Solar heating and cooling system with absorption chiller and low temperature latent heat storage: Energetic performance and operational experience

Absorption cooling systems based on water/lithium bromide (LiBr) solution typically require an open wet cooling tower to transfer the reject heat to the ambient. Yet, water consumption, the need for water make-up and cleaning, formation of fog, and the risk of Legionella bacteria growth are hindering factors for the implementation of small solar cooling systems. The application of a latent heat storage supporting the heat rejection of the absorption chiller in conjunction with a dry cooling system allows eliminating the wet cooling tower. By that means heat rejection of the chiller is shifted to periods with lower ambient temperatures, i.e. night time or off-peak hours.The system concept and the hydraulic scheme together with an analysis of the energetic performance of the system are presented, followed by a report on the operation of a first pilot installation.     

带冷却塔预冷制冷机房与常规制冷机房的比较分析

为了降低高温工况下的水源制冷机房能耗,本文提出了对高温水源冷却水先采用冷却塔进行预冷的运行方式。为了探讨这种控制方式的可行性和节能潜力,本文主要对常规制冷机房和带冷却塔预冷制冷机房进行了比较分析。结果表明,当水源温度高过一定值时,采用冷却塔预冷,可提高实现利用效率,从而实现制冷机房的节能;且节能量将随水源温度升高而增加,对于变频冷却塔而言,将存在一最佳风量使得节能量最大。     

Optimal design of an absorption chilled water storage air conditioning system driven by waste heat

In order to meet both economic and energy requirements, this study has proposed an optimal design to minimize the sum of the initial and operation energy costs for a 1200 refrigeration ton chiller and 12 water storage tanks in an absorption chilled water storage air conditioning system. Various power consumption calculation methods for the main devices are included to predict the performance of this equipment under different operating conditions. In addition, the performance curves of the water storage tank under the storage and discharge modes are calculated using Fluent software. The article uses five control strategies for a cooling tower along with three hot water inlet temperatures of a generator to simulate the optimal design of a system. The results show that the least power (10,336 kWh) is consumed when the cooling tower’s outlet temperature is 32°C and the generator’s inlet hot water temperature is 105°C.     

中央空调系统中冷却塔风机变频节能的可行性分析

借助于冷水机组和冷却塔的选型软件,并通过迭代计算的结果表明:以控制恒定逼近度的逻辑方法,在冷却塔风机上能够实施变频的运行范围因为受到冷量、湿球温度和冷水机组的效率影响而非常小;而且如果将冷水机组与冷却塔的综合能耗一起考虑的话,可能达不到所设计的节能效果.     

高温水源工况下带冷却塔预冷的制冷机房控制策略研究

为了降低高温工况下的水源制冷机房能耗,本文提出了对高温水源水先进行冷却塔预冷的运行策略.通过在TRNSYS软件上建立制冷机房模拟平台,对预冷控制方式和常规控制方式下的制冷机房总能耗进行比较研究.结果表明:当水源温度高于一定值时,先对高温冷却水先进行预冷,可有效降低制冷机房总功率,实现节能;通过比较不同水温下和不同变频风机风量下的制冷机房能耗,确定了预冷的转换点温度、预冷终温取值和最佳风量值.     

多主机制冷机房变流量解耦控制策略研究

在单主机制冷机房变流量解耦控制策略基础上,探讨了多主机制冷机房的变流量解耦控制策略。在考虑冷水机组COP值同时是冷负荷及冷却水进水温度的函数基础上,通过比较不同冷负荷分配策略对制冷机房能耗的影响,得到了在大多数负荷区间,采用均匀分配总冷负荷的策略最为节能。这说明,前期关于单主机制冷机房变流量变温差控制方式可推广至多主机制冷机房变流量控制。     

板式蒸发式冷凝器传热传质的数值模拟

根据能量守恒和质量守恒定律,对板式蒸发式冷凝器中制冷剂、冷却水与空气之间的传热传质过程,建立了热质交换过程的二维数学模型,由此分析板式蒸发式冷凝器中冷却水温度、空气温度和空气含湿量等参数的分布规律,以及空气流速、干湿球温度、冷却水喷淋密度和冷凝温度对板式蒸发式冷凝器热流密度的影响,并将模拟结果通过实验进行了验证,两者之间的误差在10%以内。研究表明:板式蒸发式冷凝器的热流密度随进口空气流速的增加而增大,随湿球温度的升高而减小,几乎不受进口空气干球温度的影响;热流密度随着冷却水喷淋密度的增加逐渐增大,但增大至一定量后不再对热流密度有明显影响;冷凝温度越高,其热流密度越大。上述结论对板式蒸发式冷凝器的优化设计具有指导意义。     

冷水机组与板式换热器联合运行节能分析

现代工厂在冬季冷负荷需求量较少,易造成冷水机组频繁启停,甚至由于冷却水温度太低,造成冷水机组无法启动的问题。可以通过冷水机组和板式换热器联合运行的优化控制策略,充分利用冷却塔,通过板式换热器为生产设备和空调系统提供冷冻水,尽量减少冷水机组启动的时间,并保证系统的稳定运行,解决冷水机组频繁启停以及启动困难的问题,达到节能减排和提高冷水机组的运行效率和延长使用寿命的目的。     

中央空调循环冷却水系统节能技术

循环冷却水系统,主要的设备有冷水机组、冷却水泵、冷却塔,冷却介质是水。循环冷却水系统冷却水水质对该系统的影响很大;同时设备的选择和节能有很大的关系。分别从冷却水水质、冷水机组、冷却水泵、冷却塔等几个方面进行节能研究探讨。     

Analysis of recoverable waste heat of circulating cooling water in hot-stamping power system

This article studies the possibility of using heat pump instead of cooling tower to decrease temperature and recover waste heat of circulating cooling water of power system. Making use of heat transfer theory the article carried on analysis and calculation about recoverable waste heat of circulating cooling water in hot-stamping power system which includes hot-stamping, closing-in and extrusion intermediate frequency induction furnace. The results show that the whole process can recover a calorie which is 2.642 × 10⁶ kJ per hour. Using the recycled calories can make 15.82 tons hot water per hour which is 60 °C. So it can reduce burning capacity of coal 180.29 kg/h. The hot water can provide the needed water for production and workers bathing. This research shows that using heat pump to recover the waste heat of circulating cooling water is effectual. Realizing the use of waste heat, it can reduce pollution of condensing heat, reduce operating cost and noise of cooling tower, reduce site and the occupation of equipment, improve the production efficiency, and can also save the natural resources (fossil fuel-coal) and reduce the cost of needed hot water production.     

大型风冷冷水机组性能评价系统节能性研究

针对大型风冷冷水机组性能评价系统能耗高的现状,分析评价系统的主要能耗构成,指出传统大型风冷冷水机组性能评价系统的高能耗成因,提出一种新型变容量全回收风冷冷水机组性能评价系统。新型评价系统省去样机恒温水箱、冷冻水箱和换热水泵,将变容量水冷乙二醇冷冻机组与经济器(冷却塔协同功能板换)串入闭式回路实现一级温控,结合变频泵与调节阀实现二级温控。实证表明:相比传统评价系统,应用双级温控的新型评价系统相近工况过渡耗时减少为前者的70%,综合能耗降为传统的75%,运行稳定性良好,节能效果显著。     

集中空调水系统节能优化策略及仿真研究

公共建筑集中空调水系统能耗占建筑总能耗比例较高,各设备的合理启停及控制参数的优化设置在系统节能中起到了关键作用。本文在满足末端冷负荷的前提下,以系统总能耗最小为目标,提出了冷水机组、水泵启停优化策略及控制参数全局优化方法。以冷冻水供水温度、冷却水流量作为独立优化控制参数建立集中空调水系统能耗模型。以某建筑为例,利用DeST软件模拟了建筑空调负荷变化,对所提出的优化方法进行了验证,结果表明：在负荷率5%~100%变化范围内,冷水机组平均COP提高了10.9%,平均节省能耗8.9%,水泵平均节省能耗18.6%;在夏季典型日,集中空调水系统平均节省能耗20.4%。     

蒸发冷凝冷水机组在地铁工程中的技术经济分析

针对地铁空调冷却水系统的特点,比较了地铁车站常规冷水机组与蒸发冷凝冷水机组两种方案,得出采用蒸发冷凝冷水机组每年的节电和节水运行费用可减少29.71万元,地铁车站采用蒸发冷凝冷水机组,具有较大的工程实践意义。     

广州地区冷却塔选型的全工况不保证小时数的研究

在统计广州地区湿球温度数据的基础上，结合实际的冷却塔数学模型，求得空调运行期全工况下的冷却塔入口空气湿球温度偏离额定工况运行的不保证小时数，并编写了相应的软件界面，为设计人员在选择冷却塔时提供了合理的参考依据。     

Experimental and theoretical study on a novel double evaporating temperature chiller applied in THICS using R32/R236fa

A novel chiller with double evaporating temperatures is proposed in this paper, which can be applied in temperature and humidity independent control system (THICS). A zeotropic mixture R32/R236fa is selected as the refrigerant, and chilled water with two different temperatures is produced. The experimental coefficient of performance (COP_exp), theoretical coefficient of performance (COP_th), and second law efficiency (η) of the chiller are studied. The performance of the chiller is studied by varying the mass fraction of R32 in the R32/R236fa (W(R32)), chilled water temperature, and the flow rates of the heat transfer media (chilled water and cooling water). The results show that the high temperature chilled water (T_H,out) can be at 15–18 °C, and the low temperature chilled water (T_L,out) can be at 6–8 °C. When T_H,out is 17 °C and T_L,out is 7 °C, the maximum COP_th and COP_exp are 4.73 and 3.97, respectively. Second law efficiency, η, increases to 31% as W(R32) increases from 0.3 to 0.6.     

某汽车涂装车间油漆槽降温系统的改造

针对南京市某汽车制造厂涂装车间油漆槽降温系统能耗大、油漆温度控制精度差的状况，选择了更换冷水机组、完善自动控制、采用冷却塔供冷的改造方案，提高了控制精度，降低了运行成本，取得了良好的经济效益。     

Energy consumption characteristics of an absorption chiller during the partial load operation

The objectives of this study are to analyze performance characteristics during partial load operation and to calculate energy consumption amount of H₂O/LiBr absorption chiller with a capacity of 210 RT. The effect of cooling water flow rate and cooling water inlet temperature on the absorption performance and energy saving is quantified during the partial load operation. It is found that the performance of absorption system is more sensitive to the change of inlet water temperature rather than the cooling water flow rate. Even if the cooling water flow rate is reduced to 60% of the standard value, the capacity is recovered if the temperature of cooling water decreases about 2.0 °C. The pumping power of cooling water is 4 times higher than that of cooling tower during the partial operation mode and the pumping power of cooling water becomes more significant with decreasing the partial load. It is concluded that when the partial load is in the range of 100–40%, the reduction of the required power by 23% can be realized by decreasing the cooling water inlet temperature of 1.0 °C.     

蒸发冷却冷水机组耗水量的测试与分析

闭式蒸发冷却冷水机组在大柳塔电厂内用于湿冷塔内循环水降温时,对其耗水量进行了测试分析．得出在测试条件下,机组运行时耗水量范围为：250-350kg／h;机组最小耗水量257．6kg／h对应的二次／一次空气风量比为0．5;循环水流量与耗水量成线性正比关系,当循环水流量从6m／h增加到15m／h时,耗水量从233kg／h增加到339.2kg／h。机组进风口的干湿球温差,进出水温差的变化趋势都与耗水量的变化趋势基本一致。     

New absorption chiller and control strategy for the solar assisted cooling system at the German federal environment agency

Typically the cooling capacity of absorption chillers is controlled by adjusting the driving hot water temperature according to the load. Meanwhile the cooling water temperature is controlled to a constant set value. In order to increase the solar cooling fraction and/or to decrease the operating costs of solar assisted cooling systems (SAC-systems) a new control strategy has been developed which controls hot and cooling water temperature simultaneously. Hereby the specific cost of cold – generated from solar or conventional heat – can be reduced. The basic concept of the strategy is explained and results are shown for the SAC-system at the Federal Environment Agency in Dessau, Germany. Here a recently developed absorption chiller is now used instead of a former adsorption chiller. With the new absorption chiller and the control strategy the seasonal energy efficiency ratio SEER is above 0.75, electric efficiency is 35% higher and water consumption is reduced by 70%.     

离心式冷水机组油温智能控制系统的设计研究

介绍一种离心式冷水机组油温智能控制系统,以西门子S7-200系列PLC和ProFace文本显示器组成控制系统的核心,以电子膨胀阀代替传统意义的孔板控制冷却油温的制冷剂流量,达到精确控制油温的目的。与传统油温控制系统相比,该系统对离心式冷水机组运行过程中精确控制油温、降低压缩机壳体表面温升、减小机组振动幅度有显著作用。