有机插层蛭石功能材料的制备与表征研究

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA·Br)对蛭石矿物进行插层改性,制成有机插层蛭石功能材料。应用X射线衍射分析、差热分析等对有机插层蛭石结构进行表征。结果显示,HDTMA可较容易进入蛭石矿物的层间域中,HDTMA以倾斜立式在层间排列,倾角约为57°。蛭石与HDTMA之间的反应,在HDTMA加入量较少时以离子交换为主;在HDTMA加入量较多时,分子吸附也变得重要。当HDTMA加入量小于蛭石的阳离子交换容量时,HDTMA将尽量以紧密排列方式进入部分蛭石层间,进入蛭石层间域的HDTMA具有较好的稳定性,不易解吸。     

改性竹炭对水溶液中Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

采用不同方法对竹炭进行改性,寻求吸附效果最好的改性产品,并研究其对溶液中Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附温度和溶液初始浓度对吸附效果的影响,同时与未改性竹炭的吸附性能进行了对比。实验结果表明:相同条件下,氧化改性竹炭对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附效果明显优于其他方法改性竹炭和未经改性的竹炭。吸附温度为15℃、25℃、45℃时,氧化竹炭对Cu2+的最大吸附量分别为6.653mg/g、6.702mg/g和7.897mg/g,而氧化竹炭对Cd2+的最大吸附量分别为1.700mg/g、1.826mg/g和2.282mg/g。氧化改性竹炭对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附均符合Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程。实验证明,氧化竹炭是一种应用前景广泛的重金属离子吸附剂。     

纤维素接枝共聚物对Cu2+和Ni2+吸附性能的研究

以己内酯为单体,在绿色溶剂离子液体中对纤维素进行接枝改性。研究了改性纤维素对金属离子Cu2+、Ni 2+的吸附性能,考察了金属溶液初始质量浓度和温度对吸附效果的影响,对比了改性纤维素对Cu2+和Ni 2+的吸附效果,同时对Cu2+的吸附热力学进行了研究。结果表明,在温度为298K,时间为2h时,改性纤维素对Cu2+、Ni 2+的吸附量分别为133mg/g、40.4mg/g;Cu2+初始质量浓度的增加及温度的降低有利于吸附的进行;改性纤维素对Cu2+的静态等温吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程是放热过程。     

酸改性活性炭对EDTA废水的吸附

采用盐酸和硝酸对活性炭进行改性处理获得酸改性活性炭,并将其用于处理EDTA废水。考察改性条件(如酸的种类、改性时间和酸的浓度)、振荡速度和酸改性活性炭投加量等因素对吸附效果的影响,同时采用吸附等温模型和吸附动力学模型进行拟合分析。结果表明,采用1.0mol/L盐酸改性12h所获得的改性活性炭吸附效果最好。在EDTA初始浓度为300mg/L、溶液体积为50mL、温度为20℃、振荡速度为200r/min,改性活性炭投加量为0.2g时,48h后吸附量为47.1 mg/g,吸附率为62.8%;而当改性活性炭投加量增加到2.0g时,吸附率达到93.8%。改性活性炭对EDTA的吸附很好地符合Langmuir吸附等温模型(0.9963),其吸附动力学行为可用Bangham动力学方程和准二级动力学方程来描述。     

沙柳基活性炭对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附研究

以沙柳碎屑为原料,NH_4H_2PO_4为活化剂,采用活化热解一步进行的方法制备沙柳基活性炭(SPAC),研究了SPAC对水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的静态吸附行为及其作用机理,考察了pH值、温度、初始浓度及时间等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明:NH_4H_2PO_4对沙柳有很好的活化效果,改性后吸附量提高了3.5倍,吸附过程遵循Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型;粒子内扩散和Boyd动力学方程分析表明整个吸附过程的速率控制步骤为膜扩散,不同初始浓度的有效扩散系数的数量级均大于10-6cm2/s。     

酮戊二酸改性壳聚糖微球的制备及吸附性能

采用反相悬浮法制备交联壳聚糖微球,再与α-酮戊二酸反应生成Schiff碱,NaBH4还原制得改性壳聚糖微球。用FT-IR、SEM和XRD进行表征,并用于吸附2,4-二硝基酚研究。考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、2,4-二硝基酚浓度、温度、NaCl含量等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明,α-酮戊二酸改性交联壳聚糖微球对2,4-二硝基酚有较好的吸附性能,在pH为3.6时,30 min吸附量达372.2 mg/g,吸附数据符合Freundlich等温方程。     

有机与无机改性蒙脱石对鲑鱼精DNA吸附特征研究

利用聚羟基Fe/Al制备出无机柱撑蒙脱石,以阳离子表面活性剂HDTMA、阴离子型的表面活性剂SDS作为有机改性剂制备出有机改性蒙脱石,并且通过XRD、FT-IR、BET和zeta电位等表征手段对柱撑粘土进行表征,首次研究了具有不同层间结构的改性蒙脱石对鲑鱼精DNA的吸附特征。DNA吸附量大小顺序为HTDM-MMT>MMT>SDS-MMT-Fe/Al-MMT。HTDMA改性促进了蒙脱石的吸附,吸附量达61.04μg/mg。而SDS覆盖其表面后,吸附量减至26.88μg/mg。在pH值为5.0～9.0范围内,有机改性蒙脱石对DNA的吸附量随pH值下降幅度远小于原土。吸附动力学研究表明,控制改性蒙脱石吸附DNA的主要步骤是化学吸附。用NaOAc和NaH2PO4解吸DNA时,有机与无机蒙脱石解吸规律有明显差异。实验结果表明,结构、电负性及表面性质是影响不同改性蒙脱石吸附DNA分子的关键因素。     

新型烷基化壳聚糖微球的制备及其吸附性能

制备N-烷基化改性壳聚糖微球,研究了溶液pH值、2,4-二硝基酚浓度,温度和氯化钠含量等因素对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,庚醛改性壳聚糖微球具有较好的抗酸碱性能;溶液的pH值对庚醛改性壳聚糖微球吸附性能的影响较大,pH值为3.6,吸附时间为1 h时,对2,4-二硝基酚的吸附量最大(达到400 mg·g-1);2,4-二硝基酚浓度对吸附的影响符合Freundlich等温方程;改性壳聚糖微球对2,4-二硝基酚的吸附性能明显优于未改性的壳聚糖,对浓度为15 mg·L-1的2,4-二硝基酚溶液的吸附量分别为3.0 mg·g-1和1.45 mg·g-1.     

Fe_4O_3@MnO_2改性梧桐落叶对地下水中氟离子的吸附特征

研究了用改性梧桐落叶作生物吸附剂去除地下水中的氟离子,考察了溶液pH、氟离子初始质量浓度、反应时间对氟离子去除率的影响,并采用Box-Behnken响应面法对吸附条件进行优化。实验结果表明,当pH为2.00、氟离子初始质量浓度为20.00mg/L、反应时间为60.01min时,氟离子的最大去除率可达88.63%。与Freundlich方程相比,Langmuir方程对实验数据的拟合结果更好,氟离子最大吸附量为98.04mg/g。准二级吸附动力学方程能更好地拟合实验数据,说明吸附过程以化学吸附为主。热力学分析结果表明,该吸附过程是一个自发吸热过程,升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行。     

多氨基改性蔗渣对水溶液中Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)吸附性能的研究

蔗渣经多氨基改性处理后,得到多氨基改性蔗渣吸附剂。考察了多氨基改性蔗渣吸附剂对模拟废水中Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附性能,主要包括吸附时间、溶液pH值和温度对吸附量的影响以及吸附等温式的研究。研究表明,在实验范围内,Pb2+的吸附平衡时间为12h,适宜吸附Pb2+的pH值范围在4～5,Pb2+的最大吸附量为34.96mg/g;Zn2+的吸附平衡时间为20h,适宜吸附Zn2+的pH值在6.2左右,Zn2+的最大吸附容量为2.24mg/g;Cd2+的吸附平衡时间为20h,适宜吸附Cd2+的pH值在5.0左右,Cd2+的最大吸附容量为10.40mg/g;Cu2+的吸附平衡时间为20h;适宜吸附Cu2+的pH值在5.0左右;Cu2+在不同温度下的最大吸附容量为2.60mg/g。多氨基改性蔗渣对Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附均可用Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程描述。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.