铝塑复合板和单铝板的LCA研究

采用国内杨建新生命周期评价（LCA）和国外荷兰的EI99两种方法比较了新兴装饰材料铝塑板和单铝板的相对环境负荷。采用EI99方法得出的铝塑板与单铝板的环境负荷的相对值与采用国内杨建新LCA方法计算得出的结果近似相等，由此可知，如果为了检验某种评价方法的准确性时，对类似产品/材料进行环境影响评估对比，采用两套以上的方法加以相对误差比较的做法是可行的。     

材料环境协调性评价的标准流程方法研究

创新地提出了标准流程的概念与设计思路、适用于LCA环境行为改善的标准流程对照法，提出了工艺改进难易度和工艺改进潜力指数的概念及其计算方法，在一定程度上解决了LCA环境影响评价结果解释和环境改善评估环节中工艺改进目标的识别与选择问题。     

表面技术与环境协调性

基于可持续发展的观念，概述了表面技术与环境保护的关系、环境协调性评价（LCA）方法及其应用举例，提出了与环境协调的表面技术，展望了今后面临的课题。     

家用电冰箱的绿色设计研究

电冰箱是一种典型的耐用消费品，不仅生产企业多，产品种类规格多，消费市场大，而且其材料使用量大、能源消耗多，并对环境有污染(如CFCs物质的使用、某些生产工艺环节等)。在对家用电冰箱产品的环境特性进行了分析的基础上，给出了家用电冰箱绿色设计的具体内容；LCA是电冰箱绿色设计最适宜的方法。     

环境协调型焊接材料和药芯焊丝的环境评估

在材料的环境协调性与可持续发展的思想指导下,分析了各种焊接材料在生产和使用时对环境的影响,提出环境协调型焊接材料概念的具体含义以及药芯焊丝的环境协调评估(LCA),并对焊接材料的环境协调性评估提出了建议。     

第二届国际材料环境协调性评价会议简介

第二届国际材料环境协调性评价会议(The2nd International Conference on EcoBalance)于1996年11月18～20日在日本筑波市举行。本届会议由日本环境材料研究室(ECOMATERIALS Fo-rum)、日本环境评价学会(The Life-Cycle Assess-ment Society of Japan,JLCA),日本LCA研究会(Japan LCA Forum)共同组织,由日本未踏科学技术协会(The Society of Non-Traditional Technolo-gy)、日本环境信息科学中心(Center for Environ-mental Information Science)、日本工业环境管理协会(Japan Environmental Management Associationfor Industry)共同发起。本次会议还得到了日本科技厅、环境厅、国际贸易与工业署,以及近60个日本     

面向包装企业的LCA数据管理信息系统的研究与开发

生命周期评价(LCA)作为ISO14000环境管理系列标准提出的一种环境管理思想和工具,在包装企业和政府环境管理中已获得越来越广泛的应用。为使LCA具有可操作性和简化,分析了国内外LCA数据库软件的不足,开发了具有开放性、可移植性、清单分析和影响评价相结合、可拓展性和定性定量评价相结合五大特点的LCA数据管理信息系统。     

LCA数据清单分析研究

在分析生命周期评价的技术框架基础上，探讨了LCA中数据收集及编制数据清单分析中若干问题。     

生命周期评价法在我国生物质材料领域中的应用

生命周期评价(Life Circle Assessment,简称LCA)是一种面向产品的环境管理评估系统,已纳入ISO 14000环境管理系列标准,在我国生物质材料相关领域的应用始于本世纪。归纳了LCA在我国生物质材料方面的研究现状,针对目前我国生物质材料方面LCA应用的不足,提出了一些建议。     

新词简释

Gaylord——指装废塑料碎片或料粒的包装箱，经常为34”X43”X38”（86·4XIOg·2X96．scm）的纸板箱。Life－cycleAssessment（LCA）——比较不同材料、产品设计、制造过程及废弃物处理方法对环境影响的综合性方法，也就是评价一种产品在其整个“从生至死”的寿命中护环境与资源影响的方法。据称，即将出台的制造管理实践全球性标准ISO1400（中将吸收LCA作为环境责任的尺度。新词简释     

生命周期评估(LCA)与生态环境材料开发

生命周期评估（ＬＣＡ）已经发展成为系统评价产品整个生命周期过程环境影响的关键工具。详细介绍了生命周期评估及其研究现状,尤其是生态环境材料开发、材料生命周期评估、生命周期评估软件系统开发。最后就我国ＬＣＡ工作提出了建议。     

典型包装物全生命周期评价建模研究初探

总结了LCA在环境标志认证与清洁生产等领域的国内外应用现状,结合我国国情,探索了典型包装物LCA的应用模型并就存在的问题提出了相应建议．     

Longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human infant eye

Although the longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) of the adult eye has been studied, there are no data collected from the human infant eye. A chromatic retinoscope was used to measure cyclopleged infant and adult refractions with four pseudomonochromatic sources (centered at 472, 538, 589, and 652 nm) and with polychromatic light. The LCA of the infant eyes between 472 and 652 nm was a factor of 1.7 greater than the LCA found in the adult group: infant mean=1.62 D, SD+/- 0.14 D; adult mean=0.96 D, SD+/- 0.17 D. The elevated level of LCA in infant eyes is consistent with the greater optical power of the immature eye and indicates similar chromatic dispersion in infant and adult eyes. The implications for visual performance, defocus detection, and measurement of refraction are discussed.     

Evaluating the sustainability impacts of packaging: the plastic carry bag dilemma

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used by practitioners and policy‐makers to help them understand the sustainability impacts of packaging. LCA is useful because it quantifies the impact of a product throughout its life cycle, from raw materials extraction through to disposal or recovery. However, it can only ever be one input to decisions about the design or procurement of packaging. LCA has limitations as a tool to measure environmental impact and it does not currently evaluate social or financial impact. This paper provides a critical review of the role of LCA in evaluating packaging sustainability. It does this by evaluating the results of LCA studies that compare different types of carry bags and their implications for policy and practice. The benefits and limitations of this type of analysis are discussed. The case study of plastic carry bags demonstrates that while a scientific understanding of life cycle impacts is essential to support informed decision‐making, a broader sustainability analysis is required to ensure that all relevant issues are considered. These include the functionality of alternative bags, their relative cost, convenience for consumers and retailers, and the availability of reuse and recovery systems. An alternative approach, which evaluates packaging design within a broader sustainability framework, is presented and discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

包装环境性能评价模式的原理及适应性

对国内外包装环境性能评价的生命周期评价（LCA）法、加权简化定性LCA法、模糊层次分析的绿色度评价法和采用模糊神经网络的综合评价法4种评价模式的原理、特点及适应性进行了比较分析,并指出了比较的结论及建议。     

Incorporation of process integration into life cycle analysis for the production of biofuels

This article presents a new approach for incorporating process-integration tools into life cycle analysis (LCA) for biofuel production. Process synthesis techniques using mass- and energy-integration tools are employed to generate various scenarios for reducing mass and energy consumption in the process. The global implications of these changes and the associated trade-offs are assessed using the LCA tool: GREET. The developed approach enables the consideration of several levels of process integration while tracking the process economics and the reduction of the net greenhouse gas emissions. Several cases of biofuels with different processing technologies have been considered in this study, and the results show that when the process-integration tools are effectively utilized and combined with LCA, better insights are obtained and the net greenhouse gas emissions decrease drastically for different biofuels.     

LED照明产品的全生命周期评价方法研究

生命周期评价（LCA）作为一种重要的环境管理工具,不仅能够对材料或产品全生命周期所涉及的环境问题进行评价,而且能为可持续发展决策提供依据,有利于促进产品、行业甚至整个产业链的行为更符合可持续发展的原则。但是目前国内还尚未有关于LED照明产品的生命周期评价。本文综述了生命周期评价方法在LED照明领域的应用,并提出我们的新思路,即将产品设计要素、经济成本要素及环境影响相结合的LED照明产品全生命周期评价方法。     

Life Cycle Assessment as a tool for environmental management

 This paper illustrates, using data from test cases, how Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) may be used to enhance environmental management, particularly when used in conjunction with Environmental Management Systems. There are a number of areas where LCA can be helpful: in the identification of significant environmental effects; in the quantification of those effects; in the assessment of year-to-year changes in environmental performance and in the assessment of the environmental benefits (or disadvantages) arising from changes (actual or planned) in operating conditions, equipment, procedures, raw materials or products. There are some issues which cannot (at present) be adequately assessed using LCA and these are also discussed. Received: 8 January 1999 / Accepted: 11 February 1999     

Choice of Life Cycle Assessment Software Can Impact Packaging System Decisions

A number of software packages are available that are designed to facilitate making environmental comparisons between different packaging options, to facilitate ‘green’ packaging design and assessment of the environmental aspect of sustainability. Some of these (e.g. SimaPro and GaBi) are full‐fledged ISO 14040/14044‐compliant programs for life cycle assessment (LCA). Others are more limited, but are designed to be much simpler to use (e.g. COMPASS and Package Modeling). A systematic comparison of the evaluation of several packaging systems using COMPASS, SimaPro, GaBi, and Package Modeling found significant discrepancies in LCA results from different software systems. Availability of common impact categories among the software limited comparisons to four categories: greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel/non‐renewable energy, eutrophication, and water depletion. Given a common set of basic packaging containers as input, results from the LCA software systems being studied disagreed on which container had the greatest environmental impact, and in some cases results were more than an order of magnitude different between software. Discrepancies in results occurred in all four impact categories, and all four software systems disagreed with each other at multiple points in the comparisons. If there is to be increasing use of LCA analysis in guiding packaging design, this issue must be fully understood and resolved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.