用于肿瘤治疗的高强度聚焦超声换能器及其温度场测量

高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）作为一种具有巨大潜力的、无损的、有效的肿瘤治疗手段,已得到普遍认同。本文介绍了所研制的HIFU治疗系统,对其关键部分高强度聚焦超声换能器的温度场特性,从理论上和实验上进行了深入的研究,并提出了超声声场的理论算法.     

高强度聚焦超声治疗裸鼠胰腺癌皮下移植瘤的初步研究

目的：观察高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗裸鼠胰腺癌皮下移植瘤后的超声回声及病理变化。方法：36只裸鼠在皮下接种SW1990人胰腺癌细胞,随机分成三组,HIFU组18只,假照组9只,对照组9只。治疗中记录肿瘤的回声变化,治疗后每隔四天采用超声观察肿瘤的大小及回声变化,共随访4周。HIFU治疗后于靶区取样进行光镜和电镜检查。结果：HIFU治疗2周后,HIFU组肿瘤体积都有缩小,而假照组和对照组肿瘤继续生长。镜下可见HIFU组靶区内肿瘤组织完全凝固性坏死。结论：HIFU能够有效治疗裸鼠胰腺癌皮下移植瘤,可望成为治疗晚期胰腺癌的有效方法。     

HIFU治疗裸鼠皮下移植瘤超声和磁共振变化的初步观察

目的初步探讨高强度聚焦超声对裸鼠卵巢癌皮下移植瘤治疗前后的超声和磁共振变化.方法HIFU治疗裸鼠卵巢癌模型12例,高强度聚焦超声治疗肿瘤外侧1/2,治疗前后进行超声和磁共振检查.结果(1)治疗前肿瘤组织超声表现为低回声,彩色和能量多普勒检测肿瘤内部及周边均有少许血流信号;治疗后肿瘤组织回声增强,彩色和能量多普勒检测肿瘤治疗区域内部及周边均无血流信号.(2)磁共振检查治疗区域肿瘤组织增强后未见明显强化.结论HIFU能准确破坏卵巢肿瘤,治疗过程中超声定位准确、方便,治疗后磁共振有助于评价其疗效,为临床应用提供实验依据.     

腔内高强度聚焦超声肿瘤治疗的实验研究

本文作者对于利用高强度聚焦超声（ＨＩＦＵ）进行肿瘤腔内治疗作了许多理论计算和试验工作,比较了两种换能器的聚焦特性并研制了一种既能监视又能治疗的高强度聚焦超声换能器,利用此换能器对人工模及活体肿瘤进行了一系列加热实验,验证了高强度聚焦超声治疗肿瘤的可行性。为加热治疗机的开发提供了依据。     

仿生物组织模型对高强度聚焦超声焦域影响的研究

运用有限元仿真分析了生物组织声学特性对高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)焦域的影响,为HIFU治疗安全性和可靠性提供理论依据。应用超声传播方程以及频域有限元算法(FEM)仿真HIFU治疗过程中因组织特性和厚度引起的焦域变化,并制作仿生物组织模型,进行实验验证焦域变化,分析讨论组织特性和厚度对聚焦区域、位置的影响。结果表明:随着声速增大,焦域尺寸不变,焦域向换能器一侧靠近;随着厚度增大,焦域尺寸基本不变,如果组织声速大于水的声速,则焦域向换能器一侧靠近;如果组织声速小于水的声速,则焦域向远离换能器一侧移动。     

高强度聚焦超声消融滋养动脉治疗子宫肌瘤的临床价值

目的：探讨高强度聚焦超声消融滋养动脉治疗子宫肌瘤的可行性及有效性。方法：47例直径4~10cm肌壁间肌瘤,高强度聚焦超声治疗前通过彩色多普勒及超声造影确定肌瘤滋养动脉的蒂,对该区域进行消融,观察治疗前后肌瘤内部彩色多普勒及超声造影等影像学变化、随访临床症状及并发症。结果：治疗后肌瘤体积有不同程度的缩小,瘤体假包膜环状血流信号消失,肌瘤内部处于持续无灌注状态,部分患者临床症状消失或明显改善。结论：HIFU消融滋养动脉治疗子宫肌瘤能够缩短治疗时间,减少并发症,是一种微创和有效的方法。     

开口凹球面聚焦声场分析

高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗局部肿瘤存在聚焦换能器和定位探头同时旋转的问题，考虑到实际工程中必须考虑B超探头的放置对聚焦声场的影响。文章就此进行了研究。结果表明：开口的凹球面会降低焦区声压幅度。随着开孔半径的变大。焦区声压呈下降的趋势，焦区越长，越不利于聚焦；随着开孔位置距轴线的距离变大。焦区声压呈下降的趋势，而焦区的位置变化不大，文章同时对相应的温度场也进行了相关的分析。     

超声造影早期评价HIFU治疗兔移植性骨肿瘤的初步研究

目的:观察兔VX2移植性骨肿瘤经高强度聚焦超声(High Intensity Focused Ultrasound,HIFU)治疗前后超声造影的图像变化,以评价高强度聚焦超声治疗骨肿瘤的疗效。方法:将VX2瘤块植入20只兔的右侧胫骨髓腔内,三周后进行HIFU治疗。治疗前后均推注超声微泡造影剂,对肿瘤治疗前后的超声造影图像进行比较。结果:治疗前超声造影显示,右侧胫骨髓内肿瘤快速、明显强化,与周边组织分界清楚,测得病灶平均大小为,上下径(17.614±0.955)mm,前后径(10.414±1.142)mm。治疗后造影,治疗区域显示为造影剂灌注缺损区,平均范围为上下径(8.010±0.584)mm,前后径(7.540±0.499)mm,未经治疗的肿瘤组织仍有超声造影剂灌注。结论:超声造影成像清楚地显示肿瘤范围以及治疗后灌注缺损区的大小,通过反映治疗后肿瘤的血供改变来评价HIFU治疗肿瘤的疗效。     

高强度聚焦超声换能器的新型设计

采用高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗局部肿瘤，如何增强对病变区域的辐照效果，而尽量减少对健康区域的辐照损伤是一个很重要的问题。文章基于目前常用的凹球面自聚焦换能器，提出了解决上述问题的方案，设计了新型的换能器，对其工作方式及声场特性进行了研究。结果表明：采用多换能器轮流发射的方式进行治疗是一种行之有效的解决方案。     

高强度聚焦超声肿瘤治疗系统专项技术研究

本文通过对高强度聚焦超声治疗基本原理介绍,对HY2900聚焦超声肿瘤治疗系统实际工作几项特色专项技术HIFU声场分布参数测量、HIFU温度场测量、三维重建技术中任意方位切面图像浏览及边界轮廓的实现方法等进行讨论,介绍相关技术及方法.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.