钢轨垂直振动模态导波频散曲线、波结构及检测应用*

频散曲线和波结构是钢轨导波检测时设计检测方法和分析回波波形的基础。首先介绍了半解析有限元计算任意截面弹性波导中导波传播的频散曲线和波结构的基本方法。然后应用该方法求解了U60型钢轨中垂直振动模态的导波频散曲线和波结构,并讨论了频散曲线和波结构在钢轨轨头缺陷导波检测中的应用。最后采用模态力锤实验及时频联合分析的方法验证了频散曲线数值计算结果。钢轨轨头横向裂纹垂直振动模态导波检测的有限元数值模拟和实验表明该模式导波是检测钢轨轨头缺陷的有效检测模式波型。     

基于磁致伸缩导波的尖轨缺陷检测技术研究

尖轨在其周期性载荷作用下易发生断裂,引发列车事故。为对尖轨缺陷进行检测,文章基于磁致伸缩效应研制了导波检测系统,研究导波在尖轨中的传播特性、导波对尖轨附属件的检测能力以及缺陷的识别能力。采用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元方法研究了不同频率导波在尖轨中的传播特性。所研发的磁致伸缩导波检测系统在尖轨上的检测是可行有效的。使用导波检测系统在尖轨底面激励的水平剪切导波在基本轨和尖轨上可传播的有效距离至少为 12 m,在空轨中至少能传播 16 m。而且低频导波主要沿轨底传播,高频导波主要沿轨腰和轨头传播,多频导波结合能更加准确地对尖轨的检(监)测。     

管道中T(0,1)模态导波检测技术的发展与应用现状

超声导波具有检测速度快、检测范围广等优点,被广泛应用于各类缺陷的检测。而扭转模态作为超声导波的一种对称模态,具有频散小、能量集中、信号单一且易于分析的特点。综述了近年来扭转模态的发展历程,从T （0,1）扭转导波的传播与检测原理入手,对比各类激励探头的激励原理与效果,并对其进行优缺点分析。通过分析导波模态的选取原则和导波在单层管道、双层管道和充液管道中传播的性质,总结激励频率、液体粘度、液体密度等因素对扭转模态导波在管道中传播的影响,进而明确扭转模态的适用范围及适用的信号处理方法,对于今后扭转模态的发展具有借鉴意义。     

A finite element analysis of the time-delay periodic ring arrays for guided wave generation and reception in hollow cylinders

A new guided wave transducer model, time-delay periodic ring arrays (TDPRAs), is proposed and investigated in this paper for guided cylindrical wave generation and reception in hollow cylinders with application interests focusing on non-destructive testing (NDT) of piping/tubing. A finite element simulation has been performed for axisymmetric guided-mode excitation and reception with TDPRAs. By arranging a proper configuration of the time-delay profile and the electric-connection pattern of a ring array, unidirectional excitation and reception of guided waves can be achieved. The numerical results are obtained for the first three axisymmetrical modes and are compared with respect to generation efficiency and mode selectivity. Parametric influences on the performance of TDPRAs are discussed, combining a 2-D phase velocity-frequency spectrum approach with the mode dispersion and displacement structure analyses. The identification of converted modes in guided cylindrical wave reflections with a flexible TDPRA receiver has also been studied through sample notch reflection.     

杆中导波声弹敏感模态与激励频率的确定方法

基于超声导波声弹性效应检测波导结构的应力水平具有潜在的优势。为实现超声导波声弹应力检测的关键技术——检测模态与激励频率的选取,提出一种基于Murnaghan超弹模型的有限元特征频率法。使用该方法计算预应力杆中的频散特性,得到反映不同激励频率应力敏感性的声弹频散曲线,与文献中的L(0,1)模态试验结果进行对比,趋势一致,说明该方法的适用性。为进一步验证该方法的可靠性,选取L(0,1)模态声弹敏感的几组频率,在自制拉伸试验平台上,对碳素钢杆进行超声导波声弹试验。试验结果表明:低应力区域误差较大,在高应力区域误差均低于10%,且声弹常数与理论结果趋势一致。研究表明该理论方法可指导超声导波声弹应力检测时频率与模态的选取。     

厚梁结构中的导波传播与激励频率选择研究

通过导波在厚梁结构中传播时所表现出的特性,分析导波在厚梁结构中传播的机理。基于Rayleigh-Lamb方程,开发出用于绘制计算Lamb波在各向同性板结构中传播的频散曲线的专业软件。综合考虑在厚梁结构中影响导波激励中心频率选择的各种因素,如：选取适当的导波模式、降低频散效应的影响、增加导波信号的幅值、提高信号时域分辨率和抑制局部对称效应等。基于以上分析优化了激励信号的参数,并提出基于导波的结构健康性监测技术中激励频率选择的标准化流程。     

悬索桥缆索钢丝损伤超声导波检测数值模拟

为了实现对大跨悬索桥缆索钢丝损伤的有效检测,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,对超声导波无损检测技术进行研究。通过理论求解钢丝中导波的频散曲线,分析频散特性和波结构,选取中心频率为200 kHz的L(0,1)模态进行钢丝断丝损伤检测;利用有限元软件,研究了钢丝中导波的频散特性和波结构,通过二维傅里叶变换技术对钢丝中的低阶导波模态进行识别,进一步分析了缺陷尺寸和角度对L(0,1)模态缺陷反射系数的影响;最后,对L(0,1)模态在两根钢丝和七根钢丝的断丝处的缺陷回波进行了数值模拟。数值模拟与理论分析结果相吻合,说明低频L(0,1)模态可以有效地对缆索钢丝断丝损伤进行远距离检测。     

火炮身管超声导波频散特性及传感器配置

超声导波检测技术具有检测距离远、效率高的优点,适用于检测火炮身管等圆管类结构,具有突出的军事应用价值和前景。首先对圆管超声导波理论进行推导,并对身管损伤的几种常见类型进行分析研究。采用数值计算的方法绘制频散曲线,通过分析其频散特性对导波检测频率进行优选,初步得到了最佳的检测频率范围;其次着重对传感器种类选择、数量及分布方式与导波传播特性的关系进行研究。实验表明,导波检测的最佳频率范围为0～300 kHz,且导波弯曲模态一般不宜作为检测模态;传感器数量的增加不仅增强了激励信号的强度,还有效抑制了身管中导波的频散。     

基于振动模态分析的钢轨中超声导波传播特性数值计算方法

针对钢轨等复杂异型波导结构中超声导波频散特性难于求解的问题,本文通过振动模态分析提取出钢轨中超声导波传播特性。基于振动特征频率和波动解互相转化的原理,将振动模态分析获得的特征频率解,转换成波动解,进而提取出钢轨的频散特性。同时,还可以由结构振动分析中获得的变形信息,计算出超声导波的波结构。通过对计算出的钢轨中低阶超声导波模态频散特性和波结构分析,选择出适合钢轨无损检测的超声导波模态类型和频率范围,为后续专用超声导波传感器设计和检测实验提供理论支持。     

Boundary element analysis of guided waves in a bar with an arbitrary cross-section

A boundary element method (BEM) is presented for analyzing the dispersion relation of guided waves in a bar with an arbitrary cross-section. A boundary integral equation for a harmonic motion in time and space is derived with respect to the boundary of the cross-section of the bar. By means of a collocation method, a homogeneous matrix equation which depends on the frequency and the wave number of the guided wave is obtained. The dispersion relation of guided waves is then obtained by finding nontrivial solutions of the matrix equation. The Newton's method is used to find the solution of the dispersion relation mode by mode for both propagating waves and nonpropagating waves. Numerical results are shown for a square bar, rectangular bars, and an L-shaped bar. Dispersive properties of guided waves in the bars are discussed in comparison with the results for Lamb modes in a 2D plate.     

Excitation Mechanism of Flexural-Guided Wave Modes F(1, 2) and F(1, 3) in Pipes

The L(0, 2) and T(0, 1) modes are the two most commonly used modes in a pipe inspection; however, they are insensitive to axial cracks in the pipe. Therefore, it is meaningful to explore the excitation and utilization of the guided wave modes, which are different from the L(0, 2) and T(0, 1) modes. In this study, the excitation mechanism of two kinds of flexural-guided wave modes, F(1, 2) and F(1, 3), in a pipe is discussed in detail. The discussion is based on the dynamic response solution, which is obtained by the eigenfunction expansion method. Either mode can be excited by employing two transducer arrays. Each array is composed of sixteen elements. Moreover, the position, vibration direction, and phase of each element should be appropriately chosen. The validity of the excitation method is demonstrated by the numerical results obtained using the finite element method.     

正交各向异性空心圆柱体中的纵向导波

基于三维线弹性理论,采用勒让德正交多项式展开法,推导了正交各向异性材料中纵向导波的耦合波动方程,并对耦合波动方程进行了数值求解。首先,为确定方法的适用性和准确性,利用Disperse软件求解各向同性空心圆柱体中纵向导波的频散曲线,并将其与勒让德正交多项式展开法求解结果相对比,二者结果完全一致。然后,讨论了勒让德正交多项式截止值对轴对称导波频散曲线收敛性的影响,并从数值计算的角度分析了产生影响的原因。最后,针对碳纤维缠绕的复合材料空心圆柱体,分别求解纵向、扭转和弯曲三种不同模态纵向导波的相速度频散曲线。计算了不同径厚比下的弯曲模态相速度频散曲线,分析径厚比的变化对频散曲线的影响。     

基于干耦合横波超声换能器的钢丝长度检测及缺陷定位

在特定工况下会出现无法将超声换能器放置在杆状构件底面完成常规检测的问题，如服役桥梁的平行钢丝构件、装配式建筑中灌浆套筒内的插入钢筋。为了提高超声导波技术的适用性，提出了将频率为50 kHz的自发自收式干耦合横波超声换能器置于杆状钢丝侧面进行长度检测及缺陷定位的方法。结合理论分析、仿真模拟和试验验证开展研究，结果表明：干耦合横波超声换能器的最优激发角度为90°，即激发方向垂直钢丝轴向；对于不同长度和不同缺陷位置的钢丝，长度检测和缺陷定位的仿真及试验结果的预测相对误差均小于2%。     

Guided wave propagation in an elastic hollow cylinder coated with a viscoelastic material

The propagation of ultrasonic guided waves in an elastic hollow cylinder with a viscoelastic coating is studied. The principle motivation is to provide tools for performing a guided wave, nondestructive inspection of piping and tubing with viscoelastic coatings. The theoretical boundary value problem is solved that describes the guided wave propagation in these structures for the purpose of finding the guided wave modes that propagate with little or no attenuation. The model uses the global matrix technique to generate the dispersion equation for the longitudinal modes of a system of an arbitrary number of perfectly bonded hollow cylinders with traction-free outer surfaces. A numerical solution of the dispersion equation produces the phase velocity and attenuation dispersion curves that describe the nature of the guided wave propagation. The attenuation dispersion curves show some guided wave modes that propagate with little or no attenuation in the coated structures of interest. The wave structure is examined for two of the modes to verify that the boundary conditions are satisfied and to explain their attenuation behavior. Experimental results are produced using an array of transducers positioned circumferentially around the pipe to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical solution.     

基于时间-空间变换的超声导波检测新技术研究

超声导波的频散和多模态特性,对超声导波检测的效果和检测范围有很大的影响。在分析超声导波时间-空间传播特性基础上,建立了超声导波检测的空间表述模型。由于考虑了导波传播过程中的频散特性,空间表述模型减小了频散对导波检测波形的影响,提高了检测系统分辨率,并可以直接获得结构中特征体信息,如端面、缺陷的位置等。实验结果表明,该技术可以大大提高超声导波检测范围和检测效果。     

Surface phonon polariton of wurtzite AlN thin film grown on sapphire

Polarized infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR) with Otto configuration was employed to access the surface phonon polariton (SPP) characteristics of wurtzite aluminium nitride (AlN) thin film grown on sapphire (Al₂O₃) substrate. The surface and guided wave polariton dispersion curves for the studied structure were derived by taking into account thin film and substrate anisotropy. From the p-polarized ATR spectrum, one prominent peak corresponds to the SPP mode of AlN thin film was clearly observed at 824 cm⁻¹. In addition, four guided wave modes were also detected at 467, 593.5, 633.5 and 668 cm⁻¹. For the s-polarized ATR spectrum, five pronounced dips associated to the guided wave modes were detected. The obtained results were in good agreement with the ATR spectra calculated based on the standard transfer matrix formulation. The origin of the observed ATR dips were verified from the dispersion curves simulated based on air/AlN epilayer/AlN buffer layer/Al₂O₃ model.     

Warped basis pursuit for damage detection using lamb waves

This paper presents a novel time-frequency procedure based on the warped frequency transform (WFT) to process multi-mode and dispersive Lamb waves for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The proposed signal processing technique is applied to time waveforms recorded at an array of scan points after waveguide excitation. The WFT is combined with a basis pursuit algorithm to extract the distance traveled by the ultrasonic waves even in the case of multi-modal dispersive propagation associated with broadband excitation of the waveguide. This is obtained through a decomposition of the acquired signals using dictionaries composed by optimized atomic functions which are designed to match the spectro-temporal structure of the various propagating modes. The warped basis pursuit (W-BP) analysis of several acquired waveforms results in distance signals that can be combined through classical beamforming techniques for acoustical source imaging purposes. A masking procedure is also proposed to suppress imaging noise. This approach is tested on experimental data obtained by broadband guided wave excitation in a 1-mm-thick aluminum plate with an artificially introduced through crack and tiny holes, followed by multiple waveguide displacement recording through a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Dispersion compensation, high-resolution source, and defect imaging are demonstrated even in domain regions that are not directly accessible for measurement.     

基于超声导波检测管道缺陷的数值模拟

为了研究扭转模态在不同形状管道中的传播特性和缺陷的检测能力,建立了带有缺陷的管道有限元模型,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对T(0, 1)模态导波在直管、弯管中的传播过程进行数值模拟研究。导波信号采用汉宁窗调制的正弦信号,激励T(0, 1)模态信号。结果表明:最低阶的扭转模态适合于管道的缺陷检测;50 kHz的T(0, 1)模态导波对直管、弯管上的缺陷敏感,在缺陷对应的位置上,导波的回波幅值最大,能量也较集中。     

基于弹性导波的厚钢梁结构的损伤检测

弹性导波由于其对损伤的敏感性和长距离传播特性,成为近年来结构健康监测领域的一个研究热点.探讨了利用 PZT 换能器在较厚结构中进行基于弹性导波方法的损伤识别的可能性.首先参考 Lamb 波的频散曲线,设置了导波的激励信号参数如激励频率、激励波形周期数等;基于优化的激励波形和 PZT 换能器布局,在结构健康监测实验平台上对试件进行了检测.通过对实验结果的处理分析,计算出导波的群速度,并根据群速度和飞行时间(ToF)得到了损伤的位置信息.结果表明利用导波方法能够针对较厚结构进行损伤定位并能识别出不同大小的损伤.     

Mode-selective excitation and detection of ultrasonic guided waves for delamination detection in laminated aluminum plates

Selective modes of guided Lamb waves are generated in a laminated aluminum plate for damage detection using a broadband piezoelectric transducer structured with a rigid electrode. Appropriate excitation frequencies and modes for inspection are selected from theoretical and experimental dispersion curves. Dispersion curves are obtained experimentally by short time Fourier transform of the transient signals. Sensitivity of antisymmetric and symmetric modes for delamination detection are investigated. The antisymmetric mode is found to be more reliable for delamination detection. Unlike other studies, in which the attenuation of the propagating waves is related to the extent of the internal damage, in this investigation, the changes in the time-of-flight (TOF) of guided Lamb waves are related to the damage progression. The mode conversion phenomenon of Lamb waves during progressive delamination is investigated. Close matching between the theoretical and experimentally derived dispersion curves and TOF assures the reliability of the results presented here.