In-flight experiment for combined planar antennas and solar cells (SOLANT)

An in-flight experiment to validate advanced solar antenna structures (SOLANT) in space is presented. Two different antennas have been designed and manufactured, one for global positioning system (GPS) reception and one for S-band beacon transmission. Both units use slot aperture radiators embedded in identical mechanical structures. The GPS antenna has been designed to generate an omni-directional radiation pattern with righthanded circular polarisation thus fulfilling NavStar specifications. The S-band beacon antenna is based on a four-element circularly polarised array providing 6 dBic of gain. These antennas are integrated within two solar panels, which form the upper layer of the antenna structure. The two panels are identical, make use of gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells arranged in two strings and provide a peak power of 10 W each. The SOLANTs were launched, fixed to a Cosmos payload adapter and remained operative for 2 years, well beyond their expected lifetime. This study summarises the design and performance tests performed prior the launch and during the orbital operation.     

GPS载波相位时间频率传递的研究

构建了GPS载波相位时间频率传递系统,初步实现了GPS载波相位时间频率传递.使用GPS载波相位进行了两种不同类型的实验,包括零基线和长基线实验.在数据处理中,使用了专业GPS测地软件包结合自主开发的软件处理30 s间隔GPS载波相位观测数据,分析了1 min间隔的相对时钟估计结果.零基线实验结果表明,GPS载波相位时间频率传递在1d内的数据有约100 ps的时间稳定度,即在采样间隔为1 d时,与之对应的频率不确定度约为2×10~(-15);通过计算其阿伦方差可以看出,其具备远程测量某些原子钟(包括一些铯钟)频率稳定度的能力.在长基线实验中,GPS载波相位时间频率传递在一天的数据中具有约900 ps的时间稳定度,即在采样间隔为1 d时,与之对应的频率不确定度约为2×10~(-14).     

一种多天线阅读器定位系统

分析了基于射频识别(RFID)的定位系统的性能,针对现有的RFID定位系统在定位精度、效率、可靠性、成本等方面的不足,提出了一种采用多天线阅读器的定位系统。该系统利用多天线阅读器可扩大单个阅读器定位的覆盖范围,并可根据各接收天线检测的信号强度等信息实现对目标标签的精确定位。通过灵活选择发射天线,可以避免由于阴影效应而带来的信号盲区现象。和传统的单天线阅读器定位方法相比,多天线阵列阅读器定位系统在定位速度、定位精度和抗干扰性上都具有突出的优势。     

水下目标定位标校系统研究

为了给出水下目标的精确大地坐标,设计了以浮筒作为载体的水下目标定位标校系统,具有灵活方便的优点。研究了影响系统定位误差的相关因素,并分析了系统综合定位精度,编写了标校系统显控软件,将差分GPS数据和方位姿态数据进行数据处理,解算出水下基准位置坐标。对标校系统进行了陆上验证试验,结果表明作为模拟目标的水下位置基准定位误差小于1m,可为水声定位系统提供海上定位校验的位置标准。     

基于混沌时间序列的GPS单点定位误差预测方法

对由不同型号GPS-OEM板和不同型号天线所组成的GPS单点定位系统的定位误差时间序列进行了混沌特性分析,通过计算最大Lyapunov指数确定了其为混沌时间序列.在此基础上提出了基于混沌时间序列的GPS单点定位误差预测方法,分别将RBF神经网络和Volterra滤波器应用于预测模型,实现了对定位误差的一步预测.通过对比预测结果,发现Volterra滤波器比RBF神经网络具有更高的预测精度,且算法实时性强,可以有效地降低预测模型的复杂程度.     

On the feasibility of ionosphere-modeled satellite positioning by a hierarchical ambiguity function methodology

The ambiguity function that is connected with global navigation satellite systems is subjected to a least-squares parameter estimation. A novel algorithm that is applicable to phase data either on the Russian frequency division or the American code division multiple access L-band signals is reported in detail. The positioning technology relies only on pseudoranges and carrier phases measured at one single epoch. The method involves techniques such as wide-lane combination, atmospheric delay correction, variance component estimation, and ambiguity functions in hierarchy. Preliminary experiments showed methodological feasibility in time-dependent relative satellite positioning. In the collocation case study of a 56.6-km baseline, it is also shown that the incorporation of a numerical model epoch-by-epoch for the ionosphere is of great benefit. For the Russian navigation system, 9.5 cm in the northsouth, 11.5 cm in the eastwest, and 22.9 cm in the vertical direction are achieved as root mean square errors. For the American counterpart, there are 7.4, 7.3, and 17.6 cm in positioning accuracy, respectively. Concluding remarks are made to raise some issues that warrant future research efforts.     

Time transfer using the phase of the GPS carrier

We report on tests of time transfer using the phase of the GPS carrier. The first set of experiments used two clocks connected to independent GPS receivers with closely-spaced antennas. The second set of experiments compared a clock at NIST in Boulder with one at the US Naval Observatory in Washington, DC.     

Fiber optic interferometry: statistics of visibility and closure phase

Interferometric observations with three telescopes or more provide two observables: closure phase information and visibility measurements. When single-mode interferometers are used, both observables have to be redefined in the light of the coupling phenomenon between the incoming wave front and the fiber. We introduce the estimator of both the so-called modal visibility and the modal closure phase. Then we compute the statistics of the two observables in the presence of partial correction by adaptive optics, paying attention to the correlation between the measurements. We find that the correlation coefficients are mostly zero and in any case are never greater than 1/2 for the visibilities and 1/3 for the closure phases. From this theoretical analysis, a data-reduction process using classic least-squares minimization is investigated. In the framework of the AMBER instrument, the three-beam recombiner of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI), we simulate the observation of a single Gaussian source and study the performances of the interferometer in terms of diameter measurements. We show that the observation is optimized, i.e., that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the diameter is maximal when the FWHM of the source is roughly 1/2 of the mean resolution of the interferometer. We finally point out that, in the case of an observation with three telescopes, neglecting the correlation between the measurements leads to overestimating the SNR by a factor of square root of 2. We infer that in any case this value is an upper limit.     

Method of determining the phase center of an antenna using polarization measurements

A method of determining the single or partial phase center of an antenna using polarization measurements at two points of the radiation field in the antenna for zone is proposed. The method is based on a determination of the directions of the Poynting vector at these points. An example of the determination of the phase center of an antenna with a known axis is given. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 55–57, April, 1998.     

Carrier-phase time transfer

We have conducted several time-transfer experiments using the phase of the GPS carrier rather than the code, as is done in current GPS-based time-transfer systems. Atomic clocks were connected to geodetic GPS receivers; we then used the GPS carrier-phase observations to estimate relative clock behavior at 6-minute intervals. GPS carrier-phase time transfer is more than an order of magnitude more precise than GPS common view time transfer and agrees, within the experimental uncertainty, with two-way satellite time-transfer measurements for a 2400 km baseline. GPS carrier-phase time transfer has a stability of 100 ps, which translates into a frequency uncertainty of about two parts in 10(-15) for an average time of 1 day.     

三天线法环天线校准系统建立及测量结果不确定度评定

在350kHz~30MHz频段内,为了准确得到环天线所处位置的场强,环天线的天线系数需要校准。三天线法是一种校准天线系数的绝对方法,需要3个环天线,两两组对测量,且不需要任何参考标准。介绍了三天线法校准环天线的原理,基于矢量网络分析仪建立校准系统,并评定校准系统的测量结果不确定度。基于K(i,j)的计算公式复杂,很难计算出其引入的不确定度,因此采用数字电磁学代码(NEC)建模评定K(i,j)的不确定度。评定结果表明,在350kHz~30MHz频段内4个典型频点的扩展不确定度小于0.81dB(k=2)。     

基于共轭虚拟阵列的稳健波束形成方法

针对提高阵列天线波束性能问题,本文提出了基于共轭虚拟阵列的信号导向矢量扩展方法.利用共轭虚拟阵元扩展阵列,增大了阵列孔径却不改变实际阵元数,降低了副瓣电平并且不会增加天线制造成本.在虚拟阵列的基础上对信号导向矢量进行扩展,使阵列波束形成效果更加稳健.本文通过在有无干扰以及存在幅度和相位误差情况下对11个阵元阵列天线进行仿真,分析比较了原始阵列波束、虚拟阵列波束以及扩展导向矢量后的波束,验证了本文方法的有效性.     

Robust Prediction of the Bandwidth of Metamaterial Antenna Using Deep Learning

The design of microstrip antennas is a complex and time-consuming process, especially the step of searching for the best design parameters. Meanwhile, the performance of microstrip antennas can be improved using metamaterial, which results in a new class of antennas called metamaterial antenna. Several parameters affect the radiation loss and quality factor of this class of antennas, such as the antenna size. Recently, the optimal values of the design parameters of metamaterial antennas can be predicted using machine learning, which presents a better alternative to simulation tools and trial-and-error processes. However, the prediction accuracy depends heavily on the quality of the machine learning model. In this paper, and benefiting from the current advances in deep learning, we propose a deep network architecture to predict the bandwidth of metamaterial antenna. Experimental results show that the proposed deep network could accurately predict the optimal values of the antenna bandwidth with a tiny value of mean-square error (MSE). In addition, the proposed model is compared with current competing approaches that are based on support vector machines, multi-layer perceptron, K-nearest neighbors, and ensemble models. The results show that the proposed model is better than the other approaches and can predict antenna bandwidth more accurately.     

一种天线转向精度标定方法

随着技术的发展,天线被广泛应用于各个领域。天线的转向精度直接应影响探测的准确性。提出一种基于激光跟踪仪的天线转向精度标定方法,通过测量定位点得到坐标值,建立空间圆方程并用最小二乘法求解;利用坐标系转换算法分离轴向跳动;分析了影响圆拟合精度的因素并给出了优化方案。现场标定实验证明了方法可行性。     

Correlation between antenna radiation pattern and field performance for global positioning systems in telematics as a function of antenna placement

The effect of antenna placement on the global positioning system (GPS) performance in telematics is investigated. Two sets of measurements were conducted. The first set consisted of measuring the vehicle-level antenna radiation pattern at three distinct antenna locations on a sedan vehicle. The second set consisted of a series of drive tests in three distinct driving environments. The field data were collected in parallel for each antenna location in all driving environments. GPS availability and accuracy results from the field testing are correlated to the vehicle-level antenna radiation pattern measurements. Results are presented to show the impact of the antenna placement on the GPS system performance and to demonstrate the good correlation between the vehicle-level radiation pattern measurements and the performance in the field.     

The Utilization of Artificial Neural Networks for Multisensor System Integration in Navigation and Positioning Instruments

Inertial-navigation system (INS) and global position system (GPS) technologies have been widely applied in many positioning and navigation applications. INS determines the position and the attitude of a moving vehicle in real time by processing the measurements of three-axis gyroscopes and three-axis accelerometers mounted along three mutually orthogonal directions. GPS, on the other hand, provides the position and the velocity through the processing of the code and the carrier signals of at least four satellites. Each system has its own unique characteristics and limitations. Therefore, the integration of the two systems offers several advantages and overcomes each of their drawbacks. The integration of INS and GPS is usually implemented utilizing the Kalman filter, which represents one of the best solutions for INS/GPS integration. However, the Kalman filter performs adequately only under certain predefined dynamic models. Alternatively, this paper suggests an INS/GPS integration method based on artificial neural networks (ANN) to fuse uncompensated INS measurements and differential GPS (DGPS) measurements. The proposed method suggests two different architectures: the position update architecture (PUA) and the position and velocity PUA (PVUA). Both architectures were developed utilizing multilayer feed-forward neural networks with a conjugate gradient training algorithm.     

Spatial impulse response of lithographic infrared antennas

We present measurements of the spatial response of infrared dipole and bow-tie lithographic antennas. Focused 10.6-mum radiation was scanned in two dimensions across the receiving area of each antenna. Deconvolution of the beam profile allowed the spatial response to be measured. The in-plane width of the antenna's spatial response extends approximately one dielectric wavelength beyond the metallic structure. Determination of an antenna's spatial response is important for several reasons. The power collected by the antenna can be calculated, if the collection area and the input irradiance (watts per square centimeter) are known. The actual power collected by the antenna is required for computation of responsivity and noise-equivalent power. In addition, the spatial response provides insight into the current-wave modes that propagate on an antenna and the nature of the fringe fields that exist in the adjacent dielectric.     

Frequency transfer using GPS carrier phases: influence of temperature variations near the receiver

We have used carrier phase data from geodetic GPS receivers, driven by atomic clocks, and belonging to the IGS network, to demonstrate the capabilities of the GPS carrier phases for frequency transfer. On a regional baseline, we obtained frequency stabilities of 2.10(-16) over 4 h through a proper modeling of the tropospheric refraction and by keeping ambient temperature variations under control.     

New CPW-fed monopole antennas with both linear and circular polarisations

A low-profile, planar, circularly polarised monopole antenna with a shorting sleeve strip fed using a coplanar-waveguide transmission line for wireless communication in the digital communication system and the global positioning system bands is studied. By utilising the coupling effect between the monopole antenna and sleeve, two excited resonant modes, including the monopole and travelling-wave modes, cover the 1.57- and 1.8-GHz bands. Through modification with antennas of various geometrical parameters, the proposed antenna exhibits the wide bandwidth in the desired frequency bands, which has a bandwidth of 45% at 1.6%GHz for an input reflection coefficient of less than %10%dB. Meanwhile, the antenna has a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 5%. Details of the design considerations for the proposed antennas are described, and the results of the antenna performances obtained are presented and discussed.     

Data analysis for a rotating quarter-wave, far-infrared Stokes polarimeter

Data analysis techniques are reviewed and extended for the measurement of the Stokes vector of partially or completely polarized radiation by the rotating quarter-wave method. It is shown that the conventional technique, based on the Fourier analysis of the recorded signal, can be efficiently replaced by a weighted least-squares best fit, so that the different accuracy of the measured data can be taken into account to calculate the measurement errors of the Stokes vector elements. Measurement errors for the polarization index P and for the azimuth and ellipticity angles psi and chi of the radiation are also calculated by propagation error theory. For those cases in which the above technique gives a nonphysical Stokes vector (i.e., with a polarization degree of P>1) a constrained least-squares best fit is introduced, and it is shown that in this way a Stokes vector with P = 1 (rather than P相似文献