries of an embedding domain, which can easier be meshed. If this extension is smooth, the extended solution can be well approximated by high order polynomials. This way, the finite element mesh can be replaced by structured or unstructured cells embedding the domain where classical h- or p-Ansatz functions are defined. An adequate scheme for numerical integration has to be used to differentiate between inside and outside the physical domain, very similar to strategies used in the level set method. In contrast to earlier works, e.g., the extended or the generalized finite element method, no special interpolation function is introduced for enrichment purposes. Nevertheless, when using p-extension, the method shows exponential rate of convergence for smooth problems and good accuracy even in the presence of singularities. The formulation in this paper is applied to linear elasticity problems and examined for 2D cases, although the concepts are generally valid. The first author would like to appreciate the financial support of his stay in Germany, where this research has been carried out, by the Alexander von Humboldt foundation.     

Body force method

The body force method is based on the principle of superposition. The solution in the body force method is obtained by the superposition of fundamental solutions so as to satisfy a given boundary condition. By means of these fundamental solutions all problems can be solved in principle. In this paper, first the fundamental principle of the body force method is illustrated and then its application to crack problems, elastic–plastic problems and elastodynamic problems are shown. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于分解法的最大熵随机有限元法

摘要：提出了一种新的基于分解法的最大熵随机有限元方法,利用单变量分解将多维随机响应函数表述为单维随机响应函数的组合形式,从而将求解随机结构响应统计矩的多维积分表达式转化为单维积分式,对单维积分采用高斯-埃尔米特积分格式求解。在获得结构响应的统计矩之后,利用最大熵原理求得结构响应的概率密度函数解析表达式。该法不涉及求导运算,对于非线性随机问题非常适用。算例结果表明,本文方法具有较好的精度与计算效率。