茅苍术挥发油的提取技术分析

目的优选茅苍术挥发油的提取方法。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法、超声提取法、索氏抽提法和超临界CO2萃取法,以挥发油得率及苍术素的含量为考察指标,采用气相色谱法测定苍术素的含量,对4种提取方法进行比较研究。结果超临界CO2萃取挥发油得率为10．61％,挥发油中苍术素的含量为28．62％,均高于其它3种提取方法。结论超临界CO2萃取法挥发油得率和油中苍术素的含量最高,优于其它3种方法,适用于茅苍术挥发油的提取。     

浅析植物精油的提取与精炼再制造

植物精油广泛应用于芳疗行业,以达到辅助医疗和改善亚健康的目的,植物精油的含量除了和生长环境、采摘时间等有关,还与提取方式有关,该文论述了精油的各种提取方法,包括蒸馏法、压榨法、古代脂吸法、有机溶剂萃取法、超临界二氧化碳萃取法、超声波萃取法以及微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法,分析其利弊,并用薰衣草精油的提取方式举例说明,对精油的再制方法进行论述。以期为从事精油提取的研究人员全面掌握目前已广泛使用的精油萃取方法。     

超临界CO2萃取中药有效成分获重大突破

由浙江中医药大学李大鹏教授领衔的“超临界CO2萃取中药有效成分产业化应用”国家重大课题历经十年艰辛攻关，解决了超临界CO2萃取中药成分中的关键技术难题。成功应用于中药有效成分的提取、分离。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取在食品工业中的应用

超临界CO2萃取技术作为一种新型的加工分离技术,在食品加工领域具有广阔的应用前景。许多研究表明:超临界CO2具有价高的扩散性,传质阻力小,因此对多孔疏松的固态物质和油脂材料中的化合物萃取特别有利;超临界CO2对操作条件(如压力、温度等)的改变特别敏感,这就提供了操作上的灵活性和可调性;超临界CO2具有溶剂的溶解性能,并能实现低温、无毒、无溶剂残留等苛刻要求,特别适合于食品工业中。     

水浮莲叶挥发性化学成分的GC/MS法分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用方法(GC/MS)分析了水浮莲叶中挥发性化学成分。以水蒸气蒸馏法从水浮莲叶中提取挥发油,以毛细管柱为分离柱,在最佳分析条件下共分离出30个化合物,用归一化法测定其相对含量,并用气相色谱-质谱法对分离出的化学成分进行鉴定,共鉴定了26个成分,占挥发油总成分的95·20%。该法对挥发油化学成分的分离效果满意。     

解放草挥发油化学成分的研究

目的对解放草挥发油进行化学成分的研究,为紫茎泽兰的进-步开发和利用提供科学依据。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法从紫茎泽兰中提取挥发}哇气相色谱-质谱法对化学成分进行分析,以归-化法计算各个化学成分的相对含量。结果共分离出67个峰,鉴定了其中31个化学成分,占挥发油总量的76．8结论解放草挥发油中的主要成分为四（1-甲基亚乙基）-环丁烷（13．40％）、丁酸香叶酯（9．400／o）、乙酸龙脑酯（7．23％）、3,5,6,7,8,8a-六氢-4,8a-二甲基-6-（1-目乙烯基）-2（1H）萘酮（5．53％）和氧化石竹烯（5．43％）。     

超声波-微波协同萃取沙棘籽油工艺优化

目的 研究采用超声波-微波协同法萃取沙棘籽油的工艺条件,及对沙棘籽油脂肪酸组成的影响。方法 选择溶剂种类、萃取时间、液料比、超声波功率、微波功率、萃取温度等6个因素进行单因素试验。在单因素试验的基础上,选择正己烷为萃取溶剂,以提取率为响应值,选择萃取时间、液料比、超声波功率、萃取温度等4个因素进行响应面优化试验。对此条件下得到的沙棘籽油和超临界CO2法萃取得到的沙棘籽油中的脂肪酸组成成分进行分析。结果 得到了超声波-微波协同法萃取沙棘籽油的最佳工艺条件,萃取时间为22 min,液料比值为9 mL/g,超声波功率为628 W,微波功率为200 W,萃取温度为57 ℃,在此条件下沙棘籽油的提取率可达13.97%。超声波-微波协同法萃取得到的沙棘籽油,其不饱和脂肪酸质量分数高达88.93%,最高的为亚油酸（39.60%）,其次为亚麻酸（32.60%）。结论 超声波-微波协同萃取法是一种提取沙棘籽油的有效方法。     

超声强化超临界流体萃取技术及其最新进展

文章较系统地介绍了超声强化超临界CO2萃取装置的设计,讨论了超声强化超临界CO2萃取技术的应用、萃取模型及其超声强化机理。超声强化与其他强化方法相比较,具有无污染、强化效率高等优点,超声波加入不仅降低了萃取系统的压力、萃取温度以及夹带剂用量和萃取时间,而且提高了萃取率,同时萃取对象的结构并没有发生变化。文章还提出了以后研究的重点。     

商品厚朴挥发油GC/MS分析

用水蒸气蒸馏收集厚朴挥发油,气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用进行分离鉴定,共鉴定了48种成分,面积归一化计算各成分的相对含量,结果厚朴挥发油以桉叶油醇的异构体为主要成分,各厚朴药材中挥发油化学成分无大变化。     

多糖提取工艺的研究进展

多糖具有多种生物活性,是一种天然的功能性成分。由于它们独特的功能和低毒性,在保健食品和生物医药产品发展方面有广阔的应用前景。提取和纯化是制备多糖的关键步骤。多糖的提取方法有很多种,常采用溶剂提取法、超声波辅助提取法、微波法、酶提取法、超临界流体萃取法;本文就以上这几种方法进行了研究探讨。其中,溶剂提取法操作方便、适用面广,超声法提取具有高效、节能、省时的特点,微波法较大程度地提高多糖的萃取效率,酶法回收率高,超临界流体萃取提取率高。     

Gas chromatographic simulated distillation-mass spectrometry for the determination of the boiling point distributions of crude oils

The coupling of gas chromatographic simulated distillation with mass spectrometry for the determination of the distillation profiles of crude oils is reported. The method provides the boiling point distributions of both weight and volume percent amounts. The weight percent distribution is obtained from the measured total ion current signal. The total ion current signal is converted to weight percent amount by calibration with a reference crude oil of a known distillation profile. Knowledge of the chemical composition of the crude oil across the boiling range permits the determination of the volume percent distribution. The long-term repeatability is equivalent to or better than the short-term repeatability of the currently available American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) gas chromatographic method for simulated distillation. Results obtained by the mass spectrometric method are in very good agreement with results obtained by conventional methods of physical distillation. The compositional information supplied by the method can be used to extensively characterize crude oils.     

Systematic bias in the measurement of water in oils by tubular oven evaporation and azeotropic distillation.

Water in oil has been measured by tubular oven evaporation and by azeotropic distillation into a coulometric moisture analyzer. The results of these measurements were compared to the results obtained by volumetric titration of water in oil. The volumetric measurements were consistently higher than the measurements made by tubular oven evaporation or azeotropic distillation. A mass balance study was performed by volumetric Karl Fischer titration of the water in the oil that remained in the tubular oven and in the distillation apparatus. This study indicated that measurable amounts of water were not removed after exhaustive evaporation or distillation. The sum of the water removed by distillation from toluene and that remaining in the distillation chamber was equal to the amount of water measured in the oil by the volumetric method. The data are consistent with the existence of an oil-water azeotrope that does not release water upon evaporation at 160 degrees C or upon dissolution in toluene and distillation of the water-toluene azeotrope. These results were obtained for oils varying in viscosity from 8 to 850 m2/s, and the amount of water remaining associated with the oil appears to be dependent upon the composition of the oil and the method of analysis.     

一种基于超临界CO_2的电化学沉积新方法及其应用研究

概述了超临界CO_2流体特性及其电化学沉积新方法.分析了表面活性剂、CO_2的含量和电解液的三元体系及过程参数对形成的导电乳化液及沉积层微观结构的影响规律.利用该项新技术,在制备高性能镀膜材料等方面取得了积极的进展,其镀膜平整、晶粒细小(小于100nm),显微硬度和耐磨性比普通电镀层有显著提高.最后展望了未来的发展方向.     

超临界反溶剂过程制备乙基纤维素超细微粒

超临界反溶剂过程是近年来提出的一种制备纳微米粉体材料的新方法.文中利用超临界反溶剂过程制备乙基纤维素超细微粒.实验以乙醇为有机溶剂,超临界CO2为反溶剂,研究了操作压力、温度、溶液浓度、反溶剂流量等操作参数对制备的超细微粒的形态、粒径及其分布的影响.研究表明,采用乙醇作为有机溶剂可得到较理想的结果,能制备出平均直径在20 nm～40 nm范围内的乙基纤维素超细微粒.通过傅立叶红外光谱分析了乙基纤维素超细微粒结构,从特征基判断其结构未发生变化.     

跨临界CO2汽车空调微通道气体冷却器的设计开发

基于平均温差法,调用REFPROP7.0确定超临界CO2剧烈变化的热物性,采用迭代方法对紧凑式微通道气体冷却器进行设计.选用近期发表的两个超临界CO2管内换热计算关联式进行设计计算,结果表明二者对气体冷却器的设计影响不大;CO2侧压降计算表明压降很小.文章阐述了有关试制工艺.     

Modeling evaporation using models that are not boundary-layer regulated

Experimentation shows that oil is not strictly air boundary-layer regulated. The fact that oil evaporation is not strictly boundary-layer regulated implies that a simplistic evaporation equation suffices to describe the process. The following processes do not require consideration: wind velocity, turbulence level, area, thickness, and scale size. The factors important to evaporation are time and temperature. The equation parameters found experimentally for the evaporation of oils can be related to commonly available distillation data for the oil. Specifically, it has been found that the distillation percentage at 180 degrees C correlates well with the equation parameters. Relationships have been developed enabling calculation of evaporation equations directly from distillation data: percentage evaporated = 0.165 (%D)ln(t) where %D is the percentage (by weight) distilled at 180 degrees C and t is the time in minutes. These equations were combined with the equations generated to account for the temperature variations: percentage evaporated = [0.165(%D)+0.045(T-15))ln(t) The results have application in oil spill prediction and modeling. The simple equations can be applied using readily available data such as sea temperature and time. Old equations required oil vapour pressure, specialized distillation data, spill area, wind speed, and mass transfer coefficients, all of which are difficult to obtain.     

Quantification of volatile organics in soil aging experiments using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

On-line Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was applied to monitor the concentration of halogenated volatile organic compounds in a sample-preparation process that simulates long-term, slow accumulation of contaminants in soils (i.e., aging). Artificial aging is conducted by circulating a supercritical fluid solution containing the contaminant(s) of interest through a packed soil column. Mid-infrared spectra of several volatile halocarbons were measured in supercritical Xe and CO(2) to evaluate possible interferences from the strong absorption of CO(2). Although some of the C-X bands were partially masked in supercritical CO(2), all of the compounds studied had distinct spectral features in the region 1400-700 cm(-1) and could be monitored in either solvent. Quantitative measurements of halogenated volatile organics in supercritical CO(2) were demonstrated with CCl(4). Excellent results were obtained over the range 7-280 mM. Representative artificial aging experiments were conducted on two test soils using CCl(4) as the contaminant. On-line (FT-IR) estimates of the aged soil concentrations were 1.3-4.4 times higher than off-line concentrations obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The discrepancies were primarily ascribed to post-aging losses that occurred during depressurization and subsequent sample handling. FT-IR spectroscopy is shown to be a powerful tool for monitoring soil loading behavior and for developing artificial aging protocols.     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of 2,4-dichlorophenol from food crop tissues.

Supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide has been found to be effective for the isolation of residue levels (0.1-1 ppm) of 2,4-dichlorophenol from selected plant tissues. The 2,4-dichlorophenol residues were incompletely extracted with supercritical CO2 alone, since a substantial fraction of the 2,4-dichlorophenol was covalently attached to the plant matrix. An acid pretreatment procedure was developed to partially hydrolyze the plant tissue prior to extraction, releasing the bound 2,4-dichlorophenol residues. Steam distillation showed higher residue levels for field-treated straw samples. This is attributed to the greater degree of hydrolysis inherent in the steam distillation procedure. Supercritical CO2 extraction of field-treated seed samples showed higher levels of 2,4-dichlorophenol residues than did steam distillation. The supercritical fluid extractant was able to solvate 2,4-dichlorophenol residues in the interior of the seed and transport them to the surface for collection. The aqueous medium used in steam distillation was unable to penetrate the hydrophobic seed matrix to the same degree. While the actual extraction time experienced in supercritical fluid extraction was far less than that of steam distillation (45 min vs 6 h, respectively), the total sample preparation time was similar in both methods.     

超临界CO2在水平三角细微管内层流对流换热的数值模拟

对超临界CO2在水平等边三角细微管内层流流动与换热进行了数值模拟。给出了冷却条件下，细微管（d=0．5mm）内有代表性的速度、温度剖面，Nusselt数随流体温度的变化，以及管壁面上Nusselt数的分布。研究表明，流体剧烈变化的热物性、浮升力以及三角管的几何特征对管内流动换热的影响非常明显。研究结果对超临界二氧化碳高效紧凑式换热器的设计与优化有重要的意义。