等腰梯形蜂窝芯玻璃钢夹芯板的面内压缩性能

为研究等腰梯形蜂窝芯玻璃钢夹芯板面内压缩破坏机制, 利用材料试验机对夹芯板面内压缩性能进行了试验测试, 并开展了模拟研究。结果表明: 夹芯板的面内压缩破坏方式主要有面板折断、夹芯板屈曲失稳和夹芯板中面板与蜂窝芯脱粘3种类型。面板为夹芯板面内压缩的主要承载构件, 蜂窝芯对面板起到固支作用。面板结构参数与材料参数为影响夹芯板面内压缩抗压强度与抗压刚度主要因素, 多数蜂窝芯的结构参数与材料参数对夹芯板面内压缩抗压强度的影响微弱, 而个别蜂窝芯的结构参数对夹芯板面内压缩抗压刚度的影响比较显著。夹芯板体积一定时, 随着蜂窝芯胞体单元数量的增加, 夹芯板面内压缩的抗压强度与抗压刚度逐渐增大。      

含不同形状分层缺陷蜂窝夹层板的压缩性能

对含面板/夹芯界面中央分层缺陷复合材料蜂窝夹层板的压缩性能进行了试验研究和理论分析,考察了一种圆形分层和2种矩形分层缺陷对其压缩强度的影响,并采用子层局部屈曲模型对压缩强度进行了计算。结果表明：无缺陷夹层板表现为总体失稳破坏,而对于含分层缺陷的夹层板,则视分层形状及其大小的不同而表现出不同的破坏机制。对于矩形缺陷的长边与载荷方向垂直的夹层板,一般情况下面板子层局部屈曲对夹层板的最终破坏不起控制作用;对于矩形缺陷的长边与载荷方向平行的夹层板,表现为总体失稳破坏。压缩破坏过程中,面板子层屈曲起控制作用的夹层板,子层局部屈曲模型能够比较精确地预测其压缩强度。     

The influence of processing holes on the flexural properties of biomimetic integrated honeycomb plates

In this study, the flexural properties of fully integrated honeycomb plates (FIHPs) were analyzed using experimental methods and finite element analyses. The effects of the perforated surface on the flexural properties of FIHPs were investigated by analyzing the flexural failure patterns and load-deformation curves of the FIHPs. The direction of the perforated surface has a significant influence on the flexural strength, and the structure exhibits different destruction patterns depending on the orientation. The experimental results indicate that although destruction occurs in the lower skin regardless of whether the perforated surface is up or down, the strength of the material of FIHPs can be optimized if the perforated surface faces upward because the chopped basalt fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composite material is strong in compression and weak in tension. A sub-model of a thin honeycomb plate containing holes was developed to discuss these issues in detail. The analysis results suggest that the stress concentration around the hole is distinct and that cracks initially appear in this high-stress area. This paper provides some conclusions to support the better use of biological structures, and it offers some important theoretical support for the application of FIHPs in natural disaster emergency projects.     

Validation of microparameters in discrete element modeling of sea ice failure process

A GPU-based discrete element method (DEM) with bonded particles is investigated to simulate the mechanical properties of sea ice in uniaxial compressive and three-point bending tests. Both the uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength of sea ice are related to the microparameters in DEM simulation including particle size, sample size, bonding strength, and interparticle friction coefficient. These parameters are analyzed to build the relationship between the material macrostrengths of sea ice and the microparameters of the numerical model in DEM simulations. Based on this relationship, the reasonable microparameters can be calculated by given macrostrengths in the applications of simulating the failure processes of sea ice. In this simulation, both uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength of ice increase with the increasing ratio of sample size and particle size. The interparticle friction coefficient is directly related to the compressive strength but has little effect on the flexural strength. In addition, numerical simulations are compared with experimental data to show the performance of the proposed model, and a satisfactory agreement is achieved. Therefore, this microparameter validation approach based on macrostrengths can be applied to simulate the complicated failure process of sea ice interacting with offshore platform structures.     

热塑性蜂窝板的平压性能分析

为了解热塑性蜂窝板的平压性能,先分析热塑性蜂窝板的平压变形机理,得到平压强度公式,进而分析结构参数和环境温度对蜂窝板平压强度的影响。蜂窝板平压试验结果与理论分析一致。随着蜂窝芯孔径比、边长、高度的增加,平压强度减小;随着壁板厚度增加,平压强度增加。     

Plasma surface modification of advanced organic fibres

The interlaminar shear strength, interlaminar fracture energy, flexural strength and modulus of extended-chain polyethylene/epoxy composites are improved substantially when the fibres are pretreated in an ammonia plasma to introduce amine groups on to the fibre surface. These property changes are examined in terms of the microscopic properties of the fibre/matrix interface. Fracture surface micrographs show clean interfacial tensile and shear fracture in composites made from untreated fibres, indicative of a weak interfacial bond. In contrast, fracture surfaces of composites made from ammonia plasma-treated fibres exhibit fibre fibrillation and internal shear failure as well as matrix cracking, suggesting stronger fibre/matrix bonding, in accord with the observed increase in interlaminar fracture energy and shear strength. Failure of flexural test specimens occurs exclusively in compression, and the enhanced flexural strength and modulus of composites containing plasma-treated fibres result mainly from reduced compressive fibre buckling and debonding due to stronger interfacial bonding. Fibre treatment by ammonia plasma also causes an appreciable loss in the transverse ballistic impact properties of the composite, in accord with a higher fibre/matrix interfacial bond strength.     

Structure design of reinforced honeycomb paperboard core and characterization of its out‐of‐plane bearing strength

Honeycomb paperboard's out‐of‐plane bearing performance is one of the important properties in packaging field application. Further improvement of its bearing performance has important value in engineering practice. In this paper, a honeycomb core structure was designed, and the bonding dimension and manufacturing process were designed. The mechanism of out‐of‐plane quasi‐static compression deformation of reinforced honeycomb paperboard was analyzed by experiments. The theoretical model of out‐of‐plane platform stress was constructed by applying the plastic deformation, plastic energy dissipation and energy conservation theory. The results show that the improved structure can be mechanically bonded in a flat state with less technological changes. Under the same honeycomb core material and core size parameters, the bearing strength of the improved structure increases by an average of 3.9 times to conventional structure. In order to meet the same compressive strength requirement, the improved structure can reduce the performance requirements of honeycomb core material or increase the core size compared with the conventional structure. When the honeycomb core cell is larger, the tension on the core layer required for the production process is reduced. The theoretical and experimental data are in good agreement with each other, and the relative errors are all less than 13%.     

Mechanical behavior and failure process during compressive and shear deformation of honeycomb composite at elevated temperatures

The mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of honeycomb composite consisting of Nomex honeycomb core and 2024Al alloy facesheets were investigated. The compressive and shear deformation behaviors of honeycomb composite were analyzed at temperatures ranged 25–300°C. The compressive and shear strengths of honeycomb composite decreased continuously with increasing temperature up to 300°C. The stress-strain curves obtained from the compressive and shear tests showed that the stress increased to a peak value and then decreased rapidly to a steady state value, which is nearly constant up to failure with increasing strain. The compressive deformation behavior of honeycomb composite was progressed by an elastic and plastic buckling of cell walls, debonding fracture at the interfaces of cell walls, and followed by a fracture of resin layer on cell walls. The shear deformation of honeycomb composite was progressed by an elastic shear deformation, plastic shear deformation, fracture of resin layer on cell walls, and followed by debonding fracture at core/facesheet interfaces. The shear strength of honeycomb composite showed strong anisotropy dependent on the loading direction. The shear strength in longitudinal direction was about 1.4 times higher compared to that in transversal direction due to the different thickness of cell walls mainly loaded during the shear deformation.     

水下冲击波作用的铝合金蜂窝夹层板动力学响应研究

为研究铝合金蜂窝夹层板水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用的动态响应及抗冲击性能,利用非药式水下爆炸冲击波加载装置对气背固支5A06铝合金夹层板及具有相同面密度的单层板进行水下冲击波加载试验。利用高速相机结合三维数字散斑技术(DIC)对夹层板后面板动态响应进行实时测量,获得夹层板气背面受水下冲击波作用的动态响应历程及变形毁伤模式,比较分析铝合金蜂窝夹层板抗冲击防护性能。结果表明,较相同面密度的单层板,蜂窝夹层板受水下冲击波载荷作用的芯层压缩能有效减少气背面板的塑性变形,提高夹层结构整体抗冲击性能。     

Mechanical behavior and failure modes of aluminum/bamboo sandwich plates under quasi-static loading

Experimental investigations have been made on the quasi-static mechanical behavior and failure modes of aluminum/bamboo sandwich plates. Thermosetting epoxy resin and thermoplastic Polybond resin were used to bond the aluminum sheets and the bamboo. Tensile, compressive and flexural properties were evaluated. The effects of bond conditions on the mechanical behavior and failure modes were examined. The thermoplastic Polybond resin resulted in a stronger interface bond than the thermosetting epoxy resin. The improvement of the interface bond led to significant increases in compressive and flexural properties. The tensile properties were found to be insensitive to the interface bond. The dominant failure mechanisms affected by the interface bond dictated the mechanical properties of the sandwich plates in individual loading conditions.     

Syntactic foams from copolymers based on epoxidized soybean oil

Syntactic foams are been increasingly used as core of sandwich panels due to their light weight and good mechanical properties. This investigation evaluates the compressive, flexural and thermo-mechanical properties of syntactic foams made by embedding randomly dispersed hollow glass microspheres in bio-based resins obtained by partial substitution of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). Volume fraction of glass microballoons was 0.55 in all foam formulation. Flexural and compressive strength values decreased simultaneously with increasing ESO content. Similar trend was observed for the flexural and compressive modulus and glass transition temperature. The work further showed that mechanism of failure mainly depended on the fracture of microballoons regardless the ESO content in the formulation. Results reported herein suggest that large fractions of DGEBA can be replaced by ESO with minor effect on mechanical and thermal properties.     

Strength evaluations of sinusoidal core for FRP sandwich bridge deck panels

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sandwich deck panels with sinusoidal core geometry have shown to be successful both in new construction and the rehabilitation of existing bridge decks. This paper is focused on an experimental study of the strength evaluations of a honeycomb sandwich core under out-of-plane compression and transverse shear. The sinusoidal core is made of E-glass Chopped Strand Mat (ChSM) and Polyester resin. The compressive, tensile and shear strengths were first obtained from coupon tests. The out-of-plane compression tests were performed on representative single-cell volume elements of sandwich panels, and the tests included “stabilized” samples to induce compression failure, and “bare” samples to induce local buckling of the core. Finally, four-point bending tests were conducted to study the structural strength behavior under transverse shear. Two types of beam samples were manufactured by orienting the sinusoidal wave either along the length (longitudinal) or along the width (transverse). Both typical shear failure mode of the core material and delamination at the core–facesheet bonding interface were observed for longitudinal samples. The failure for transverse samples was caused by core panel separation. For both single-cell and beam-type specimen tests, the number of bonding layers, i.e., the amount of ChSM contact layer and resin used to embed the core into the facesheet, and the core thickness are varied to study their influence. The experimental results described herein can be subsequently used to develop design guidelines.     

Failure analysis of adhesive surface damage in sandwich plates under compressed loads

Abstract

Failures of honeycomb sandwich plates are analyzed using experiments and three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulations to understand the failure mechanism. Meanwhile, correlations of the critical load and various physical parameters (e.g., height and thickness of the core) are investigated. The results demonstrated that the core height and skin thickness have significant effects on the compressed load buckling of the honeycomb sandwich plates, the core density is a sub-critical sensitive factor, while wall thickness and spacing of the cell, and the sandwich modulus have negligible effects. Cracking on the adhesive surface is the dominant factor to reduce the buckling critical load of the laminated plate, which leads to failures of sandwich plates. The ultimate failure of the sandwich panel is attributed to severe deformations that lead to local cracking of the entire cemented adhesive surface. Due to the bonding of the adhesive surface defects, the actual loads related to the core height are large enough to cause compressions with local buckling. Hence, the actual loads cannot reflect the performance of the sandwich panels. It is recommended to use panels with appropriate thicknesses below the sandwich and moderate grid density in the design.     

Novel lightweight sandwich-structured bio-fiber-reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites

Novel bio-based lightweight sandwich-structured composites with both skin and core materials made from biofiber and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix were developed. The composites contained 48 wt% cellulose fiber and 52 wt% PLA matrix. The fabrication process was simple and required no adhesive for the skin–core bonding. The effects of fiber weight fraction and density on the core compressive properties were evaluated experimentally. Fifty percent of fibers gave the best results among the three fiber weight fractions studied and was used in preparing cores for subsequent fabrication of the sandwich-structured composites. The flexural properties and failure modes of the sandwich-structured composites were assessed. The flexural properties of the composites met the published deflection requirements for automotive load floor applications. Since these biocomposites were made using natural renewable materials that are fully biodegradable and recyclable, they show potential to be used as environmentally friendly alternatives to the existing products.     

Experimental analysis of the flexural properties of sandwich panels with cellular core materials

This paper addresses the flexural properties of sandwich structures with cellular core materials. Experimental three point bending tests are conducted in order to determine the flexural stiffness and the load‐carrying capacity of these advanced composites. In addition, the significant failure modes after exceeding the load‐carrying capacity are identified. The results of these analyses are compared for sandwich structures containing various core materials. These core materials comprise two aluminium foams, namely M‐Pore® and Alporas®, honeycomb structures and novel metallic hollow sphere structures (MHSS).     

混杂比对碳纤维-玄武岩纤维混杂增强环氧树脂基复合材料弯曲性能的影响

将玄武岩纤维置于混杂铺层的压缩侧,研究了碳纤维-玄武岩纤维混杂增强环氧树脂基复合材料的弯曲性能及混杂比对其弯曲性能的影响。通过对试样进行三点弯曲试验得到了材料的弯曲性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜观察材料的失效模式。与纯碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料相比,当混杂比为16.7%和33.3%时,混杂复合材料的弯曲强度明显提升,弯曲强度分别提高12.4%和15.2%,但是其弯曲模量随着混杂比的提升而降低。混杂后的材料及玄武岩纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的失效位移都高于碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料,断裂韧性明显提升。从侧面观察可以发现不同铺层在压缩侧、拉伸侧和中间层有不同的失效形式。      

等腰梯形蜂窝芯玻璃钢夹芯板的面外压缩性能EI北大核心CSCD

利用材料试验机对玻璃钢(FRP)夹芯板面外压缩性能进行实验测试与模拟研究。结果表明:夹芯板面外压缩变形可分为弹性变形与断裂两个阶段。蜂窝芯中part 2胞壁厚度t1与part 2高度h比值t1/h较大时,夹芯板以屈服方式变形;t1/h较小时,夹芯板以屈曲方式变形。蜂窝芯中part 2为夹芯板主要承载构件,蜂窝芯中part 1与part 3对part 2起到固支作用,面板对蜂窝芯起到固支作用。蜂窝芯中part 2胞壁厚度为夹芯板面外压缩抗压强度影响的主要因素,蜂窝芯胞壁边长影响次之,而蜂窝芯中part 1,part 3与面板厚度的影响较小。夹芯板总高度一定时,随着蜂窝芯层数增加,夹芯板抗压强度逐渐增大。     

全厚度缝合复合材料泡沫芯夹层结构力学性能研究与损伤容限评定

探索了全厚度缝合复合材料闭孔泡沫芯夹层结构低成本制造的工艺可行性及其潜在的结构效益。选用3 种夹层结构形式, 即相同材料和工艺制造的未缝合泡沫芯夹层和缝合泡沫芯夹层结构及密度相近的Nomex 蜂窝夹层结构, 完成了密度测定、三点弯曲、平面拉伸和压缩、夹层剪切、结构侧压和损伤阻抗/ 损伤容限等7 项实验研究。结果表明, 泡沫芯夹层结构缝合后, 显著提高了弯曲强度/ 质量比、弯曲刚度/ 质量比、面外拉伸和压缩强度、剪切强度和模量、侧压强度和模量、冲击后压缩(CAI) 强度和破坏应变。这种新型结构形式承载能力强、结构效率高、制造维护成本低, 可以在飞机轻质机体结构设计中采用。      

Ferrocement encased lightweight aerated concrete: A novel approach to produce sandwich composite

This paper presents the experimental study to investigate the applicability of a novel technique to produce lightweight sandwich composite elements. Sandwich composite is fabricated by encasing lightweight aerated concrete as core with high performance ferrocement box as skin layer. The performance of the sandwich elements is investigated in terms of ultimate compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, overall unit weight and the failure mode. The results are compared with control specimens made solely of the aerated concrete. Results showed the remarkable enhancement in the compressive strength and flexural strength while the water absorption is reduced to fractions as compared to that of the control specimens. Overall unit weight of the sandwich composite elements falls in the range of the lightweight structural elements. The failure mode of the sandwich elements reveals the ductile and composite behavior thus transforming a pure brittle material (aerated concrete) into ductile composite material because of the ferrocement encasement.     

The effect of copper granules on interfacial bonding and properties of the copper-graphite composite prepared by flake powder metallurgy

The study evaluates the effect of introducing Cu granules and control milling on the microstructure, interfacial bonding and mechanical properties including sintered density, hardness, compressive strength, flexural strength and electrical conductivity of Copper-Graphite (Gr) composite synthesize by flake powder metallurgy (Flake PM). It develops the flake composite particles by control mechanical alloying (MA) which further laminates over the refine granules surface. This encapsulation facilitates the strong interfacial bonding among the composite constituents during sintering. Results highlight that the 10% Cu granules in Cu-10Gr composite exhibit excellent mechanical properties. It increases the relative density, hardness, compressive strength, and flexural strength by 4.19%, 28.23%, 98.31%, and 11.8% respectively. However, the electrical conductivity increases by 6.73% (%IACS) for 15% of Cu granules in the Cu-10Gr composite. The improvements in the results are the synergistic coordination of dispersion homogeneity, surface integrity, work hardening, and the superior interfacial adhesion between composite powder and Cu granules.