基于低碳理念的多目标闭环供应链网络设计

针对低碳环境下的供应链网络设计,研究具有供应商、制造商、消费者、配送中心、回收中心及处理中心的多层级闭环供应链网络。考虑网络设施约束、碳排放、顾客服务等因素的影响,以网络运营成本、碳排放成本和顾客需求响应时间成本为目标建立多目标规划模型,解决网络内设施建设、选址、设施间流量分配等网络资源优化配置问题。利用Lingo11.0软件对模型求解,通过算例分析设施能力限制、碳税税率以及时间延迟成本对设施建设方式和网络成本的影响,为企业提供决策支持并在生产实践中发挥指导作用。     

系统动力学的碳排放政策对供应链影响

随着低碳经济的发展,碳排放政策对于供应链的影响越来越受到关注。建立了基于系统动力学的单个供应商和销售商的供应链模型,并在此基础上引入强制排放和碳税两种碳排放政策。利用模型仿真,分析两种排放政策对于供应商、销售商及整个供应链的总成本和碳排放的影响。研究表明在强制排放模型中,不同的碳排放额度会使销售商选择不同的订货周期,发现合理的排放额度才能引导供应链双方降低排放,否则不仅达不到减排的目的,反而影响供应链效率;而在碳税模型中,提高碳税税率虽然会使政府获取一定的收益,但是实际上可能带来供应链总成本的上升和碳排放的增加,需要合理制定碳税税率引导绿色供应链发展。     

Operational and environmental decisions for a two-stage supply chain under vendor managed consignment inventory partnership

Supply-chain-based organisations are nowadays facing intense pressure to abide to environmental regulatory requirements while they are striving to be responsive to customers’ needs at the least cost possible. As supply chain activities are among the top contributors to carbon emissions, several recent research works have investigated the impact of carbon regulation policies on economic and environmental supply chain performance. This paper presents integrated economic and environmental models for the one-vendor one-buyer supply chain problem under a vendor managed consignment inventory (VMCI) arrangement. Through the developed models, we study the impacts of two carbon reduction policies, namely carbon cap and carbon tax policies, on supply chain wide costs and carbon emissions. We first provide a much simpler and more compact formulation for the basic single-vendor single-buyer supply chain under VMCI agreement. We also present an environmental-based VMCI model where reduction of carbon footprint is considered as the only objective function. We then extend these two basic models to include each of the two carbon emissions reduction policies. We identify structural properties for the optimal solutions of the two hybrid economic and environmental models and propose algorithms to generate optimal solutions. The results of the computational experiments reveal that the implementation of carbon reduction policies, through carbon cap and carbon tax, may call for the adjustment of the vendor’s production and buyer’s delivery quantities to reduce carbon footprint without significantly increasing the operational costs.     

冷链物流系统碳足迹模型构建与实证分析

为系统衡量冷链物流的碳足迹问题,本文提出了一种计算冷链物流碳足迹的系统方法并构建了冷链物流系统碳足迹模型。研究以香蕉全程冷链物流碳足迹问题展开实证分析,采用生命周期评估法、投入产出法、碳排放系数法界定冷链物流不同流通环节碳足迹的核算范围,测算了生产、采收处理、预冷及冷藏运输、贮藏、配送作业和终端销售等各环节所产生的碳足迹;运用实际案例对模型优化求解。在本案例中,当系统总成本为354.74万元,对应的系统总碳足迹为148.62 t;当系统总成本为369.21万元时,对应的系统总碳足迹为145.21 t。对冷链物流碳足迹进行敏感性分析,结果表明:碳税的增加能使系统总成本最大程度增加0.8%,而腐损率的上升可使系统总成本和碳足迹以相同的趋势增加约35%,说明该模型可有效测算冷链物流活动中的碳足迹。     

考虑碳税征收的供应链纵向减排博弈研究

在低碳经济背景下引入碳排放税及消费者低碳偏好,对供应商主导的二级供应链减排博弈展开研究;进而通过逆向归纳法求得序贯行动的精炼子博弈纳什均衡,并采用数值实验展开分析。研究表明,在外生碳税下供应商和制造商都将采取减排策略,可求得最优产量与单位产品减排量,但征收碳税并不一定能够保证碳排放总量的降低;供应链中一方的减排行为将激励另一方增加单位产品减排量;企业减排成本系数越低,征收碳税对控制碳排放总量的效果越明显。     

低碳环境下废钢铁再加工生产调度优化

针对废钢铁再加工过程的工艺特点和约束条件设计了碳足迹计量方法,构建了最小化经济成本与碳交易成本总和的低碳调度模型。从理论分析和数值实验两方面探讨了碳限额、碳价及碳交易对总成本、碳排放和最优调度方案的影响。研究表明:废钢铁再加工低碳调度方案能有效减少碳排放,但可能会引起总成本的增加,若政府设置合理的碳限额,可大大提高废钢铁企业碳减排的积极性;碳限额的增大能有效降低总成本,对碳排放和最优调度方案无直接影响;高碳价促使废钢铁企业选择更具减排优势的加工设备、工艺路线和精料调度方案,从而降低碳排放,但过高的碳价对碳减排作用不大。     

Supply chain network design considering carbon footprint,water footprint,supplier’s social risk,solid waste,and service level under the uncertain condition

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Supply chain network design (SCND) plays a crucial role in transforming a supply chain sustainable. Recently, various SCND models have been developed...     

考虑运输速度和碳排放的易腐食品供应链网络优化研究

针对易腐食品供应链网络的特征,将运输速度、腐败率考虑在内,建立了一个混合整数非线性（MINLP）模型,利用YALMIP软件求解以达到使整个供应链总成本最少和碳排放量尽量少的目的。最后,通过算例分析证明该模型的可行性,得出碳排放量与车速相关及车辆的最佳运输速度,并利用灵敏度分析,揭示碳单位价格和腐败率的变化对整个供应链的影响。     

碳限额及交易下低碳补贴和低碳宣传成本分摊的双渠道供应链联合减排策略

为了研究碳限额及交易下考虑低碳补贴和零售商低碳宣传的双渠道供应链联合减排策略问题,构建由一个制造商和一个零售商组成双渠道供应链,分别建立碳减排补贴与低碳宣传的双渠道供应链集中式决策模型以及无碳减排补贴且无低碳宣传成本分摊、有碳减排补贴但无低碳宣传成本分摊、碳减排补贴且低碳宣传成本分摊的双渠道供应链分散式决策模型,分析其最优决策,并指出政府碳减排补贴、碳减排成本和低碳宣传成本分摊能够实现双渠道供应链协调。研究结果表明,在碳限额及交易下,最优碳减排率、最优低碳宣传水平和双渠道供应链利润与政府补贴比例、低碳偏好对需求的影响系数、低碳宣传对线上消费者需求的影响系数、低碳宣传对线下消费者需求的影响系数都成正向变化关系;最优碳减排率、最优低碳宣传水平和双渠道供应链利润与低碳宣传成本系数、最优碳减排成本系数成反向变化关系;最优碳减排率与碳排放交易价格成正向变化关系,而最优低碳宣传水平、双渠道供应链利润与碳排放交易价格成反向变化关系。     

荔枝全程冷链物流碳足迹测算分析及实证研究

目的针对系统衡量双渠道流通模式下荔枝全程冷链物流的碳排放问题,构建一种计算碳足迹模型,以衡量该过程中的碳排放情况,并对其展开实证研究。方法采用碳排放系数法、投入产出法,测算批发商开设的双渠道流通模式的荔枝采后预冷、流通加工、冷藏运输、贮存、配送、销售以及终端消费者等各环节所产生的碳排放量,并借助Matlab对模型进行优化求解,在设定参数的条件下,以及考虑碳排放的情况下,分别以总成本最小和总碳排放量最小进行运算。结果通过实证可知,总成本均为407.34万元,总碳排放量均为223.14t。通过对断链情况下的荔枝双渠道流通模式碳足迹进行对比分析发现,荔枝在断链的流通模式下的总成本为453.99万元,碳排放量为225.71 t;通过对不同包装下的腐损率进行对比分析发现,在考虑碳排放情况下,腐损率从0上升到30%时,碳排放量上升了4%。结论该模型能有效衡量双渠道流通模式下荔枝全程冷链物流活动的碳足迹,为荔枝运用全程冷链物流的经济效益和环境效益最大化协同的设计和实施提供了支撑。     

Social sustainable supplier evaluation and selection: a group decision-support approach

Organisational and managerial decisions are influenced by corporate sustainability pressures. Organisations need to consider economic, environmental and social sustainability dimensions in their decisions to become sustainable. Supply chain decisions play a distinct and critical role in organisational good and service outputs sustainability. Sustainable supplier selection influences the supply chain sustainability allowing many organisations to build competitive advantage. Within this context, the social sustainability dimension has received relatively minor investigation; with emphasis typically on economic and environmental sustainability. Neglecting social sustainability can have serious repercussions for organisational supply chains. This study proposes a social sustainability attribute decision framework to evaluate and select socially sustainable suppliers. A grey-based multi-criteria decision-support tool composed of the ‘best-worst method’ (BWM) and TODIM (TOmada de Decisão Interativa e Multicritério – in Portuguese ‘Interactive and Multicriteria Decision Making’) is introduced. A grey-BWM approach is used to determine social sustainability attribute weights, and a grey-TODIM method is utilised to rank suppliers. This process is completed in a group decision setting. A case study of an Iranian manufacturing company is used to exemplify the applicability and suitability of the proposed social sustainability decision framework. Managerial implications, limitations, and future research directions are introduced after the application of the model.     

Sustainable supply chains for supply chain sustainability: impact of sustainability efforts on supply chain risk

Supply chain managers across the globe are finding it difficult to manage the increasingly complex supply chains despite adopting a variety of risk mitigation strategies. Firms on the other hand have also been adopting various kinds of environmental and social sustainability practices in recent times to reduce carbon footprint and improve their image on the social front. However, very few studies in the extant literature have examined the impact of sustainability practices on supply chain risk. We address this important gap in literature by empirically testing this relationship, using primary data from six manufacturing sectors and 21 different countries including developed as well as emerging markets across the globe. Our findings indicate that risk mitigation strategies do not always reduce the actual supply chain risk experienced by firms, whereas sustainability efforts help reduce supply chain risk, especially in emerging market contexts. In addition, we find that, while reactive risk mitigation strategies on their own fail to reduce supply chain risk, they are effective when used in conjunction with sustainability efforts. We also find that preventive risk mitigation efforts are only effective in mature supply chains such as the OECD countries.     

Resilient and sustainable supply chain design: sustainability analysis under disruption risks

Resilience to disruptions and sustainability are both of paramount importance to supply chains. However, the interactions between the two have not been thoroughly explored in the academic literature. We attempt to contribute to this area by presenting a hybrid methodology for the design of a sustainable supply network that performs resiliently in the face of random disruptions. A stochastic bi-objective optimisation model is developed that utilises a fuzzy c-means clustering method to quantify and assess the sustainability performance of the suppliers. The proposed model determines outsourcing decisions and resilience strategies that minimise the expected total cost and maximise the overall sustainability performance in disruptions. Important managerial insights and practical implications are obtained from the model implementation in a case study of plastic pipe industry.     

A supply chain network equilibrium model for operational and opportunism risk mitigation

Risk management holds a crucial role in ensuring efficiency, predictability, and coherency in supply chain operations of an enterprise. Risks are associated with every member of a supply chain network. Thus, an end-to-end risk management approach is essential to fortify the entire supply chain network. In this paper, we consider a supply chain network consisting of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers, as the representative stakeholders. In particular, we take supply chain operational, and opportunism risks into account, and investigate the roles of flexibility, and social relationship, respectively, as a mitigation approach. We develop a multi-period network equilibrium model by considering the stakeholders’ objectives of maximising profit and minimising risk. Further, the finite-dimensional variational inequality formulations are derived for the underlying network optimisation problem. An algorithm, with nice features for computations, is then applied to three simulated examples in order to illustrate the model and computational procedure as well as the types of interventions that can help the strategic decision-makers to explore quantitatively the associated profits and incurred risks in an entire supply chain network.     

A green vendor-managed inventory analysis in supply chains under carbon emissions trading mechanism

One of the most important strategies for reducing carbon emissions is to optimize firms’ operation decisions in business practices. This paper proposes a green vendor-managed inventory (a green VMI) model with a supplier and a manufacturer under a carbon emissions trading mechanism. The proposed model integrates both environmental and economic goals under a carbon emissions constraint, and then the members’ optimal decisions are obtained. Comparing this model with the traditional VMI model, this paper finds that, in the green VMI model, whether the supplier should sell or buy carbon credit depends on the carbon cap. Further, the impacts of the carbon cap and the carbon emissions factors on the optimal decisions, the carbon emissions, and the total costs in the supply chain are examined analytically. Finally, numerical experiments are performed to verify the theoretical results. It is shown that, after introducing the carbon trading mechanism, the VMI model could increase the total cost of the supply chain under some specified set of parameters.     

碳限额交易政策下考虑消费者低碳偏好的供应链定价与协调

在碳限额交易政策及消费者低碳偏好条件下,针对两个制造商(一个碳减排、一个不进行碳减排)和一个零售商组成的二级供应链,分析了碳限额及消费者碳排放敏感系数对产品零售价和最优碳减排量的影响,并利用Shapley值法协调供应链。研究发现:最优碳减排量、产品零售价不仅依赖于碳限额和消费者碳排放敏感系数,还与初始碳排放量相关;清洁型制造商最优碳排放量为零;政府应该实行差异化碳限额交易政策,对于中间型及轻污染型制造商应该适当降低碳限额,对于重污染型制造商应该适当提高碳限额并给予企业碳减排补贴;对于清洁型及中间型制造商,政府应该提供低碳消费补贴;另外政府还应该加强节能环保宣传。     

An integrated weighted fuzzy multi-objective model for supplier selection and order scheduling in a supply chain

This paper presents a new weighted fuzzy multi-objective model to integrated supplier selection, order quantity allocation and customer order scheduling problem to prepare a responsive and order-oriented supply chain in a make-to-order manufacturing system. Total cost and quality of purchased parts as well as the reliability of on-time delivery of customer orders are regarded as the objectives of the model. On the other hand, flexible suppliers can contribute to the responsiveness and flexibility of entire supply chain in the face of uncertain customer orders. Therefore, a mathematical measure is developed for evaluating the volume flexibility of suppliers and is considered as the other objective of the model. Furthermore, by considering the effect of interdependencies between the selection criteria and to handle inconsistent and uncertain judgments, a fuzzy analytic network process method is used to identify top suppliers and consider as the last objective. In order to optimise these objectives, the decision-maker needs to decide from which supplier to purchase parts needed to assemble the customer orders, how to allocate the demand for parts between the selected suppliers, and how to schedule the customer orders for assembled products over the planning time horizon. Numerical examples are presented and computational analysis is reported.     

碳税约束的城市冷链物流配送网络设计

为了减轻即将出台的碳税政策对城市冷链物流配送活动所带来的成本压力,建立了一个考虑碳税成本,且冷库能力受限的冷链物流配送网络拓展模型。通过合理设计输入参数,设定碳税范围在0.01~0.10元/kg CO_2eq（二氧化碳当量）之间变化,并基于在YALMIP工具箱中建模,借助优化套件对模型进行精确求解,得到了不同碳税率条件下,配送网络的节点和产品流向设计方案。研究结果表明：递进型的碳税率政策实施后,冷链配送企业可以通过网络微调策略,实现最大30%的碳排放缩减,而对应的总体运营成本仅仅增加了不到10%。最后得出结论：应用所提出的优化模型及精确求解方案,可以从运营优化角度,找到城市冷链配送网络的最佳设计方案,部分抵消碳税成本压力,为企业前瞻性的运营决策提供依据。     

基于PIWOA的绿色闭环供应链网络多目标模糊优化设计

针对闭环供应链网络优化设计问题,建立了一种基于Me测度的闭环供应链网络多目标优化设计模型,以此降低供应链网络设计中不确定性因素在求解时的影响。首先,针对多层级闭环供应链网络,建立以成本最小、CO₂排放量最小以及社会效益最大为目标的优化函数,并采用Me测度和三角模糊数对模型及相关约束进行模糊处理,得到不确定性闭环供应链网络优化模型;其次,在原有鲸鱼算法的基础上,引入变异收敛因子,增强其搜索能力,并将Pareto引入改进后的鲸鱼算法求解所建模型;最后,通过数值实例和仿真分析验证算法在搜索能力、时间以及优化目标函数值等方面具有较强的优势和性能。     

Developing environmental and social performance: the role of suppliers’ sustainability and buyer–supplier trust

We explore how environmental and social performance of manufacturing firms can be improved as sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) develops and evolves within a firm from internal to external practices. Importantly, this study considers how key suppliers’ sustainability performance and buyer–supplier trust mediate and moderate such a development. A conceptual framework is developed which relies on resource-based theories and emerging empirical evidence. Then, partial least square methodology is applied on survey data from a sample of Italian manufacturing firms. Results show that manufacturing firms’ sustainability performance improves as SSCM develops; however, while internal practices have a direct impact on performance, the effect of external practices on a manufacturing firm’s sustainability performance is fully mediated by key suppliers’ sustainability performance. Yet, buyer–supplier trust significantly influences the scope of such gains. Since evidence suggests that manufacturing firms are still struggling with how to leverage supply chain innovation potential for sustainable development, this study provides a timely and valuable contribution.