添加Bi和P对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料合金性能的影响

研究了添加Bi和P对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料合金熔点、显微组织、在Cu上的润湿性、导电率、硬度以及蠕变抗力等性能的影响。实验结果显示,随Bi含量增加,Sn-0.7Cu合金的熔点、导电率略有降低,润湿性、抗蠕变性能和维氏硬度均提高;此外,在添加Bi的基础上加P元素,能进一步降低Sn-0.7Cu-Bi合金的熔点,提高合金的导电率和润湿能力,但合金硬度略有下降;Sn-0.7Cu-1Bi-0.05P钎料合金的抗蠕变性优于Sn-0.7Cu-1Bi,Sn-0.7Cu-3Bi-0.05P钎料合金的抗蠕变性则劣于Sn-0.7Cu-3Bi。金相显微组织观察表明,单独加Bi能细化Sn-0.7Cu合金中的Cu6Sn5金属间化合物相;P的加入使Sn-0.7Cu-1Bi合金中的β-Sn枝晶尺寸变小,且Cu6Sn5相呈规则网络状分布于枝晶间隙;而在Sn-0.7Cu-3Bi合金中加P则粗化了Cu6Sn5相,并使IMC呈无规则分布。     

Sn-9Zn-xAg钎料在Cu基材上润湿性能及界面组织的研究

研究了添加合金元素Ag对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料显微组织、在铜基上的润湿性能及对钎料/铜界面组织的影响.研究结果表明:当Ag的含量(质量分数,下同)在0.1%～0.3%时,钎料中针状富Zn相逐渐减少,当Ag的含量在0.5%～1%时,钎料中出现Ag-Zn化合物相;当Ag的含量为0.3%时,钎料具有最好的润湿性能,当Ag的含量为0.5%～1%时,钎料的润湿性能下降;Sn-9Zn/Cu的界面处形成平坦的Cu5Zn8化合物层,当Ag含量为0.3%时,在Cu5Zn8化合物层上出现节结状的AgZn3化合物相,随着Ag含量的提高,这种节结状的AgZn3化合物相逐渐聚集长大成扇贝状的化合物层.     

添加Ag元素对铝软钎焊用Sn-1.5Zn系钎料性能的影响

研究了添加不同含量Ag元素对铝软钎焊用Sn-1.5Zn系钎料合金的熔化特性、显微组织、润湿性及钎焊接头抗腐蚀性能的影响。研究结果表明,Ag元素的添加缩短了Sn-1.5Zn钎料的熔程,细化了显微组织;采用润湿平衡法测量结果发现,添加Ag元素提高了钎料对铝基体的最大润湿力Fmax,但使润湿时间t0增加;采用3%(质量分数)浓度盐水溶液浸泡焊点实验结果表明,添加Ag元素提高了钎焊接头的抗腐蚀性。     

微量P 对Sn-0. 7Cu 无铅钎料高温抗氧化性能的影响

目的研究了微量P元素的添加,对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料在高温条件下抗氧化性能的影响。方法制备了Sn-0.7Cu和Sn-0.7Cu-x P钎料合金,在250~370℃温度下,采用目测观察和表面刮渣法,研究了熔融钎料在高温下的抗氧化性能。结果微量P元素能显著提高熔融Sn-0.7Cu钎料低温下的抗氧化性能,低温下P含量为0.009%时抗氧化性能最好,当温度超过340℃时,抗氧化性能减弱,超过370℃时完全失去抗氧化效果。结论在250℃时,Sn-0.7Cu钎料的氧化膜生长系数k250℃=1.59×10-6,约为Sn-0.7Cu-0.009P的3倍,在370℃时,Sn-0.7Cu钎料的氧化膜生长系数k370℃=3.03×10-6,与Sn-0.7Cu-0.009P的相差不大。     

合金元素对Sn-57Bi无铅钎料组织及韧性的影响

研究了添加不同含量的合金元素Ag,Ge,Cu,Sb,Zn,Ce,P,Ni对Sn-57Bi钎料的熔化温度、润湿性能、冲击韧性和显微组织的影响。研究结果表明,合金元素的添加对于钎料的熔化特性的影响不大,P,Ni的加入会导致出现硬脆的Bi,削弱了钎料的性能,Ag3Sn和富锌相则在形状合适时可以强化钎料的性能。单独加入合金元素Ag,Ge,Zn,Cu可以改善钎料的塑韧性,Ag,Ge还可以提高钎料的屈服强度和接头的剪切强度。合金元素Sb,Ce,P,Ni的加入会弱化钎料的塑韧性。而在同时添加多种合金元素的钎料合金中,43Sn-Bi-1Ge-1Ag的改善效果最好。     

微量Ag元素对Sn-O.7Cu-O.2Ni钎料性能的影响

在Sn-0.7Cu-0.2Ni钎料中添加微量的Ag元素,测试了钎料的熔化温度、热膨胀性能、抗腐蚀性能及其润湿性.结果表明,添加微量的Ag元素降低了Sn-0.7Cu-0.2Ni的熔点,但增加了钎料的熔程.当Ag含量为0.3％(质量分数)时,钎料熔点为224.07℃,熔程为6.1℃.钎料的热膨胀系数随Ag含量的增加而升高.当Ag含量为0.3％(质量分数)时,钎料的热膨胀系数(20～100℃)为1.84×10-5/℃.另外添加Ag元素提高了钎料在HC1溶液中的抗腐蚀性能,同时也提高了钎料在Cu基板上的铺展面积.     

P对Sn-9Zn-0.1S无铅钎料性能的影响

为研究P含量对Sn-9Zn-0.1S钎料显微组织、抗氧化性、润湿性及耐腐蚀性能的影响,通过光学显微镜观察钎料的显微组织,采用静态刮渣法测定钎料在不同温度下的抗氧化性能,用润湿铺展面积评价不同温度下钎料在Cu基板上的润湿性,采用腐蚀失重法衡量钎料在pH值为3.7的HCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对钎料在不同温度下的氧化产物和酸性腐蚀条件下形成的腐蚀产物进行形貌观察和物相分析。结果表明：适量P的添加可以细化Sn-9Zn-0.1S钎料层片状共晶组织,但短棒状富Zn相随P的添加而变长、变粗且数量减少;钎料的抗氧化性及润湿性能随P的添加先提高后降低,P含量在0.06%时钎料的抗氧化性及润湿性最好;同时,P通过改善钎料显微组织及腐蚀产物的致密性,提高了钎料的耐腐蚀性能,P含量在0.1%时钎料的耐腐蚀性能较好。     

SnAgCuEr系稀土无铅钎料的显微组织与性能研究

系统研究了添加微量稀土Er对Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu钎料合金显微组织和性能的影响,通过对钎料的熔化温度、润湿性能、接头剪切强度的测试及显微组织观察,指出含微量稀土的SnAgCuEr合金是性能优良的无铅钎料合金,同时确定了最佳的Er含量范围.     

不同温度下Sn-0.7Cu钎料在非晶Fe84.3Si10.3B5.4合金上的润湿行为及界面特征

采用座滴法及利用SEM-EDS分别对Sn、Sn-37Pb、Sn-58Bi和Sn-0.7Cu四种钎料在非晶Fe_(84.3)Si_(10.3)B_(5.4)合金上的静态润湿及界面特征进行了对比研究,优选出Sn-0.7Cu钎料作为适用于非晶Fe_(84.3)Si_(10.3)B_(5.4)合金的焊接钎料。进而采用座滴法研究了不同温度下Sn-0.7Cu钎料在非晶Fe_(84.3)Si_(10.3)B_(5.4)合金上的动态润湿行为,并利用SEM-EDS观察分析了其在非晶Fe_(84.3)Si_(10.3)B_(5.4)合金表面润湿后的界面微观组织形貌及成分。结果表明,Sn-0.7Cu钎料在非晶Fe_(84.3)Si_(10.3)B_(5.4)合金上的最终平衡润湿角随着温度的升高而变小,润湿性越来越好;同时Sn-0.7Cu与非晶Fe_(84.3)Si_(10.3)B_(5.4)合金界面上形成的FeSn_2金属间化合物由间断分布变为连续分布,且其厚度逐渐增加,界面反应逐渐增强。     

微量Ag元素对Sn-0.7Cu-0.2Ni钎料性能的影响

在Sn-0.7Cu-0.2Ni钎料中添加微量的Ag元素,测试了钎料的熔化温度、热膨胀性能、抗腐蚀性能及其润湿性。结果表明,添加微量的Ag元素降低了Sn-0.7Cu-0.2Ni的熔点,但增加了钎料的熔程。当Ag含量为0.3%(质量分数)时,钎料熔点为224.07℃,熔程为6.1℃。钎料的热膨胀系数随Ag含量的增加而升高。当Ag含量为0.3%(质量分数)时,钎料的热膨胀系数(20～100℃)为1.84×10-5/℃。另外添加Ag元素提高了钎料在HCl溶液中的抗腐蚀性能,同时也提高了钎料在Cu基板上的铺展面积。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.