基于低亮度特性的微小卫星视星等及温度场模拟研究

通过数值模拟，计算出了卫星发射高度为470km，位于观测点M处的卫星表面亮度和视星等值，结果表明卫星光学亮度低且分布不均匀，具有一定的隐身和迷惑功能。然后利用利用IDEAS热分析软件对卫星空中运行时的温度场进行模拟，模拟结果显示，整星温度处于-8．6到78．7℃之间，符合卫星热控制的要求，卫星结构设计安全可靠。     

卫星热控系统故障建模与仿真

为了简便、全面地研究各种热控系统故障对卫星各热控环节温度变化的作用和影响，将卫星热故障划分为热阻型、控制策略型和诱发型热负荷变化3种基本类型，建立了卫星外壳、辐射器、舱内环境和关键目标仪器4个主要热控环节温度变化的动态方程，应用热故障模拟模型，可以对各类热控系统发生故障时的热控环节温度变化规律进行较全面的仿真研究，从而为热控系统故障诊断及容错控制系统设计提供简便的数学模型和仿真方法。     

地球低轨道卫星天线在轨热致振动分析

由于地球的频繁遮挡,当地球卫星在低轨道运行时,卫星的可展开天线会处在高低温交替的环境中,从而形成剧烈变化的温度场。剧烈的温度梯度变化会导致柔性较大的可展开天线发生热致振动,降低卫星全极化探测头部等关键部件的寿命。首先建立某型号卫星的物理模型,然后利用有限元法对其进行在轨时的空间瞬态热分析,得到可展开天线的温度场,将温度作为约束映射到结构仿真中,再在结构有限元模型上分析卫星的热变形,实现卫星天线热致振动的预测并为天线结构优化设计提供数据支持。对卫星模型进行热分析可以监测各时期的温度场以及预测有可能发生的热致振动,从而在不断优化设计的基础上避免这种不利的扰动。     

车室内人体热舒适性的计算模型

在车室内热环境计算的基础上，借助于人体热调节系统以及人体生物热方程计算了人体温度场的分布，并且利用当量温度Teq去评价不同环境下人体的热舒适性。文中完成了一个典型算例，预测了司机与乘客的热舒适性问题，并与国外提供的热舒适范围作了比较，结果令人满意。显然，这一研究对进一步改进车室内环境的控制方法具有重要的指导意义。     

基于模型的卫星热控制系统温度预测与故障诊断

为预测卫星热控制系统温度、提高该系统故障准确率，采用了基于模型的分析研究方法，并将Newton-Щаманский方法应用于模型的求解中，提高了运算效率，通过建模和求解，获得了各节点在正常和各故障模式下的温度，给出了一种有效的故障诊断方法。     

卫星静电热开关辐射散热器热性能分析

运行于轨道的卫星的温度由它接受的阳光照射、来自星球的辐射和它自身向宇宙冷黑背景辐射热平衡所决定。因此,卫星表面材料的辐射特性对卫星的温度有非常大的影响。具有适当发射吸收比的表面材料,可以使在轨飞行的卫星平衡在合适的温度,这是目前卫星热控的基础。然而,由于飞行姿态、轨道、星上设备发热状态、特殊环境（如月球和深空探测）造成卫星所处的外热流条件有很大的差异,固定发射吸收比的表面散热元件OSR已经在很大程度上限制了卫星的热控设计和整星的性能。静电热开关辐射散热器（ESR）是一种可变热导辐射热控元件,通过静电力控制高发射率复合薄膜与基板的热接触热阻来调节卫星温度。薄膜下拉时为导通状态,此时ESR等效发射率高,热量传导到ESR表面进行散热;薄膜不下拉时为关断状态,此时ESR等效发射率低,热量只能辐射到ESR表面散热。ESR相对于电致变色和热致变色元件具有结构简单、可靠性高、发射率变化转换快等特点。对ESR进行了详细热分析,提出了提高其性能的诸多措施,对ESR的研制具有一定的指导意义。     

地球同步轨道卫星对地点波束天线在轨热分析

卫星在轨运行期间,卫星天线部件的温度会随着不断变化的外热流和辐射交换而变化。对温度变化敏感的部件如天线反射器在这种情况下易发生热致振动现象,从而影响其正常功能。对在轨运行的卫星天线所进行的热分析为卫星天线的热控设计和热致振动的预测提供了温度数据。首先建立某型号卫星天线系统的物理模型,然后利用UG-TMG软件对其进行在轨运行空间瞬态热分析,最后分析天线反射器的温度结果,为以后的热致振动研究提供参考和数据支持。     

对220kV电压互感器红外检测结果异常的分析

红外检测就是通过物体发出的红外辐射将其热像成像显示，从而准确判断物体表面的温度分布的情况，具有准确、实时和快速的特点，通过对运行中输变电设备进行红外成像的扫描普查，能够发现异常发热的部位，并且能够发现和排除隐患。本文对电压互感器中红外检测中结果出现的异常进行了分析，以供参考。     

木材热处理库的热分布测试

本文介绍了木质热处理库热分布测试的必要性及测试方法和测试设备。通过对库内温度做热分布测试来作为木心温度安放位置的依据;将传感器经航空插与电缆线相连接来克服传感器引线不够长带来的问题;采用无线测温装置来实现实时温度传送与数据记录。     

星型阴极的温度分布研究

通过对星型阴极的稳定导热问题进行分析，推导出阴极交叉点附近温度分布的近似解析式。并用有限差分数值计算方法对钨基底金属的温度分布进行了计算、分析。数值计算结果和解析结果在常用的阴极温度使用范围内吻合良好，表明该解析式在热、热－场、Schottky发射阴极的研究和实际应用中具有实用价值。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.