拓扑与形状优化用于有效的产品设计

 介绍了基于有限元法(FEM)的计算机辅助结构优化方法． 拓扑优化有助于设计新零件的形状，形状优化则通过表面几何形状的局部调整改善零件的刚度或使用寿命．     

基于双向渐进结构拓扑优化算法的创新设计研究

目的 在数字化设计的背景下,探索基于结构性能化的算法找形方法,运用双向渐进结构拓扑优化算法(Bi-Directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization,BESO)展开创新设计实践研究。方法 在理解双向渐进结构拓扑优化算法的基本内涵、相关理论、历史发展和现状应用的基础上,分析其算法生成的优势及可行性,并以算法的组织模式与生形原理为前提,对其进行几何划分、约束条件、优化技术、结构模拟、材料设定、迭代生形等内容协同一体的生成策略研究,提供了多元选择的设计机会。结果 得到了运用双向渐进结构拓扑优化算法进行的基于初始形态设计、拓扑优化设计和后处理与制造三步骤创新设计实践结果。结论 此设计实践方案验证了该算法生成方法的设计应用可行性,同时也为多领域应用该算法提供了新思路和新方向。     

桁架结构智能布局优化设计

结构的布局优化由于涉及尺寸、形状和拓扑三个层次的综合设计而成为优化问题中的难点,结合桁架结构提出了一个基于多个初始基结构的布局优化方法。以智能生成的、型式多样合理的基结构代替传统模型中的单一基结构,然后从不同基结构下的拓扑优化结果中找出最优设计。在克服传统基结构法有可能限制求解空间而丢失最优解这一局限性的同时,将形状和拓扑优化设计有效分离,降低了求解的难度,并且结合拓扑变化法,实现了桁架结构从选型生成、分析计算到优化设计的一体化智能设计过程。算例表明:利用该文提出的方法进行桁架结构的最优布局设计是可靠有效的。     

随机参数平面连续体结构的频率拓扑优化设计

摘 要 研究几何和物理参数均为随机变量的平面连续体结构在结构基频约束下的拓扑优化设计问题。以结构总质量均值极小化为目标函数,以结构的形状拓扑信息为设计变量,以结构基频概率可靠性指标为约束条件,构建了随机结构拓扑优化设计数学模型。利用代数综合法,导出了随机参数结构动力响应的均值和均方差的计算表达式。采用渐进结构优化的求解策略与方法,通过两个算例验证了文中模型及求解方法的合理性和可行性。     

基于接触的捞雷具夹紧爪接触面形状优化

介绍了在捞雷具夹紧爪设计过程中引入的基于接触的有限元形状优化设计方法．传统的机械设计方法仅考虑了零件的几何尺寸，而对其形状的设计却考虑不够，导致设计结果不理想．文中将基于接触的有限元形状优化方法应用于传统的机械设计过程．对捞雷具夹紧爪建立基于有限元分析的优化设计模型，使夹紧爪既能满足打捞鱼雷的要求，又得到了优化的形状．结构的特性与受力状况均得到改善．     

结构拓扑优化中敏度过滤技术研究

为了抑制连续体结构拓扑优化结果中的棋盘格和灰度单元问题,借鉴粒子群优化算法中粒子状态的更新方法,提出一种改进的敏度更新技术.以结构的柔度最小为优化目标,构建了基于固体各项同性微惩罚结构的结构拓扑优化模型,根据结构的力学响应分析,采用优化准则法进行设计变量更新,进行载荷作用下二维连续体结构的拓扑优化设计,得到了材料在设计域内的最优分布.通过与已有敏度过滤技术的对比分析,验证了文中方法的正确性和有效性．     

工程结构优化设计发展综述

 着重评述了工程结构优化设计研究领域从最初的尺寸优化发展到形状优化、拓扑优化的基本历程及其相关特点，并对优化设计选用的优化算法进行了归类，提出了这一领域今后仍然有待于发展的主要方面．     

考虑位移要求的大型三维连续体结构拓扑优化数值技术研究

大型复杂三维结构拓扑优化设计既具有理论意义,又具有重要的应用价值。基于等效转换的非奇异的结构优化模型,研究结构位移要求的最小结构重量设计问题。首先,介绍了位移约束的三维结构优化准则和公式。而后,为了提高拥有数万个单元以上的三维结构的计算效率,结合结构位移计算的迭代方法,在分析用于结构特性参数计算模型的基础上,建立了一套三维结构拓扑优化的求解策略和算法。最后,给出了几个典型和复杂的三维结构的拓扑优化设计算例。算例表明求解策略和算法是正确和有效的,且具有广泛的工程应用前景。     

考虑结构稳定性的变密度拓扑优化方法

将稳定性问题引入传统变密度法中,可实现包含稳定性约束的平面模型结构拓扑优化。以单元相对密度为设计变量,结构柔度最小为目标函数,结构体积和失稳载荷因子为约束条件建立优化问题数学模型,提出了一种考虑结构稳定性的变密度拓扑优化方法。通过分析结构柔度、体积、失稳载荷因子对设计变量的灵敏度,并基于拉格朗日乘子法和Kuhn-Tucker条件,推导了优化问题的迭代准则。同时,利用基于约束条件的泰勒展开式求解优化准则中的拉格朗日乘子。通过推导平面四节点四边形单元几何刚度矩阵的显式表达式,得到了优化准则中的几何应变能。最后,通过算例对提出的方法进行了验证,并与不考虑稳定性的传统变密度拓扑优化方法进行对比,结果表明该方法能显著提高拓扑优化结果的稳定性。研究结果对细长受压结构的优化设计有重要指导意义,对结构的稳定性设计有一定参考价值。     

基于近似模型辅助智能算法的变截面点阵结构优化设计方法EI北大核心CSCD

桁架类点阵结构具有质量轻、比强度/比刚度高、减振吸能性好,且拓扑构型简单、增材成型可靠性高等优点,被广泛应用于航天器各关键承载部件设计。传统桁架类点阵设计大多囿于等截面设计约束,严重制约了优化设计的寻优潜能,难以满足航天器结构超轻质、高强度的性能要求。为突破传统点阵的等截面形状约束,构建基于显式拓扑描述函数的变截面几何描述模型,实现变截面点阵几何形状的自由描述;采用能量均匀化方法精确计算变截面点阵单胞宏观等效弹性张量,并建立变截面点阵几何描述参数关于其宏观等效弹性张量的近似响应模型;以变截面点阵的几何描述参数为设计变量,材料用量为约束条件,最大体积模量或最大剪切模量为目标函数,建立变截面点阵几何描述参数的优化数学模型,并采用基于近似模型辅助的粒子群优化算法实现上述优化模型的高效求解。数值算例表明,相较于等截面点阵,在相同材料用量下,优化后的变截面点阵的体积模量和剪切模量性能更优。所提方法进一步拓展了桁架类点阵的设计空间,有效提升其力学性能,在航天器结构轻量化设计方面具有应用推广前景。     

Isogeometric topology optimization for continuum structures using density distribution function

This paper will propose a more effective and efficient topology optimization method based on isogeometric analysis, termed as isogeometric topology optimization (ITO), for continuum structures using an enhanced density distribution function (DDF). The construction of the DDF involves two steps. (1)  Smoothness: the Shepard function is firstly utilized to improve the overall smoothness of nodal densities. Each nodal density is assigned to a control point of the geometry. (2) Continuity: the high-order NURBS basis functions are linearly combined with the smoothed nodal densities to construct the DDF for the design domain. The nonnegativity, partition of unity, and restricted bounds [0, 1] of both the Shepard function and NURBS basis functions can guarantee the physical meaning of material densities in the design. A topology optimization formulation to minimize the structural mean compliance is developed based on the DDF and isogeometric analysis to solve structural responses. An integration of the geometry parameterization and numerical analysis can offer the unique benefits for the optimization. Several 2D and 3D numerical examples are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed ITO method, and the optimized 3D designs are prototyped using the Selective Laser Sintering technique.     

基于扩展等几何分析和混沌离子运动算法的带孔结构形状优化设计

为了解决带孔结构形状优化问题,提出了一种将扩展等几何分析方法和混沌离子运动算法相结合的优化求解模式。针对带孔结构的力学计算,采用扩展等几何分析方法,以几何体外轮廓划分背景网格,利用非均匀有理B样条描述带孔边界,其中在劲度矩阵组装过程中,孔内区域不做积分。另外,为获得高精度的积分计算,与孔边界相关的单元采用自适应四叉树细化规则。在优化模型中,以描述结构形状的控制点作为设计变量,以结构质量最小作为优化目标;利用离子运动优化算法代替传统的敏感性移动渐进法对优化模型进行求解。带孔无限平板算例的扩展等几何分析计算结果和转矩臂结构优化算例的计算结果证明了本文方法的有效性。     

Implementation of regularized isogeometric boundary element methods for gradient‐based shape optimization in two‐dimensional linear elasticity

The present work addresses shape sensitivity analysis and optimization in two‐dimensional elasticity with a regularized isogeometric boundary element method (IGABEM). Non‐uniform rational B‐splines are used both for the geometry and the basis functions to discretize the regularized boundary integral equations. With the advantage of tight integration of design and analysis, the application of IGABEM in shape optimization reduces the mesh generation/regeneration burden greatly. The work is distinct from the previous literatures in IGABEM shape optimization mainly in two aspects: (1) the structural and sensitivity analysis takes advantage of the regularized form of the boundary integral equations, eliminating completely the need of evaluating strongly singular integrals and jump terms and their shape derivatives, which were the main implementation difficulty in IGABEM, and (2) although based on the same Computer Aided Design (CAD) model, the mesh for structural and shape sensitivity analysis is separated from the geometrical design mesh, thus achieving a balance between less design variables for efficiency and refined mesh for accuracy. This technique was initially used in isogeometric finite element method and was incorporated into the present IGABEM implementation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Eigenfrequecy-based damage identification method for non-destructive testing based on topology optimization

Non-destructive testing (NDT) detects damage according to a difference in a physical phenomenon between a normal structure and damaged structure. As a solution avoiding human errors in NDT, a numerical method based on a dynamical numerical analysis model and a structural optimization algorithm was proposed. This method automatically derives a structure with a response that is equal to that of a damaged structure through an optimization procedure. Among structural optimization methods, topology optimization can optimize the structure fundamentally by changing the topology and not just the shape of a structure. Thus, topology optimization is employed together with eigenfrequency analysis, which is the most fundamental methodology of NDT. The proposed method derives a structure that has the same eigenfrequencies as a damaged structure employing topology optimization. The shape and location of damage can be identified through the optimal shape obtained.     

非平稳激励下薄板结构减振附加阻尼层的拓扑优化

讨论了附加阻尼层的薄板结构在非平稳随机力作用下以减振为目标的阻尼材料层的拓扑优化问题。建立了以阻尼材料的相对密度为设计变量,以结构非平稳响应位移方差最小化为目标和阻尼材料用量为约束条件的拓扑优化模型。由于结构受到非平稳随机激励作用,其随机响应可以采用时域显式法快速求解;随机响应方差对设计变量的灵敏度采用了基于伴随变量法的时域显式法进行分析,并采用优化准则法求解优化问题。数值算例验证了所提方法在非平稳随机激励作用下进行动力拓扑优化减振的可行性与有效性。     

Second‐order defeaturing error estimation for multiple boundary features

A posteriori estimation of defeaturing error, that is, engineering analysis error caused by defeaturing, remains a key challenge in computer‐aided design/computer‐aided engineering integration; indeed, it is essential if analysis based on automatic simplification of the geometry of a complex design is to be reliable. Previous work has mainly focused on removing a single, negative, internal design feature (i.e. a void within the model's interior); effects of removal of multiple features are found by simple summation. In this paper, we give a second‐order defeaturing error estimator that can handle multiple boundary features, either positive or negative (cutouts or additions on the model's boundary). This is the first such method to take into account interactions between different features. (Removing internal holes in 2D or through holes in 3D will change the model's topology and is not addressed here.) The proposed estimator is also the first to handle positive features without heuristics. Our approach uses second‐order shape sensitivity, on the basis of reformulating defeaturing as a shape transformation process. The reference model used for sensitivity computation is carefully chosen, as is the associated shape variation velocity, to ensure efficient computation and simple sensitivity expressions. Mixed partial derivatives in a second‐order Taylor expansion are used to account for interaction between features. The advantages of our approach are demonstrated using various numerical examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TOWARDS GENERALIZED SHAPE AND TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION

The computational procedures of structural optimization are a combination of several disciplines: computational mechanics, mathematical programming, and computer aided geometrical design. The interactions between the underlying models are very complex and often cannot be treated by a rigorous theory. The present contribution presents three fields of structural optimization where the interactions of shape optimization with non-linear mechanics, shape parametrization, and topology optimization are further developed on the technological basis of adaptive strategies and extended system methods. Illustrative examples are presented which deal with the optimization of a buckling-sensitive panel and several linear elastic, plane stress and shell problems in the context of generalized shape-topology optimization.     

一种锥形定位节面变幅杆结构优化设计研究

为提高变幅杆的振动传递及振幅输出特性,基于解析法设计了具有锥形定位节面结构的旋转超声加工变幅杆,通过预应力模态分析与谐响应分析进行了优化设计;通过响应面优化方法建立27个优化设计点,分别以放大系数最大化、最大等效应力最小化与谐振频率最接近理论设计频率为第一、第二与第三优化目标,并提出一种5阶模态频响曲面验证方法,通过(2~6)阶5个模态频响曲面分析结果对优化设计点的最优优化解进行验证。研究表明,基于该研究提出的方法,结构优化设计后的变幅杆能够提高放大系数,降低最大等效应力,并使谐振频率接近理论设计频率,提高超声加工的能量利用率。对旋转超声加工装备的性能研究与开发具有一定的指导意义。