Design considerations and algorithms for partitioning optoelectronic multichip modules

There is considerable interest in the development of optical interconnects for multichip modules (MCM's) to improve their performance. For effective utilization of the optical and electronic technologies, a methodology for partitioning the system is required. The key question to be answered is which technology should be used for each interconnect in a given netlist: optical or electronic. We introduce the computer-aided design approach for partitioning optoelectronic systems into optoelectronic MCM's. We first discuss the design trade-off issues in an optoelectronic system design, including speed, power dissipation, area, and diffraction limits for free-space optics. We then define a formulation for optoelectronic MCM partitioning and describe new algorithms for optimizing this partitioning based on the minimization of the power dissipation. The models for the algorithms are discussed in detail, and an example of a multistage interconnect network is given. Different results, with the number and size of chips being variable, are presented in which improvement for the system packaging has been observed when the partitioning algorithms are applied.     

Recent Advances in Biointegrated Optoelectronic Devices

With recent progress in the design of materials and mechanics, opportunities have arisen to improve optoelectronic devices, circuits, and systems in curved, flexible, stretchable, and biocompatible formats, thereby enabling integration of customized optoelectronic devices and biological systems. Here, the core material technologies of biointegrated optoelectronic platforms are discussed. An overview of the design and fabrication methods to form semiconductor materials and devices in flexible and stretchable formats is presented, strategies incorporating various heterogeneous substrates, interfaces, and encapsulants are discussed, and their applications in biomimetic, wearable, and implantable systems are highlighted.     

Optimal usage of available wiring resources in diffractive-reflective optoelectronic multichip modules

Advances in VLSI and optoelectronic multichip module technologiesare enabling the construction of ultracompact massively parallelprocessing systems. The technological parameters that define thewirability and delay characteristics of these technologies have asignificant impact on the system architecture. An analytical modelis presented that allows the design space exploration of theinterconnection networks associated with multinode chips packaged on asingle multichip module substrate. Possible system designs areevaluated for a two-level interconnect with separate k-aryn-cube networks for interchip and intrachipcommunication. The impact of several architectural andtechnological parameters on the optimal network implementation (based on average no-load latency) is analyzed.     

Digital Fourier optics

Analog Fourier optical processing systems can perform important classes of signal processing operations in parallel, but suffer from limited accuracy. Digital-optical equivalents of such systems could be built that share many features of the analog systems while allowing greater accuracy. We show that the digital equivalent of any system consisting of an arbitrary number of lenses, niters, spatial light modulators, and sections of free space can be constructed. There are many possible applications for such systems as well as many alternative technologies for constructing them; this paper stresses the potential of free-space interconnected active-device-plane-based optoelectronic architectures as a digital signal processing environment. Implementation of the active-device planes through hybridization of optoelectronic components with silicon electronics should allow the realization of systems whose performance exceeds that of purely electronic systems.     

An advanced diffusion model to identify emergent research issues: the case of optoelectronic devices

Scientific progress in technology oriented research fields is made by incremental or fundamental inventions concerning natural science effects, materials, methods, tools and applications. Therefore our approach focuses on research activities of such technological elements on the basis of keywords in published articles. In this paper we show how emerging topics in the field of optoelectronic devices based on scientific literature data from the PASCAL-database can be identified. We use Results from PROMTECH project, whose principal objective was to produce a methodology allowing the identification of promising emerging technologies. In this project, the study of the intersection of Applied Sciences as well as Life (Biological &; Medical) Sciences domains and Physics with bibliometric methods produced 45 candidate technological fields and the validation by expert panels led to a final selection of 10 most promising ones. These 45 technologies were used as reference fields. In order to detect the emerging research, we combine two methodological approaches. The first one introduces a new modelling of field terminology evolution based on bibliometric indicators: the diffusion model and the second one is a diachronic cluster analysis. With the diffusion model we identified single keywords that represent a high dynamic of the mentioned technology elements. The cluster analysis was used to recombine articles, where the identified keywords were used to technological topics in the field of optoelectronic devices. This methodology allows us to answer the following questions: Which technological aspects within our considered field can be detected? Which of them are already established and which of them are new? How are the topics linked to each other?     

Design and construction of the high-speed optoelectronic memory system demonstrator

The high-speed optoelectronic memory system project is concerned with the reduction of latency within multiprocessor computer systems (a key problem) by the use of optoelectronics and associated packaging technologies. System demonstrators have been constructed to enable the evaluation of the technologies in terms of manufacturability. The system combines fiber, free space, and planar integrated optical waveguide technologies to augment the electronic memory and the processor components. Modeling and simulation techniques were developed toward the analysis and design of board-integrated waveguide transmission characteristics and optical interfacing. We describe the fabrication, assembly, and simulation of the major components within the system.     

Carbon-based electronics

The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electronic systems for more than four decades by making ever-smaller devices. However, this approach will soon encounter both scientific and technical limits, which is why the industry is exploring a number of alternative device technologies. Here we review the progress that has been made with carbon nanotubes and, more recently, graphene layers and nanoribbons. Field-effect transistors based on semiconductor nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons have already been demonstrated, and metallic nanotubes could be used as high-performance interconnects. Moreover, owing to the excellent optical properties of nanotubes it could be possible to make both electronic and optoelectronic devices from the same material.     

空间低温制冷技术的应用与发展

随着空间技术的快速发展,空间低温制冷技术也取得了长足的进步。介绍了国内外空间低温制冷技术最新研究进展及其在对地遥感和深空探测航天器中应用情况,结合国内空间低温制冷技术的发展现状,提出了我国开展空间制冷技术研究的几点建议。     

Waterproof AlInGaP optoelectronics on stretchable substrates with applications in biomedicine and robotics

Inorganic light-emitting diodes and photodetectors represent important, established technologies for solid-state lighting, digital imaging and many other applications. Eliminating mechanical and geometrical design constraints imposed by the supporting semiconductor wafers can enable alternative uses in areas such as biomedicine and robotics. Here we describe systems that consist of arrays of interconnected, ultrathin inorganic light-emitting diodes and photodetectors configured in mechanically optimized layouts on unusual substrates. Light-emitting sutures, implantable sheets and illuminated plasmonic crystals that are compatible with complete immersion in biofluids illustrate the suitability of these technologies for use in biomedicine. Waterproof optical-proximity-sensor tapes capable of conformal integration on curved surfaces of gloves and thin, refractive-index monitors wrapped on tubing for intravenous delivery systems demonstrate possibilities in robotics and clinical medicine. These and related systems may create important, unconventional opportunities for optoelectronic devices.     

Intelligent systems using triboelectric,piezoelectric, and pyroelectric nanogenerators

Recent advances in artificial intelligence, computer science, communication, sensing and actuation technologies have resulted in the development of several novel intelligent systems. At the same time, the emergence of nanogenerators has opened a new research avenue with the overarching goal of developing self-powered sensing systems. The concepts of self-powered sensing, based on nanogenerators and intelligent systems can be fused together to open a new area of interdisciplinary research. In this article, we aim to show how these two emerging technologies have been combined to develop self-powered intelligent sensing systems. We first focus on the main keywords in the area of nanogenerators. Keyword co-occurrence network graphs are generated based on the most used keywords in the area of nanogenerators to select key concepts that are directly connected to the concept of intelligent systems. Thus, a detailed review is provided on different intelligent self-powered sensing systems based on nanogenerators. We also discuss the challenges presented by combining intelligent systems and self-powered sensing. As most of intelligent devices rely on machine learning techniques, a comprehensive section is allocated to this topic to focus on its applications in nanogenerator-based devices.     

Panoscopic Silicon—A Material for “All” Length Scales

Silicon is the “veteran” semiconductor in the management of electrons. The recent quest for optoelectronic and photonic materials suggests that new architectures of silicon structured over multiple length scales may still be the optimum material for the transition from electron‐based to photon‐basped computers and communication systems. This Research News article is focussed on recent research accomplishments in fabrication and self‐assembly methods of shaping elemental silicon over nanometer to micrometer length scales for applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and photonics.     

Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides as Light Sources

Reducing the dimensions of materials is one of the key approaches to discovering novel optical phenomena. The recent emergence of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) has provided a promising platform for exploring new optoelectronic device applications, with their tunable electronic properties, structural controllability, and unique spin valley–coupled systems. This progress report provides an overview of recent advances in TMDC‐based light‐emitting devices discussed from several aspects in terms of device concepts, material designs, device fabrication, and their diverse functionalities. First, the advantages of TMDCs used in light‐emitting devices and their possible functionalities are presented. Second, conventional approaches for fabricating TMDC light‐emitting devices are emphasized, followed by introducing a newly established, versatile method for generating light emission in TMDCs. Third, current growing technologies for heterostructure fabrication, in which distinct TMDCs are vertically stacked or laterally stitched, are explained as a possible means for designing high‐performance light‐emitting devices. Finally, utilizing the topological features of TMDCs, the challenges for controlling circularly polarized light emission and its device applications are discussed from both theoretical and experimental points of view.     

Synthesis of new designs based on modern technologies

The critical importance of the use of new technologies in the design of information systems for the synthesis of new designs is emphasized. A method of synthesis of transducers based on the theory of power information chain models, the apparatus of parametric structure charts, SADT technologies, and the object-oriented paradigm is proposed.     

Low-cost satellite attitude control sensors based on integratedinfrared detector arrays

This paper describes attitude control systems (ACS) for satellites and a new, static system based on an integrated infrared (IR) detector array. After a short introduction on the use and control of satellites in general, we explain the advantage of static systems, made possible by the use of integrated IR detector arrays. In particular, the static system is lighter and smaller than the previous systems, and requires less power. The electronics is updated to state-of-the art, increasing the autonomy of the system and thereby reducing its dependence upon the satellite microcontroller. The detectors are based on a bipolar silicon process for the mechanical structure (using electrochemically controlled etching-KOH etching), with an SiN membrane for thermal isolation of the pixels, which have a polymer black coating for transduction of radiation to heat and n-type versus p-type polysilicon thermopiles for heat detection. The pixel pitch is 600 μm, the black area is approximately 495 × 440 μm², and the pixel sensitivity is approximately 55 V/W, at a thermopile resistance of 23 kΩ. Two types of detectors have been designed: a single-array type with 32 pixels in two staggered arrays, and a chip with four 32-pixel arrays integrated in a cross. This has made it possible to make a family of earth sensors for the different missions in space     

4 x 4 vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) optical backplane demonstrator system

We describe a system demonstrator based on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, metal-semiconductor-metal detectors, printed circuit board (PCB) level optoelectronic device packaging, a compact bulk optical relay, and novel barrel/PCB optomechanics. The entire system was constructed in a standard VME electrical backplane chassis and was capable of operating at >1.7 Gbit/s of aggregate data capacity. In addition to the component technologies developed, we describe operational testing and characterization of the demonstrator.     

Optoelectronic Systems Based on InGaAs- Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Smart-Pixel Arrays and Free-Space Optical Interconnects

Free-space optical interconnects have been identified as a potentially important technology for future massively parallel-computing systems. The development of optoelectronic smart pixels based on InGaAs/AlGaAs multiple-quantum-well modulators and detectors flip-chip solder-bump bonded onto complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits and the design and construction of an experimental processor in which the devices are linked by free-space optical interconnects are described. For demonstrating the capabilities of the technology, a parallel data-sorting system has been identified as an effective demonstrator. By use of Batcher's bitonic sorting algorithm and exploitation of a perfect-shuffle optical interconnection, the system has the potential to perform a full sort on 1024, 16-bit words in less than 16 mus. We describe the design, testing, and characterization of the smart-pixel devices and free-space optical components. InGaAs-CMOS smart-pixel, chip-to-chip communication has been demonstrated at 50 Mbits/s. It is shown that the initial system specifications can be met by the component technologies.     

微波遥感若干前沿技术及新一代空间遥感方法探讨

随着微波遥感技术在国民经济发展、环境和灾害监测、资源勘探、科学研究以及军事中应用的不断深入,这一技术正在经历着前所未有的发展。文章就当前微波遥感发展的若干前沿技术,例如高性能和新型机理、更高频率的开拓、全电磁波综合探测、小型化以及虚拟探测等进行了分析论述,重点介绍了三维成像雷达高度计、干涉式综合孔经微波辐射计以及虚拟探测技术。最后介绍了全球地形测量编队小卫星的设想。     

Formal Specification and Quantitative Analysis of a Constellation of Navigation Satellites

Navigation satellites are a core component of navigation satellite‐based systems such as Global Positioning System, Global Navigation Satellite System and Galileo, which provide location and timing information for a variety of uses. Such satellites are designed for operating on orbit to perform tasks and have lifetimes of 10 years or more. Reliability, availability and maintainability analysis of systems has been indispensable in the design phase of satellites in order to achieve minimum failures or to increase mean time between failures and thus to plan maintenance strategies, optimise reliability and maximise availability. In this paper, we present formal models of both a single satellite and a navigation satellite constellation and logical specification of their reliability, availability and maintainability properties, respectively. The probabilistic model checker PRISM has been used to perform automated analysis of these quantitative properties. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微显示背投电视的技术和市场新进展

背投影电视机是现代电视技术、光学技术和新材料技术结合的产物，其显示系统可采用CRT（阴极射线管）、PDP（等离子显示器）、LCD（液晶显示器）、DLP（数字光处理器）和LCoS（硅基液晶）等显示技术，后三种又称微显示技术，因为采用的是微型的显示器和电子元件，因而大大降低功耗和生产成本，减小体积和厚度。而且微显示背投影电视机图像较CRT背投亮度强，清晰度高，屏幕可以做大，寿命长，综合性能明显优越，极有发展前途。本文对此进行综述和分析。     

Designed Growth of Large-Size 2D Single Crystals

In the “post-Moore's Law” era, new materials are highly expected to bring next revolutionary technologies in electronics and optoelectronics, wherein 2D materials are considered as very promising candidates beyond bulk materials due to their superiorities of atomic thickness, excellent properties, full components, and the compatibility with the processing technologies of traditional complementary metal-oxide semiconductors, enabling great potential in fabrication of logic, storage, optoelectronic, and photonic 2D devices with better performances than state-of-the-art ones. Toward the massive applications of highly integrated 2D devices, large-size 2D single crystals are a prerequisite for the ultimate quality of materials and extreme uniformity of properties. However, at present, it is still very challenging to grow all 2D single crystals into the wafer scale. Therefore, a systematic understanding for controlled growth of various 2D single crystals needs to be further established. Here, four key aspects are reviewed, i.e., nucleation control, growth promotion, surface engineering, and phase control, which are expected to be controllable at different periods during the growth. In addition, the perspectives on designed growth and potential applications are discussed for showing the bright future of these advanced material systems of 2D single crystals.