高分子纳滤膜材料研究进展

纳滤膜是介于反渗透膜和超滤膜之间的一种新型分离膜,其截留分子量范围相对较窄（200-1000）且孔径较小,膜材质的选择日益成为制备出高性能纳滤膜的关键。本文综述了国内外高分子纳滤膜材料发展、应用和改良的最新研究进展,并在此基础上展望了纳滤膜材料未来发展趋势。     

界面聚合法制备高通量复合耐溶剂纳滤膜

以聚酰亚胺(PI)超滤膜为支撑层,间苯二胺(MPD)、均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)分别为水相单体及有机相单体,通过界面聚合、化学交联和溶剂活化等步骤制备了聚酰胺(PA)复合耐溶剂纳滤膜.使用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征PI超滤膜和复合纳滤膜的化学组成及表面、断面形貌.系统考察并优化了水相单体浓度、水相添加剂种类和环境湿度对于复合耐溶剂纳滤膜分离性能的影响.该复合耐溶剂纳滤膜在最佳制备条件下的乙醇渗透率可达45.9 L/(m~2·h·MPa),对罗丹明B(相对分子质量479)的截留率为99.8%,表现出优异的分离性能.所制备的复合耐溶剂纳滤膜在80℃的二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中持续浸泡14 d后,分离性能基本保持不变,表现出优异的耐溶剂性能.     

以碳酸氢铵为致孔剂的木质素磺酸铵耐溶剂复合纳滤膜的构筑及性能调控研究

以木磺铵为水相单体,与正己烷的均苯三甲酰氯溶液在乙二胺交联的聚醚酰亚胺膜表面发生界面聚合反应,制备了木磺铵耐溶剂复合纳滤膜.为提高膜通量,选择碳酸氢铵作为致孔剂.结果证明,通过调节碳酸氢铵的加入量可以提高木质素磺酸铵复合纳滤膜的通量.优化后的纳滤膜NF-2AL-1.5N分离10 mg/L考马斯亮蓝R250的二甲亚砜溶液,在48 h分离过程中,膜的渗透率保持在2.4 L/(m~2·h·MPa),截留率稳定在92%左右,说明所制备的复合纳滤膜在二甲基亚砜体系中具有稳定的耐溶剂性能.研究结果为提高耐溶剂纳滤膜分离性能提供了一条富有潜力的路径.     

超支化聚合物在分离膜中的应用研究

超支化聚合物由于具有特殊的高度支化的三维结构和大量末端官能团,而成为高分子材料领域的研究热点。目前,超支化聚合物已广泛应用于催化剂、纳米金属粒子制备,涂料、共混改性、药物缓释、聚电解质、水处理等多个领域。其中,超支化聚合物在分离膜方面的应用引起了人们极大的关注和兴趣。主要介绍了超支化聚合物在超滤膜改性、纳滤膜制备以及气体分离膜和离子交换膜等分离膜中的实际应用状况,并对该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

抗污染高分子纳滤膜研究进展

纳滤膜被广泛用于水处理、食品加工、生物化学与制药、石油开采及提炼等方面,但膜污染引起的性能下降、能耗增加及膜使用寿命缩短等却极大地增加了纳滤成本。为降低膜污染,人们在开发抗污染纳滤膜方面做了大量研究工作.本文在简要介绍纳滤膜污染的种类、污染机制等的基础上,着重总结了近年来研究者采用表面改性、共混改性、层层自组装等方法制备抗污染高分子纳滤膜方面取得的进展,并就今后的研究方向提出建议.     

壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜的研究进展

目前商业化的纳滤膜多为荷负电,然而在某些特定领域,荷负电膜因污染严重而不能胜任,因此荷正电纳滤膜的研究越来越受到关注和重视。壳聚糖是一种资源丰富、价格低廉的天然高分子化合物,具有良好的成膜性,并且壳聚糖分子链中具有大量氨基,它所形成的纳滤膜带有正电荷,如果能够利用这种材料制备荷正电纳滤膜,在工业上将具有重要意义。目前,壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜得到了广泛研究。对复合法、界面聚合法、共混法、化学接枝法、等离子体法制备荷正电壳聚糖纳滤膜进行了综述。同时相关应用研究表明,壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜可以用于单多价离子分离、海水淡化预处理、降低废水硬度等领域,应用前景广阔。最后对壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜未来的发展趋势进行了展望,通过关键问题的突破,期待壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜早日实现商业化。     

纳滤膜制备的研究进展

对纳滤膜技术进行了简单介绍,包括纳滤膜的特点、种类、应用领域。综述了国内外纳滤膜制备方法的研究进展,主要有L—s相转化法、共混法、荷电化法、复合法等。其中复合法是用的最多的,比较容易得到高性能的纳滤膜。最后,总结了纳滤膜制备方法中存在的问题并对纳滤膜的应用前景进行了展望。     

有机-无机杂化纳滤膜的制备研究进展

作为一种新型纳滤膜,有机-无机杂化纳滤膜结合了传统有机纳滤膜和无机纳滤膜的优点,具有良好的物化稳定性和优异的分离性能,引起了研究者的广泛关注。介绍了近年来有机-无机杂化纳滤膜的原料、制备方法及产品分离性能,展望了这种新型纳滤膜的应用前景。     

纳滤膜制备方法的研究

作为一种新型分离膜,纳滤膜与反渗透膜和超滤膜相比具有特殊性能和优点,已经在很多领域得到了广泛的应用。目前国内外纳滤膜制备方法主要分为相转化法、复合法;着重介绍了目前应用最广泛也是最高效的复合法制备纳滤膜,其中复合法主要包括化学交联法、界面聚合法、层层组装法和膜表面接枝法,并指出了纳滤膜的发展方向。     

有机纳滤膜的制备技术

纳滤膜是近年来发展较快的重要的液体分离膜品种。综述了有机纳滤膜的制备方法和最近研究进展，并介绍了复合纳滤膜的后处理方法，对纳滤膜今后发展作了展望。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.