“开放的复杂巨系统”概念的形成

根据已经公开发表的钱学森院士的讲话、文章和书信，在分析开放的复杂巨系统这个概念形成背景的基础上，重点考察了巨系统→复杂巨系统→开放的复杂巨系统的提炼过程，概括介绍了开放的复杂巨系统理论的基本内容，阐述了这个理论的形成对当前与今后的科学发展、尤其是对系统科学、思维科学-创新思维研究的重大意义。     

基于Agent的军用大型复杂系统建模与仿真

大型复杂系统是21世纪的核心技术之一，而军用复杂系统是各发达国家优先考虑的发展对象。在此背景下，简述了Agent的组成和原理，并对Agent用于军用复杂系统的建模过程进行了深入细致的分析，给出了复杂系统仿真模型和仿真结果，对仿真结果进行了分析。     

CAD系统中产品设计三维实体建模方法的研究

三维建模是应用CAD系统进行产品设计的重要步骤。现在市场上已有不少的CAD系统，但是不同系统中的三维建模方法却是基本相同的。在这些三维建模的方法中，往往对用户施加了许多的限制，使得用户无法建立复杂的三维实体。笔者提出了一种新的三维建模方法－折叠法，应用这种方法的概念和原理，可以开发出先进的三维建模CAD系统。折叠二维平面图形构成三维实体是作者提出的一种新概念。     

微观偏析建模与仿真的研究进展

微观偏析数值模拟是材料成形过程数值模拟研究的一个重要分支。论述了微观偏析数值模拟研究的重要性和研究进展。分析了晶粒域微观偏析模型和界面域微观偏析模型的建模思想、各自特点及其与相关模型的耦合方法。指出了当前微观偏析数值模拟研究中存在的问题，展望了这一领域未来的研究前景和发展方向。     

复杂系统建模仿真

正仿真技术在科学研究、国民经济、国防建设、社会生活等各个领域中发挥着越来越大的作用。复杂系统仿真是近年来国际仿真领域的研究热点。国际工程科技发展战略高端论坛——复杂系统建模仿真邀请了国内外该领域的顶尖学者,从复杂系统仿真基础理论及典型应用等不同侧面进行了探讨,内     

湖南省公众科学素养趋势预测与对策研究

湖南公众科学素养趋势预测和对策研究是通过复杂系统仿真来实现的。复杂系统仿真是现代科学预测和对策研究的重要工具。通过实例介绍了复杂系统仿真的全过程，包括建模、演化、预测和外部事件刺激影响等。并提出了有效的对策措施。     

制造企业物流系统建模技术的研究

通过对现有系统建模分析技术的比较和分析，针对制造企业物流系统提出了一种集成建模分析方法GI－SIM法。该方法以概念、功能和动态建模思想为基础，以GRAI格、IDEFO和仿真技术为建模工具，满足了复杂物流系统的建模要求。最后，给出了GI－SIM法的建模步骤，并对其进行了总结和评价。     

抛物形缓坡方程的数值研究

对2种典型的抛物形缓坡方程进行比较系统的数值研究。通过对4种典型地形上的波浪变形的数值模拟，详细讨论了网格节点数对数值解精度的影响、模型对初始入射角的敏感程度、非线性项对数值结果的影响等。研究结果可为实际应用抛物形缓坡方程研究大区域复杂地形上的波浪传播提供一定的理论指导。     

采用数值模拟方法研究自动喷水灭火系统的概况

目前自动喷水灭火系统广泛应用于工业和民用建筑中,随着社会的发展,各种各样的建筑空间对自喷系统的要求多种多样。为适应建筑的发展,对自喷系统的研究成为了热门的课题。目前有对其研究主要有实验和数值两种方法,由于实验的花费高,污染大,而且随着计算机水平的不断提高,用数值模拟的方法研究自喷系统成为可能。本文经过对近几年研究成果的收集和归纳,总结了采用数值模拟方法研究自喷系统的最新概况,为今后更好的研究提供帮助。     

复杂系统计算机仿真的研究与设计

复杂系统与复杂性是21世纪的核心科学问题之一，并引入国家重点基础研究发展规划。基于复杂系统的复杂性和不确定性，很难想像可以采用传统朴素的还原论法进行可行性研究。推崇多智能主体的模糊计算机仿真来研究复杂系统的复杂性，并设计了一个基于多智能体的复杂系统分布仿真平台。     

气象通信网络和计算机系统工程

气象通信网络和计算机系统作为我国气象事业的信息基础设施,经过近30年的建设和发展,在网络化和计算机应用方面已经取得长足的进步。面向21世纪,中国气象事业在现有基础上将有较大的飞跃和发展,气象信息基础设施将随着国家信息化的发展进程而得到进一步的巩固和发展。章通过对气象通信网络和计算机系统的发展介绍,来说明气象部门的现代化系统工程建设及其工程化应用状况。     

No Universal Constants: Journeys of Women in Engineering and Computer Science*

This paper describes lessons from stories of thirty-six women in engineering and six women in computer science narrated in our book on journeys of women in science and engineering.¹ These stories underscore the various factors that have been described in the literature as reasons women choose and stay in engineering. This paper discusses several of these factors. Students who reach college are a select group who have overcome the early barriers and are set on a potential track to becoming engineers. The experiences of these women as narrated in the book point to some of the positive and negative factors in the formative stages of their lives. Albert Bandura's model of perceived self-efficacy is a theoretical framework that may be useful in exploring ways of teaching and advising in engineering schools to better meet the needs of the increasingly diverse student population. This framework is discussed briefly, and its components illustrated by examples from the stories. As college advisors and teachers, we need to reaffirm the methods and thinking students have evolved, but which may be challenged by the system based on a “normative student” model.     

The Synthesis of Computers,Communication and Engineering Education

The use of computers for simulation and modeling is already being added to science, analysis, and experimentation as a fourth basic component of engineering education. This inclusion is driven by engineering practice where computer use is pervasive for many purposes, including the use of complex design programs which have been created by specialists. The fact that such designers can support a large clientele by means of computer produced designs raises the question of how the larger number of future engineers, the users of such programs, should be educated. The educational challenge is to broadly educate these engineers in several aspects of engineering and computing without sacrificing the development of physical intuition and design judgment, which are the essence of engineering.     

智能交互系统中人机组队协同工效提升的模型构建

目的 智能交互系统在城市救援及日常生活中应用越来越广泛,探讨了人机组队作业中人机协同工效提升的内在机制和规律,以构建人机组队协同的相容性理论模型并应用于复杂系统中人机组队的设计和优化。方法 采用跨学科交叉分析和文献调研分析的方法,分别对认知心理学、工程心理学和计算机科学等不同领域文献进行充分检索和分析,系统梳理了从智能体的界面设计及自动化水平、操作员状态与情境感知能力、人机关系及交互方式等对人机协同工效的影响因素;并通过共享心理模型、自然主义决策模型、多重表征模型尝试对人机如何协同的机制进行探讨和分析,指出了目前研究中存在的问题和不足。在此基础上提出较为系统的智能交互系统中人机组队相容性理论模型。结果 该模型通过对人、智能体、环境和任务特征进行分析,并从物理相容性、认知相容性和情感相容性三个角度,对人机组队协同工效提升的内在规律和机制进行深入探讨,有效提升人机组队协同的系统工效和用户体验,避免安全事故的发生。结论 智能交互系统中人机组队的相容性模型可用于未来人机协同工效提升的理论和实践研究,也可用于未来智能人机交互系统,特别是智能化时代人机组队的设计和优化,满足众多复杂的人机系统(如商用飞机驾驶舱、核电站中央控制室)人机高效协同设计的需求,为建立自然高效人机协同作业的交互模式提供科学依据。     

Sociotechnical systems, risk management, and public health: comparing the North Battleford and Walkerton outbreaks

Accidents in different complex sociotechnical systems are rarely compared using the same theoretical framework for risk management. We conducted a comparative analysis of two Canadian public health disasters involving drinking water distribution systems, the North Battleford Cryptosporidium parvum outbreak in April 2001 and the Walkerton E. coli outbreak in May 2000. Both accidents resulted from a complex interaction between all levels of a complex sociotechnical system. However, the low-level physical and individual factors differed in the two cases, whereas, the high-level governmental and regulatory factors tended to be the same. These findings may have implications for the design of public policies to minimize risk in complex sociotechnical systems.     

New Directions in Bioinformatics

Two decades have passed since the first large scale, public access computer-based information systems were developed to store and disseminate the knowledge of medicine and biology. These first systems were bibliographic, and though the searching of computer files of citations remains the most common use of biological databases, there are dramatic forces at work in basic biology which are driving a transition from the printed page to the factual database. Unlike bibliographic systems, which contain only a pointer to information located elsewhere, factual data-bases contain the information sought. Development of automated methods to sequence DNA, RNA, proteins, and other macromolecules have yielded oceans of cryptic symbols, for which there is an absolute dependence upon computerized factual databases to acquire, store, retrieve, and analyze data. The Human Genome Project has focussed attention on the information science aspects of nucleic acid data, yet for the practicing scientist nucleic acids and other sequence data are just one piece of an increasingly complex biological puzzle whose solution will be expressed in terms of structure and function. Access to and integration of information across multiple related biological data-bases is a major challenge facing information system builders, a challenge which holds the promise of creating knowledge synergy from what are today disconnected, stand-alone information sources.     

High-throughput microfluidic systems for disease detection

Accuracy and rapid response are critical to the detection of an acute infectious disease, not only because the detection results can affect the medical treatment, but also can prevent disease outbreaks. Since the current culture-based technology is time consuming and experience dependent, academia and industrial researchers are using microfluidics and nucleic acids as the fundamental ideas to build pioneering tools against infectious disease. While many point-of-care microfluidic systems have been realized to execute nucleic acid applications, high-throughput microfluidic systems are under development for various nucleic acid applications because of high efficiency and demand from the market. Building a high-throughput system is an interdisciplinary challenge because of the design concerns from science and the manufacturing concerns from engineering, but its realization will be a milestone. This article is aimed to review three essential steps of the nucleic acid-based detection realized in high-throughput formats, including polymerase chain reaction, capillary electrophoresis, and nucleic acid purification.     

ROBUST CONCEPT EXPLORATION OF PROPULSION SYSTEMS WITH ENHANCED MODEL APPROXIMATION CAPABILITIES

Improvements in industrial productivity require the creation of a reliable design in the shortest possible time. This is especially significant for designs thai involve computer intensive analyses. The Robust Concept Exploration Method (RCEM) embodies a systematic approach to configuring complex engineering systems in the early stages of product design by introducing quality considerations based on the robust design principle. Approximation techniques are employed in the RCEM to replace intensive analysis programs for saving computational time and cost, thereby increasing the efficiency of the design process. In this paper, the applicability of the RCEM for multiobjective complex systems design is examined by applying it to the propulsion system conceptual design process at Pratt and Whitney. Various approximation techniques are studied and a new strategy is proposed to enhance the existing model approximation techniques embodied in the RCEM.