温度对氮化硅材料动态疲劳特性的影响

研究了一种Si3N4陶瓷材料在室温、800及1100℃条件下的动态疲劳特性．结果发现与ZrO2及玻璃陶瓷相似，在高应力速率区，仍出现断裂应力随应力速率的提高而迅速下降的现象。同时应力腐蚀指数n随温度的升高而下降．通过断口分析，表明Si3N4陶瓷材料高温动态疲劳失效主要是由于晶间玻璃相软化流动造成的．     

2D C/SiC复合材料在1300℃水氧环境下的疲劳行为研究

采用应力比为0．1,频率为3Hz的正弦波分别在室温和1300℃水氧环境对2DC／SiC复合材料进行了拉一拉疲劳试验．结果表明,若取循环基数为10^5,室温和高温水氧环境下的疲劳极限分别为244．8MPa和93．3MPa,高温下的水氧腐蚀是材料失效的主要原因．根据疲劳断口特征分析得出以下结论：在高温水氧环境下,足够大的外载荷将会显著削弱SiO2层的封填裂纹效果,导致氧化性气氛通过外力拉开的微裂纹扩散进入材料内部．外载荷越大,气体在材料内部的扩散越快,复合材料的疲劳寿命越短。     

3.5%NaCl腐蚀环境下2种航空铝合金材料疲劳性能试验研究

腐蚀环境下的疲劳性能是航空金属结构疲劳寿命设计的重要前提,为此,试验测定了2种航空铝合金材料（2E12-T3、7050-T7451）的光滑试样和缺口试样在干燥大气和3.5%NaCl腐蚀环境下的疲劳性能,在试验数据的基础上进行性能对比,并对试样断口进行扫描电镜（SEM）分析,研究了3.5%NaCl腐蚀环境与载荷联合作用对腐蚀疲劳性能的影响机理,研究结果表明:3.5%NaCl腐蚀环境对2种铝合金材料的疲劳性能均产生不利影响,且腐蚀与疲劳载荷的交互作用随着应力水平的降低而增强,疲劳性能下降更明显;与光滑试样相比,腐蚀环境对铝合金2E12-T3缺口试样疲劳性能的影响更大,但对铝合金7050-T7451缺口试样疲劳性能的影响却变小;在腐蚀环境下,裂纹尖端易发生电化学反应产生腐蚀产物和[H]离子,腐蚀产物的存在会阻碍裂纹闭合,同时,[H]离子导致裂纹尖端的氢脆效应,加快裂纹扩展,使疲劳性能降低。     

TA5钛合金大厚板低周疲劳特性研究

本文给出了ＴＡ５钛合金的低周疲劳性能试验数据。研究了主冷凝器在循环载荷下，材料循环硬化或软化特性、应力与应变曲线以及应变与寿命的关系，并预示了低周疲劳寿命。此外，对疲劳断口进行了分析对比。     

2D C/SiC复合材料在1300°C水氧环境下的疲劳行为研究

采用应力比为0.1,频率为3Hz的正弦波分别在室温和1300°C水氧环境对2D C/SiC复合材料进行了拉-拉疲劳试验.结果表明,若取循环基数为105,窒温和高温水氧环境下的疲劳极限分别为244.8MPa和93.3MPa,高温下的水氧腐蚀是材料失效的主要原因.根据疲劳断口特征分析得出以下结论:在高温水氧环境下,足够大的外载荷将会显著削弱SiO2层的封填裂纹效果,导致氧化性气氛通过外力拉开的微裂纹扩散进入材料内部.外载荷越大,气体在材料内部的扩散越快,复合材料的疲劳寿命越短.     

AZ91D室温环境棘轮及其低周疲劳行为

通过AZ91D室温环境应力控制下的低周疲劳试验,对铸造镁合金棘轮及其低周疲劳行为进行了研究,讨论了室温环境下材料的应力循环特性、棘轮行为、塑性应变范围、全应变范围等疲劳参量随载荷水平和加载历史的变化规律,同时基于平均应力修正对材料的应力-寿命曲线进行了讨论。研究结果表明:AZ91D在室温环境下的应力循环呈循环硬化,材料的棘轮行为和塑性应变范围、全应变范围等疲劳参量依赖于载荷水平和加载历史,另外考虑平均应力修正后的应力-寿命曲线预测效果有明显改观。     

Y_2O_3-ZrO_2胸瓷在循环应力作用下的疲劳特性

测定了三种 Y_2O_3-ZrO_2陶瓷的 S-N 曲线,并由此计算了其裂纹扩展参量。结果表明,应力腐蚀指数 n 与 K_(lc) 没有明显的对应关系。     

高孔率泡沫金属材料疲劳表征模型及其实验研究

通过基于高孔率开口泡沫金属材料结构特点的简化结构模型和受力状态分析,建立了此类材料在循环载荷作用下的负载结构-疲劳模型,分析得出了对应疲劳性能的衡量指标。在上述模型的基础上,运用由该模型得出的高孔率开口泡沫金属疲劳性能的衡量指标,以电沉积法所得泡沫镍为例,对此类材料的疲劳性能进行了相关的实验研究。通过压-压循环和弯曲循环两种载荷作用的实验,验证了理论分析所得疲劳性能衡量指标的可行性。结果表明:泡沫镍在压-压循环载荷作用下的类应力疲劳性能随孔率增大而降低,而在弯曲循环载荷作用下的类应变疲劳性能则随孔率增大和孔径减小而提高。     

2024铝合金喷丸试件疲劳寿命试验及仿真研究

现有的喷丸材料疲劳性能研究扩展有限元模型没有考虑残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响。对2024铝合金的喷丸与未喷丸试样进行三弯疲劳试验,以明确喷丸工艺对试件疲劳寿命的强化作用。通过ABAQUS建立试件的二维平面应力模型,导入残余应力并利用扩展有限元法模拟循环载荷下裂纹的萌生与扩展,对比试验结果来验证该扩展有限元数值模型的正确性。最后基于该数值模型,改变载荷工况,研究不同载荷工况下残余应力对疲劳寿命的影响,得到喷丸残余应力强化作用与载荷工况的关系。结果表明:喷丸引入的残余应力可以有效地增强试件的疲劳寿命;过大的循环载荷可能造成喷丸残余应力发生松弛;在最大载荷不变的前提下,应力比越小,试件疲劳寿命越短;应力比越大,残余应力对疲劳寿命强化效果越明显。     

不同环境对2D70铝合金低周疲劳性能的影响研究

循环应力和低周疲劳寿命都是材料疲劳损伤的关键指标.循环应力表征的是材料在循环载荷下抵抗变形的能力.大多数飞机构件由于拐角、圆孔、沟槽等的存在都会存在应力集中现象,当构件承受循环应力载荷时,虽然构件总体处于弹性范围内,但局部已进入弹塑性状态,即已处于循环应变的疲劳过程中.这类服役条件下的构件疲劳寿命一般小于105周次,称为低周疲劳,又由于低周疲劳断裂时应力水平往往较高,低周疲劳也称高应力疲劳或者应变疲劳.衡量材料抗低周疲劳特性的指标主要有低周疲劳极限和低周疲劳寿命,二者统称材料的低周疲劳性能.低周疲劳极限,是指材料所承受应力低于该应力极限值时其理论循环次数可为无限次;低周疲劳寿命,即构件破坏前能承受应力循环的次数.     

An apparatus for quantitative fretting testing

The design and construction of an apparatus for performing quantitative fretting fatigue experiments is described. The device allows accurate measurement and control of normal contact force, tangential contact force, relative displacement between contacting surfaces and bulk fretting loads, as well as measurement of average friction coefficients. Its design is simple, and includes interchangeable fretting contact pads, allowing the use of various pad geometries without major adjustment. The device incorporates many points of adjustment for alignment and compliance, making it a robust frame for a wide variety of fretting fatigue conditions involving different materials. The capabilities of this device are also verified by results of fretting fatigue experiments conducted on a 7075-T6 aluminium alloy.     

On the estimation of the material fatigue properties required to perform the multiaxial fatigue assessment

To accurately perform the fatigue assessment of engineering components subjected to in‐service multiaxial fatigue loading, the adopted design criterion must properly be calibrated, the used information usually being the fatigue strength under both pure uniaxial and pure torsional fatigue loading. Because of the complex fatigue response of metallic materials to multiaxial loading paths, the only reliable way to generate the necessary pieces of calibration information is by running appropriate experiments. Unfortunately, because of a lack of both time and resources, very often, structural engineers are requested to perform the multiaxial fatigue assessment by guessing the necessary fatigue properties. In this complex scenario, initially, the available empirical rules suitable for estimating fatigue strength under both pure axial and pure torsional fatigue loading are reviewed in detail. Subsequently, several experimental results taken from the literature and generated by testing metallic materials under a variety of proportional and non‐proportional multiaxial loading paths are used to investigate the way such empirical rules affect the accuracy in estimating fatigue strength, the damage extent being evaluated according to the modified Wöhler curve method. Such a systematic validation exercise allowed us to prove that under proportional loading (with both zero and non‐zero mean stresses), an adequate margin of safety can be reached even when the necessary calibration information is directly estimated from the material ultimate tensile strength. On the contrary, in the presence of non‐proportional loading, the use of the empirical rules reviewed in the present paper can result, under particular circumstances, in a non‐conservative fatigue design.     

Experimental multiaxial fatigue tests realized with newly developed geometry specimens

In the literature there are many experimental results of multiaxial fatigue testing, usually generated by the combination of two or more cyclical loads. The cases in which samples are randomly stressed are rarer. Moreover, to generate particular stress states, the use of specific machinery for fatigue tests is usually required. For these reasons, the authors have created a particular geometry of specimens, which, when solicited by a single input of a random type, guarantees the creation of specific multiaxial stress states without using complex and costly instruments. The experimental tests were finally used for the validation of the multiaxial reduction method developed and currently utilized in the authors' design phase, though potentially used to verify all the other methodologies present in the literature.     

A review of multiaxial fatigue of weldments: experimental results, design code and critical plane approaches

A survey of biaxial (bending or tension and torsion) constant amplitude fatigue of welded connections is presented. Re-analysis of 233 experimental results from eight different studies has been performed based on hot spot stresses and three potential damage parameters: maximum principal stress range; maximum shear stress range; and a modified critical plane model for welds. Of the three methods, the critical plane model was most successful in resolving the data to a single S – N line. The design curve for all toe failures based on the critical plane model was FAT 97 with a slope of 3. By excluding butt welds and including only fillet welds that failed at the weld toe, the design curve was increased to FAT 114 with a slope of 3. However, observed scatter was 70–100% larger than that observed in uniaxial loaded specimens analysed using the hot spot approach.     

几种常用的金属材料疲劳极限试验方法

金属疲劳试验用于测定金属材料的许用疲劳应力,绘制材料的疲劳曲线,进而在交变应力下测定金属材料的疲劳极限。疲劳研究的试验方法有很多,该文根据有关国家标准和现有文献资料对一些常用疲劳试验方法进行了综述,包括单点疲劳试验法、升降法疲劳试验、高频振动疲劳试验法、超声波法疲劳试验、红外热像技术疲劳试验方法,并对每种疲劳试验方法的试验目的、适用条件、试验试样、所需仪器、具体步骤和数据处理进行了介绍。     

Fatigue damage of medium carbon steel under sequential application of axial and torsional loading

Fatigue tests were conducted on S45C steel under fully reversed strain control conditions with axial/torsional ( at ) and torsional/axial ( ta ) loading sequences. The linear damage value (n₁/N₁+n₂/N₂) was found to depend on the sequence of loading mode ( at or ta ), sequence of strain amplitude (low/high or high/low) and life fraction spent in the first loading. In general, at loading yields larger damage values than ta loading and the low–high sequence of equivalent strain leads to larger damage values than the high–low sequence. The material exhibits cyclic softening under axial cyclic strain. Cyclic hardening occurs in the torsion part of ta loading, which elevates the axial stress in the subsequent loading, causing more damage than in pure axial fatigue at the same strain amplitude. Fatigue life is predicted based on the linear damage rule, the double linear damage rule, the damage curve approach and the plastic work model of Morrow. Results show that overly conservative lives are obtained by these models for at loading while overestimation of life is more likely for ta loading. A modified damage curve method is proposed to account for the load sequence effect, for which predicted lives are found to lie in the factor‐2 scatter band from experimental lives.     

On the life-controlling microstructural fatigue mechanisms in ductile metals and alloys in the gigacycle regime

The high-cycle fatigue (HCF) behaviour of ductile metals and alloys, and the life-controlling microstructural fatigue mechanisms known from HCF are reviewed critically with respect to their possible role in the gigacycle or ultra-high-cycle fatigue (UHCF) regime. Arguments are presented to support the hypothesis that, at the very low amplitudes of the UHCF regime, fatigue crack initiation, resulting from cyclic strain localization, and slow early Stage I fatigue crack propagation are the life-controlling mechanisms and that these processes can essentially be described in terms of the microstructurally irreversible portion of the cumulative cyclic plastic strain. Emphasis is placed on the important role of the so-called slip irreversibility which decreases as the amplitude becomes lower and lower. Finally, the Manson–Coffin law is reformulated for very low amplitudes in terms of microstructurally relevant parameters, and a fatigue life diagram is developed, based on these preceding microstructural considerations. Important features of this diagram are: (i) the plastic strain fatigue limit in the HCF regime which is related to the threshold for cyclic strain localization in persistent slip bands; and (ii) the transition from this plastic strain fatigue limit to a threshold of negligible slip irreversibility at still lower amplitudes in the UHCF regime.     

A computerized procedure for long-life fatigue assessment under complex multiaxial loading

A computerized procedure is presented and evaluated for application examples of long-life fatigue analyses of metallic materials under complex multiaxial loading. The method is based on the stress invariants and uses the minimum circumscribed ellipse approach for evaluating the effective shear stress amplitude under complex multiaxial loading. The applicability of the procedure for handling non-proportional loading is examined through typical examples such as combined normal/shear stresses and combined bi-axial normal stresses with complex stress time histories. The effects of phase shift angles, frequency ratios and waveforms on fatigue endurance were re-analysed and compared with available experimental results from the literature. The comparison shows that the presented procedure based on stress invariants is a potential conservative engineering approach, very suitable for fast fatigue evaluation in the integrated computer aided fatigue design.     

Fatigue damage discrepancies,the intrinsic fatigue damage map locus and the multiple stages of the similitude concept

The work demonstrates how the theory of the fatigue damage map (FDM) can be used in order to define a closed form locus where fatigue crack growth can be sought. The Intrinsic FDM Locus depending only on readily material properties represents a tool able to accurately predict crack growth of polycrystals. If the Locus is expressed in terms of a surface plot after triangulation of the data, it concludes into visualization of the potential for multiple similitude stages. The stages are defined as a function of the maximum far field stress and ΔK. Multiple similitude stages are found to dominate the short and near threshold area (Stage I growth) and represent direct result of the effect of polycrystalline behaviour to flow resistance. The work concludes that interrogation of the points defining the Intrinsic FDM Locus and related to the three thresholds can provide potential characteristics in the quest for an ideal damage tolerance material.