Fracture toughness of two experimental high-strength bainitic low-alloy steels containing silicon

Abstract

The fracture toughness of two experimental silicon-containing steels in the bainitic condition has been measured and related to the microstructural state of the steels. The optimum bainitic microstructure for high strength and high toughness combinations consists of bainitic ferrite and thin interwoven laths of retained austenite instead of cementite, this condition being achieved through the silicon addition to the steels. The thin films of retained austenite are thermally and mechanically stable and act to reduce the effective fracture grain size and also possibly help to blunt propagating microcracks; blockier volumes of retained austenite are unstable and hence not beneficial to toughness. The two experimental steels achieved strength and toughness values equal to, or better than, some commercial steels in the martensitic condition.

MST/528     

Modelling ductile fracture behaviour from deformation parameters in HSLA steels

In this work, an attempt is made to model the ductile fracture behaviour of two Cu‐strengthened high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels through the understanding of their deformation behaviour. The variations in deformation behaviour are imparted by prior deformation of steels to various predetermined strains. The variations in parameters such as yield strength and true uniform elongation with prior deformation is studied and was found to be analogous to that of initiation fracture toughness determined by independent method. A unique method is used to measure the crack tip deformation characterized by stretch zone depth that also depicted a similar trend. Fracture toughness values derived from the stretch zone depth measurements were found to vary in the same fashion as the experimental values. A semiempirical relationship for obtaining ductile fracture toughness from basic deformation parameters is derived and model is demonstrated to estimate initiation ductile fracture toughness accurately.     

ANN Optimization Method for High Strength High Fracture Toughness Steels

The two-target optimization problem for high strength high fracture toughness steels has been investigated. An effective method for two-target optimization of multi-variable non-linear complicated system is developed by combining simulated annealing algorithm with artificial neural network     

Thermal Activation Analyses of Dynamic Fracture Toughness of High Strength Low Alloy Steels

A formula is derived for determining the influence of temperature and loading rate on dynamic fracture toughness of a high strength low alloy steel (HQ785C) from thermal activation analysis of the experimental results of three-point bend specimens as well as introducing an Arrhenius formula. It is shown that the results obtained by the given formula are in good agreement with the experimental ones in the thermal activation region. The present method is also valuable to describe the relationship between dynamic fracture toughness and temperature and loading rate of other high strength low alloy steels.     

原油贮罐用12MnNiVR钢板的常规力学性能和断裂韧度JIC试验研究

对原油贮罐用国产32mm厚的12MnNiVR钢板进行了常规力学性能试验,并与日本SPV490Q钢进行了比较,对其焊缝金属进行了断裂韧度JIC测试.试验结果表明,钢中的微合金化作用和良好的显微组织结构是其强度高,韧性、塑性好的原因,该钢板适用于原油贮罐.     

管线钢的延性断裂及焊接研究

主要介绍了高压输气管线延性断裂的特征、形成机制，以及我国在高强高韧性管线钢焊接材料、工艺及焊接性方面的一些研究工作。     

测定混凝土应变软化曲线的J积分法

本文提供用普通材料试验机对含有不同初始裂缝深度混凝土劈裂试件进行断裂试验的结果。试验得到了稳定的荷载位移全过程曲线。求得了断裂韧度JIC、δC、断裂能GF；并由J积分法推导出了混凝土材料的拉应变软化曲线。     

A new method to estimate the plane strain fracture toughness of materials

Although the testing method for fracture toughness K_IC has been implemented for decades, the strict specimen size requirements make it difficult to get the accurate K_IC for the high‐toughness materials. In this study, different specimen sizes of high‐strength steels were adopted in fracture toughness testing. Through the observations on the fracture surfaces of the K_IC specimen, it is shown that the fracture energy can be divided into 2 distinct parts: (1) the energy for flat fracture and (2) the energy for shear fracture. According to the energy criterion, the K_IC values can be acquired by small‐size specimens through derivation. The results reveal that the estimated toughness value is consistent with the experimental data. The new method would be widely applied to predict the fracture toughness of metallic materials with small‐size specimens.     

Fracture behavior of ultra-fine grained steel bar under dynamic loading

Ultra-fine grained steel bars were recently developed by thermo-mechanical controlled rolling with rapid cooling for increasing the strength of low carbon and low alloy steels. The developed steels are characterized by fine ferrite grains of less than 1 m and high strength as a result of grain refinement. However, their correlations between tensile properties and impact behavior are not well understood. In this paper, impact absorbed energy (E _p) and dynamic fracture toughness (J _Id) were used to evaluate the dynamic fracture behavior of the ultra-fine grained steels, and the fracture mechanisms were also investigated. For the ultra-fine grained steels, tensile stress-strain curve was shown to be correlated with the impact curve of load vs. time, and to be related to the dynamic fracture toughness. The steel with large ferrite grains, small ferrite grain colony and martensite was found to have a good combination of strength and toughness.     

Microstructural influences on fatigue and fracture resistance in high strength structural materials

A concise review is given of microstructural influences on fatigue strength, fatigue crack propagation, fracture toughness, and stress corrosion in high strength aluminium alloys, titanium alloys, and steels.     

遗传算法在无钴高强韧钢设计中的应用

提出一种利用残缺实验数据建立无钴高强韧钢力学性能与钢的合金成分及热处理条件关系模型的方法,依据该方法建立了人工神经网络模型,并应用跗算法,对无钴高强韧钢进行了优化设计,实践表明所提出的方法是有效的,为研制新材料开辟了一条新途径。     

Identification of Materials Properties with the Help of Miniature Shear Punch Test Using Finite Element Method and Neural Networks

This paper describes an approach to identify the mechanical properties i.e. fracture and yield strength of steels. The study involves the FE simulation of shear punch test for various miniature specimens thickness ranging from 0.20mm to 0.80mm for four different steels using ABAQUS code. The experimental method of the miniature shear punch test is used to determine the material response under quasi-static loading. The load vs. displacement curves obtained from the FE simulation miniature disk specimens are compared with the experimental data obtained and found in good agreement. The resulting data from the load vs. displacement diagrams of different steels specimens are used to train the neural networks to predict the properties of materials i.e. fracture and yield strength. Two different feed forward neural networks have been created and trained in order to predict the Fracture toughness and yield strength values of different steels. L-M algorithm has been used in the networks to form an output function corresponding to the input vectors used in the network. The trained network provides the output values i.e., fracture toughness and yield strength of unknown input values, which are within in the range of data that is used for the training of network.     

Brittle fracture of high-strength steels at very low temperatures

High-strength steels are used to increase the load carrying capacity of components. However, to guarantee a safe design, it is also necessary to combine high strength with adequate fracture toughness. In this paper, fracture toughness of three high-strength steels with yield strengths ranging from 460 to 890 MPa has been studied at very low temperatures. Taking into account experimental evidence, a new mechanism of cleavage at very low temperatures is proposed. This mechanism considers the possibility of reaching the ideal strength (the stress at which the lattice of a single crystal losses its stability) in the immediate vicinity of the fatigue crack tip. Moreover, a computational model able to calculate the external load needed to produce a catastrophic failure of these steels has been developed.     

Mn-Si-Cr系无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体复相高强钢的研究进展

无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体复相高强钢具有比同等强度马氏体钢更优异的韧性和塑性,被广泛应用到轨道交通、机械、建筑等领域。文章概述了低成本Mn-Si-Cr系无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体复相钢近年来在合金化设计、工艺设计、微观组织、强韧化机理、强塑化机理、延迟断裂及疲劳性能等方面取得的研究成果。特别介绍了近年来笔者在BQP工艺处理CFB/M复相钢方面的工作进展,经过BQP处理之后,CFB/M复相钢显示了更优异的强度、塑性、韧性和疲劳性能的匹配。最后简单介绍了Mn-Si-Cr系无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体复相钢在不同领域的应用情况,特别是其在重载高速铁路领域的应用现状和前景。     

An alternate measure of fracture toughness

Linear elastic fracture mechanics has been primarily used for very high strength materials. For such applications it is adequate to measure K_Ic, the plane-strain fracture toughness. It is the objective of this paper to discuss a method for making dynamic fracture toughness measurements, K_Id, which are appropriate for structural grade steels. A simplified scheme for measuring K_Id is also proposed.     

Comparison of mode I and mode II elastic-plastic fracture toughness for two low alloyed high strength steels

In the present work, mode I and mode II tests were carried out on two low alloyed high strength steels. An asymmetrical four point bend specimen and J _II-integral vs. crack growth resistance curve technique were used for determining the mode II elastic-plastic fracture toughness, J _IIc · J _II-integral expression of the specimen was calibrated by finite element method. The results indicate that the present procedure for determining the J _IIc values is easy to use. Moreover, the mode I fracture toughness J _Ic is very sensitive to the rolling direction of the test steels, but the mode II fracture toughness J _IIc is completely insensitive to the rolling direction of the steels, and the J _IIc /J _Ic ratio is not a constant for the two steels, including the same steel with different orientations. Finally, the difference of the fracture toughness between the mode I and mode II is discussed with consideration of the different fracture mechanisms.     

Shape effect of ultrafine-grained structure on static fracture toughness in low-alloy steel

Abstract

A 0.4C-2Si-1Cr-1Mo steel with an ultrafine elongated grain (UFEG) structure and an ultrafine equiaxed grain (UFG) structure was fabricated by multipass caliber rolling at 773 K and subsequent annealing at 973 K. A static three-point bending test was conducted at ambient temperature and at 77 K. The strength–toughness balance of the developed steels was markedly better than that of conventionally quenched and tempered steel with a martensitic structure. In particular, the static fracture toughness of the UFEG steel, having a yield strength of 1.86 GPa at ambient temperature, was improved by more than 40 times compared with conventional steel having a yield strength of 1.51 GPa. Furthermore, even at 77 K, the fracture toughness of the UFEG steel was about eight times higher than that of the conventional and UFG steels, despite the high strength of the UFEG steel (2.26 GPa). The UFG steel exhibited brittle fracture behavior at 77 K, as did the conventional steel, and no dimple structure was observed on the fracture surface. Therefore, it is difficult to improve the low-temperature toughness of the UFG steel by grain refinement only. The shape of crystal grains plays an important role in delamination toughening, as do their refinement and orientation.     

Effect of Hydrogen on Cryogenic Mechanical Properties of Cr-Ni-Mn-N Austenitic Steels

1.IntroductionTheCr-Ni-Mn-Nausteniticsteelsarewidelyusedasstructuralmaterialsinthefieldsofcryogenicengi-neering,nuclearengineering,aeronauticaltechnique,chemical,petroleumandenergyindustriesetc.,be-causeoftheirhightoughnessandstrength,highre-sistancetocorrosion,lowmagneticpermeabilityandverygoodcryogenicmechanicalproperties.InCr-Ni-Mn-Nausteniticsteelsausteniteisstabilizedbyman-ganeseandnitrogeninplaceofpartofthenickel.SomestableCr-Ni-Mn-Nausteniticsteelspresentgoodhydrogen-resistantprope…     

Effect of Aging on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of 1900 MPa Grade Maraging Stainless Steel

The 18%Ni alloy steels provide high strength and toughness, while age-hardenable or PH stainless steels also have good corrosion resistance. This paper focuses on an investigation of the heat treatment, mechanical properties and microstructural development of a new maraging stainless steel. It is reported that the heat treatment process should consist of solution treatment and cryogenic cooling to attain a fully martensitic structure, followed by aging at 813 K. This heat treatment resulted in an ultimate tensile strength of over 1900 MPa combined with good impact toughness. Transmission electron microscopy is used to show that, for the peak-aged condition （813 K/4 h）, nano-sized precipitates, e.g. Ni3Mo and/or R-phase, and a high density of dislocations were uniformly dispersed in the lath martensite matrix. The calculated yield strength, based on a revised Orowan mechanism, is in good agreement with the test data. The steel studied has an ultimate tensile strength over 1900 MPa, excellent fracture toughness, and good resistance against over-aging and relatively good corrosion resistance as well.     

A new method for determining the fracture toughness of main pipeline steels

One of the fundamental aims of fracture mechanics is to define fracture toughness K_IC of a material. Hence, the ASTM E399 standard was developed. However according to the standard, large‐sized specimens are required to determine the fracture toughness of low alloy carbon steels. ASTM E1921 standard was developed on the fracture toughness of ferritic steels. In this study, a new method was proposed to determine the fracture toughness of ferritic steels. The purpose of the present paper is to compare the results of the method with the experimental results. Two steels that are used in gas and oil main pipelines were investigated in this study.