海上风电机的抗台风设计

风电机组的制造成本和使用寿命取决于运行中的疲劳载荷、极端载荷和设计所依据的标准。目前,设计风电机组依据的大都是以欧洲环境特征为背景的标准,不加考虑地在台风地区使用会增加风险或制造成本。只有充分认识台风的气候特征和对风电机组的破坏机理,综合考虑,才能设计制造既能抗台风又能确保项目经济可行的风电设备。     

变风载下风电齿轮箱内部激励规律研究及动态特性优化

风电齿轮箱作为风电机组的关键部件,其动态特性直接影响整个机组的运行。以某兆瓦级风电齿轮箱为研究对象,考虑箱体、行星架的结构柔性后,建立风电齿轮箱耦合动力学模型,并分析了其动态响应。针对单一工况所得的齿轮修形量未必适用于其它工况的问题,对各工况下的风电齿轮箱各级齿轮副内部激励进行了加权处理,以各齿轮内部激励和最小为优化目标,基于遗传算法寻求适用于多工况的最优修形量,并结合齿轮宏观参数优化来改善风电齿轮箱的动态响应。结果表明,通过宏观参数优化及齿轮修形后,各工况下风电齿轮箱的振动加速度及结构噪声均得到了有效改善。研究结果为兆瓦级风电齿轮箱动力学特性优化提供了依据。     

基于GMM工况辨识和DAE的风机齿轮箱状态监测

针对大型风电机组运行工况多变、数据量大的特点,提出一种将高斯混合模型(GMM)与深度自编码网络(DAE)相结合的风电机组齿轮箱状态监测方法。首先,基于GMM对风电机组运行工况进行辨识;然后,在各个子工况空间下,基于DAE建立正常运行状态下的齿轮箱油池温度模型,得到多工况阈值;最后,对DAE模型的重构误差进行分析,结合多工况阈值构建健康指数,实现风电机组齿轮箱的状态监测。以某台2 MW风电机组为实例进行验证,结果表明,该方法能够提前7天预警齿轮箱油池温度过高的故障;相对于基于DAE状态监测方法,在不影响在线监测时效性的情况下,该文所提方法能够提前约8 h预警潜在故障。     

虚拟式风电机组功率特性测试仪的研发

为了实现对风电机组功率特性的测试,依据IEC标准对风电机组的功率特性测试的方法、原理进行了研究,提出了风电机组功率特性的现场测试方法,并且结合现代虚拟仪器技术设计并开发出实用的风电机组功率特性测试分析仪,该仪器是在VMIDS系统基础上成功研制出来的,在成功完成对风电机组各参数提取的同时,能分析出风电机组的各项特性.     

水源热泵机组变工况特性的试验研究

通过实验研究给出了水源热泵机组在标准工况和变工况下的运行数据,对比分析实验数据表明,变工况环境不会对水源热泵机组的高能效工作特性产生影响。     

双馈变速抽蓄机组参与平抑风电功率波动研究

由于风电功率存在间歇性、波动性,大规模风电并网给电网安全稳定运行带来了挑战。为此,提出了基于双馈变速抽蓄机组的风电功率波动平抑控制策略。首先,基于DIgSILENT/PowerFactory软件,建立了双馈变速抽蓄机组发电、抽水状态下的仿真模型,验证其快速功率控制能力。其次,基于低通滤波原理,结合风电预测功率,建立双馈变速抽蓄机组在发电、抽水2种工况下参与平抑风电功率波动的控制模型。最后,通过仿真算例进行验证,结果表明：双馈变速抽蓄机组具有快速功率响应特性;在发电和抽水2种工况下,均可有效平抑风电功率波动,减小常规机组调节压力,改善地区电网稳定性。     

基于神经网络的风力机动力学分析

由于单独使用一种分析方法不能考虑到风轮结构和气动载荷的耦合关系,分析出的结果准确性将受到影响。针对这一问题,本文将联合仿真技术引入风电机组结构动力学分析中。该分析方法考虑到了风电机组结构的气弹性问题,即将用Matlab计算的气动力和用ADAMS计算的结构变形相互耦合。仿真情况更接近于实际风电机组的工作情况,计算精度较好。将该联合仿真技术对某600千瓦风力发电机进行了结构动力学分析。分析表明,该方法能较好的模拟风力发电机组的结构动力学特性。但是由于仿真模型计算精度较高,考虑的自由度较多,计算耗时较长。针对仿真分析方法的这一局限性,本文在应用联合仿真技术计算出一系列样本工况后,采用人工神经网络方法对风电机组结构动力学性能进行分析预测。分析表明,采用仿真分析与人工神经网络相结合的方法对风力发电机组结构动力学进行分析和预测,可以减少动力学分析的时间,保证预测精度,弥补单独使用仿真分析方法的局限性。     

风电并网价值分析

风电的接入因能替代常规机组发电而具有正向价值,同时也因会改变系统中不同类型机组的运行方式而带来负向价值。为衡量风电并网价值,建立了含风电机组日前优化调度模型,模型中考虑了不同机组的特性及负荷与风电的随机性和误差,从风电渗透率、负荷与风电预测误差和负荷与风电相关性3方面分析了它们对风电价值的影响。结果表明：风电并网容量较小时,风电具备减小系统运行成本的价值;风电并网容量较大时,机组启停费用增加,致使风电不具备并网的价值。     

三工况冷热水机组的运行特性研究

提出了将蓄冷技术与热泵技术结合，具有制热、空调、蓄冷三种功能的三工况冷热水机组；在低温冷水机组的基础上，设计出了三工况冷热水机组的流程，并对机组进行建模分析，得出三工况冷热水机组在不同工况下的运行特性。     

基于TMD的风力发电机组降载设计方法

针对山西某风电场44#风电机组在水平垂直于传动链方向的突发性、间歇性振动而导致风电机组振动超限停机。设计了质量阻尼调谐装置(TMD)对风电机组进行减振,并对TMD减振装置的原理和设计流程进行了详细的介绍。同时,设计开发了TMD减振装置,成功应用于风电现场。应用结果表明:设计的质量阻尼调谐装置在机组满发工况下减振效果能达到40%以上,能够减轻风电机组机舱振动幅度,消除风电机组机舱振动故障,减少风电机组的故障停机时间。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.