超声频率一致性分析及其在缺陷分类中的应用

超声检测中,需要根据不同的情况,如试样厚度、分辨率、缺陷深度及方向等而使用不同中心频率的探头。这成为信号自动分类中的一个主要问题。因为大多数模式分类算法与信号的形状密切相关,而信号的形状很大程度上随检测频率的变化而变化。为使分类系统不受检测频率的影响而能识别不同频率的同一类缺陷信号,文中采用了基于时间尺度化的频率一致性分析方法把不同频率的信号映射到同一参考频率。采集了两个焊接缺陷样本库也即尺度化处理样本库和没有尺度化处理样本库,并用类别可分性判据做定量对比。实验结果验证了频率一致性处理方法的有效性,能够消除换能器频率对分类的影响。     

Neural classification of Lamb wave ultrasonic weld testing signalsusing wavelet coefficients

This paper presents an ultrasonic nondestructive weld testing method based on the wavelet transform (WT) of inspection signals and their classification by a neural network (NN). The use of Lamb waves generated by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) as a probe allows us to test metallic welds. In this work, the case of an aluminum weld is treated. The feature extraction is made by using a method of analysis based on the WT of the ultrasonic testing signals; a classification process of the features based on a neural classifier to interpret the results in terms of weld quality concludes the process. The aim of this complete process of analysis and classification of the testing ultrasonic signals is to lead to an automated system of weld or structure testing. Results of real-world ultrasonic Lamb wave signal analysis and classifications for an aluminum weld are presented; these demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method     

Classification of washing machines vibration signals using discretewavelet analysis for feature extraction

Wavelets provide a powerful tool for nonstationary signal analysis. In vibration monitoring, the occurrence of occasional transient disturbances makes the recorded signal nonstationary, especially during the start-up of an engine. Through the wavelet analysis, transients can be decomposed into a series of wavelet components, each of which is a time-domain signal that covers a specific octave frequency band. Disturbances of small extent (duration) are amplified relative to the rest of the signal when projected to similar size wavelet bases and, thus, they can be easily detected in the corresponding frequency band. This paper presents a new method for extracting features in the wavelet domain and uses them for classification of washing machines vibration transient signals. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT), in conjunction with statistical digital signal processing techniques, is used for feature extraction. The Karhunen Loeve transform (KLT) is used for feature reduction and decorrelation of the feature vectors. The Euclidean, Mahalanobis, and Bayesian distance classifiers, the learning vector quantization (LVQ) classifier, and the fuzzy gradient classifier are used for classification of the resulting feature space. Classification results are illustrated and compared for the rising part of vibration velocity signals of a variety of real washing machines with various defects     

基于小波包时频图特征和卷积神经网络的水声信号分类

水下声信号分类是水声学研究的一个重要方向。一个有效的特征提取和分类决策方法对水声信号分类技术至关重要。文章将鱼声、商船辐射噪声和风关噪声三类实测的水声信号在小波包分解的基础上提取时频图特征,并搭建了一个七层结构的卷积神经网络作为分类器。研究结果表明：三种水声信号的小波包时频图特征结合卷积神经网络在不同测试集可达到（98±1）%的总体准确率。因此,小波包时频图特征结合卷积神经网络的水声分类方法可望推广至更多水声信号分类。该研究结果可为水声信号的分类识别研究提供应用参考。     

Pattern Recognition of Weld Defects in Preprocessed TOFD Signals Using Linear Classifiers

The TOFD (Time of Flight Diffraction) technique is being widely used for automatic weld inspection, especially in the petrochemical industry, where welding quality is essential to avoid productivity losses. Although it provides high speed inspection, high sizing reliability and low rate of false defect indications, the classification of defects using ultrasound signals generated by the TOFD technique is still frequently questioned, because it depends heavily on the knowledge and experience of the operator. However, the use of computational tools for signal preprocessing and pattern recognition, such as the artificial neural networks, improves the classification reliability of defects detected by this technique. In this present work, three kinds of defects: lack of fusion (LF), lack of penetration (LP) and porosity (PO) were inserted into the specimens durin the welding process, generating pattern defects. The position, type and dimension of each inserted defect were recorded using conventional ultrasonic and radiographic techniques. The Fourier Transform and Wavelet Transform were used for preprocessing A-scan signals acquired during weld inspection by TOFD technique. This study was able to show the versatility of Wavelet Transform to preprocess these kinds of signals, since the correct scale in Continuous Wavelet Transform had been selected to supply a neural network. Hierarchical linear classifiers were implemented into the neural network in order to distinguish the main defects in welded joints detected by the TOFD technique. The results show the good success rate of welding defect recognition in preprocessed TOFD signals, mainly using Wavelet Transform. On the whole, the results obtained were very promising and could give relevant contributions to the development of an automatic system of detection and classification of welding defects inspected by the TOFD technique.     

基于离散小波变换和Kalman滤波的直升机主减智能状态预测

主减速器（简称“主减”）是直升机传动系统的关键部件,它常处于高转速高负荷的恶劣环境下,对其运行状态进行预测,于直升机的安全性来说至关重要。鉴于此,提出了一种离散小波变换（DWT）、Kalman滤波以及Elman神经网络相结合的直升机主减智能状态预测系统：DWT使用“db44”母小波对振动信号进行分解提取特征向量,Kalman滤波对未来各时刻的特征向量进行预测,Elman神经网络对预测值进行故障辨识和分类。在Kalman滤波算法中,提出了一种新的预测算法,并用实验对该算法组成的系统进行验证,结果表明：该 Kalman滤波算法预测效果好,更适用于对主减的特征向量进行预测;离散小波变换（DWT）、Kalman滤波以及Elman神经网络相结合组成的智能状态预测系统是可行的,它能很好地对主减的未来状态进行预测。     

基于自适应小波特征提取一体化神经网络的空调电机振动噪声识别

正确识别空凋电机的噪声类型是改善其噪声效果的重要前提，采用一种集特征提取与识别于一体的神经网络来解决这种识别问题。此网络利用Mexican hat小波作为母小波，同时将基于小波变换的特征提取过程融人为神经网络的一部分，网络学习时可针对输入信号对小波尺度和平移参数进行自适应调整，以实现对信号特征信息的充分获取。给出了此网络的学习算法。利用这一网络对空调电机的三种噪声信号即电磁噪声、不平衡噪声、轴承噪声信号进行了学习和识别，结果表明，学习后的网络以很高的可靠性准确地识别出了电机的不同噪声类型。     

An automated methodology for the classification of focal and nonfocal EEG signals using a hybrid classification approach

The uncertainty in human brain leads to the formation of epilepsy disease in human. The automatic detection and severity analysis of epilepsy disease is proposed in this article using a hybrid classification algorithm. The proposed method consists of decomposition stage, feature extraction, and classification stages. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are decomposed using dual-tree complex wavelet transform and then features are extracted from these coefficients. These features are then classified using the neural network classification approach in order to classify the EEG signals into either focal or nonfocal EEG signals. Furthermore, severity of the focal EEG signal is analyzed using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system classification approach. The proposed hybrid classification method for the classification of focal signals and nonfocal signals achieved 98.6% of sensitivity, 99.1% of specificity, and 99.4% of accuracy. The average detection rate for both focal and nonfocal dataset is about 98.5%.     

小波分析在别矿爆破振动测试中的应用研究

为深入了解新疆别斯库都克露天煤矿爆破振动信号的特性,应用小波变换方法对监测所得的非平稳爆破振动信号进行了时频特征分析,获得了爆破振动信号小波多分辨率分析的各频带能量分布规律,给出了振动信号的细节特征,为爆破设计人员更好地指导爆破设计,进一步改善爆破效果及降低爆破振动效应提供一定参考。     

基于模糊神经网络与主成分分析的磨削表面粗糙度在线预测

基于声发射和振动信号提出了一种模糊神经网络和主成分分析的表面粗糙度预测方法,以提高磨削过程中工件表面粗糙度识别的准确性。首先,采集磨削程中声发射与振动信号,提取相关时域特征、频域特征和小波包特征参数,利用主成分分析对特征量进行降维优化;然后,构建表面粗糙度模糊神经网络预测模型,将信号特征量与表面粗糙度作为模糊神经网络的输入和输出;最后,对模型进行训练,并对表面粗糙度预测精度进行验证。实验结果表明:通过主成分分析(PCA)方法对声发射和振动信号特征量进行降维得到5个主成分,以此建立的模糊神经网络表面粗糙度预测模型的效果精度可达到91%以上,与局部线性嵌入和多维标度法降维方法相比,PCA方法降维后的特征所含信息更优,预测准确度更高。     

基于主分量分析的声信号特征提取及识别研究

主分量分析(PCA)是统计学中分析数据的一种有效方法。研究了基于这种算法对四种战场目标的声信号进行特征提取,获得了低维的特征类器对声目标进行分类,分类结果准确率较高,均获得满意的实验效果     

Application of Local Wave Time-Frequency Spectrum and Neural Networks to Fault Classification in Rotating Machine

A new method of fault analysis and detection by signal classification in rotating machines is presented. The Local Wave time-frequency spectrum which is a new method for processing a nonstationary signal is used to produce the representation of the signal. This method allows the decomposition of one-dimensional signals into intrinsic mode functions(IMFs) using empirical mode decomposition and the calculation of a meaningful multi-componentinstantaneous frequency. Applied to fault signals, it provides new time-frequency attributes. Then the moments and margins of the time-frequency spectrum are calculated as the feature vectors. The probabilistic neural network is used to classify different fault modes. The accuracy and robustness oftained during the different fault modes( early rub,the proposed methods is investigated on signals obloose, misalignment of the rotor) .     

飞行状态下短翼菊头蝠与鲁氏菊头蝠回声定位声波小波包识别方法

为了对蝙蝠回声定位声波进行种类识别,论文基于离散小波包分解的特征提取方法,对飞行状态下短翼菊头蝠与鲁氏菊头蝠的回声定位声波进行三层小波包分解,提取两种菊头蝠在不同频率带内声波信号的能量作为特征参数,并根据U检验结果选取参数作为识别特征向量,进行BP神经网络识别。其中短翼菊头蝠和鲁氏菊头蝠回声定位声波训练样本分别为95个和102个,测试样本分别为44个和68个。对现有测试样本识别率达到100％。结果表明．基于小波包分析和神经网络的分类方法对蝙蝠回声定位声波进行识别是可行的。     

分形与几何特征融合的转子故障特征提取方法

转子系统故障信号是典型的非线性、非平稳信号,分形几何为描述转子系统故障信号的特性提供了一个分析工具,但仅仅依靠分形维数无法有效的提取转子系统的故障特征。本文引入紧密度和丰度两个量,与基于的分形维数一起,对转子系统故障信号进行分析;最后采用神经网络技术对转子系统的正常、不对中、不平衡、碰磨、松动五种不同的运行状态进行分类识别。实验结果表明,通过对分形维数和紧密度、丰度的联合可较好地评定和区分转子系统的运行状态。     

基于EMD与神经网络的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承故障振动信号的非平稳特征，提出了一种基于经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition，简称EMD)和神经网络的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法首先对原始信号进行了经验模态分解，将其分解为多个平稳的固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode function，简称IMF)之和，再选取若干个包含主要故障信息的IMF分量进行进一步分析，由于滚动轴承发生故障时，加速度振动信号各频带的能量会发生变化，因而可从各IMF分量中提取能量特征参数作为神经网络的输入参数来识别滚动轴承的故障类型。对滚动轴承的正常状态、内圈故障和外圈故障信号的分析结果表明，以EMD为预处理器提取各频带能量作为特征参数的神经网络诊断方法比以小波包分析为预处理器的神经网络诊断方法有更高的故障识别率，可以准确、有效地识别滚动轴承的工作状态和故障类型。     

An efficient and automatic glioblastoma brain tumor detection using shift‐invariant shearlet transform and neural networks

The detection and segmentation of tumor region in brain image is a critical task due to the similarity between abnormal and normal region. In this article, a computer‐aided automatic detection and segmentation of brain tumor is proposed. The proposed system consists of enhancement, transformation, feature extraction, and classification. The shift‐invariant shearlet transform (SIST) is used to enhance the brain image. Further, nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) is used as multiresolution transform which transforms the spatial domain enhanced image into multiresolution image. The texture features from grey level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM), Gabor, and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) are extracted with the approximate subband of the NSCT transformed image. These extracted features are trained and classified into either normal or glioblastoma brain image using feed forward back propagation neural networks. Further, K‐means clustering algorithm is used to segment the tumor region in classified glioblastoma brain image. The proposed method achieves 89.7% of sensitivity, 99.9% of specificity, and 99.8% of accuracy.     

Wavelet Transform and Neural Networks in Fault Diagnosis of a Motor Rotor

In the motor fault diagnosis technique,vibration and stator current frequency components of detection are two main means.This article will discuss the signal detection method based on vibration fault.Because the motor vibration signal is a non-stationary random signal,fault signals often contain a lot of time-varying,burst properties of ingredients.The traditional Fourier signal analysis can not effectively extract the motor fault characteristics,but are also likely to be rich in failure information but a weak signal as noise.Therefore,we introduce wavelet packet transforms to extract the fault characteristics of the signal information.Obtained was the result as the neural network input signal,using the L-M neural network optimization method for training,and then used the BP network for fault recognition.This paper uses Matlab software to simulate and confirmed the method of motor fault diagnosis validity and accuracy.     

Independent Component Analysis–Based Feature Extraction Technique for Defect Classification Applied for Pulsed Eddy Current NDE

With the development of nondestructive detection, the emerging testing techniques provide new challenges to signal analysis and interpretation approach applied to the inspection evaluation. Some researchers have developed the methods that focus on feature analysis of detected signals. This article presents a new feature analysis by the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) approach to evaluate the defects tested by the pulsed eddy current (PEC) technique. ICA is a high-order statistics technique used to separate multi-unknown sources, which has been successfully applied to facial image identification and separation of the components of 1D signal. In this article, the ICA approach is utilized to project the response signals of various defects into the independent components (ICs) feature subspace by signal representation model. Dependent on the selected ICs, each defect is represented by different projected coefficients, which are proposed to discriminate and classify the defects that belong to three categories. The improved ICA model is proposed to improve the classification of two similar categories of single defects: metal loss and subsurface defects. The evaluation using the series of experimental data has validated the classification of single defects and the defects with lift-off effect by our ICA approach. The comparison with Principal component analysis (PCA)–based approach further verified the better performance of the ICA-based model.     

小波包能量谱和BP神经网络在波纹管压浆超声检测中的应用

针对小波分析在信号处理的局限性,将小波包分析和反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络相结合,提出一种基于小波包能量谱和BP神经网络的波纹管压浆超声检测方法。采用超声检测方法接收波纹管模型的回波信号,以小波包分解后各子频带的能量作为检测特征,当波纹管内部出现脱落时,检测特征会发生变化,最后将特征输入BP神经网络中进行分类识别。试验结果表明,该方法能够理想地实现波纹管内部缺陷的诊断,可为波纹管超声检测提供一定的技术支持。