A comparison of engineered cementitious composites versus normal concrete in beam-column joints under reversed cyclic loading

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) are a class of high-performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite with strain hardening and multiple cracking properties. For a reinforced concrete member, substitution of conventional concrete with ECC can significantly improve the deformation characteristics in terms of reinforced composite tensile or shear strength and energy dissipation ability. In this paper, a number of RC/ECC composite beam-column joints have been tested under reversed cyclic loading to study the effect of substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone on the seismic behaviors of composite members. The experimental parameters include shear reinforcement ratio in the joint zone, axial load level on the column and substitution of concrete with ECC or not. According to the test results, for the specimens without shear reinforcement in the joint zone, substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone cannot change the brittle shear failure in the joint zone, but can significantly increase the load capacity and ductility of the beam-column joint specimens, as well as the energy dissipation ability due to high ductility and shear strength of ECC material. For the specimens with insufficient or proper shear reinforcement ratio, substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone can lead to failure mode change from brittle shear failure in the joint zone to a more ductile failure mode, i.e. flexural failure at the base of the beam, with increased load capacity, ductility and energy dissipation ability. Increase of axial load on column and shear reinforcement in the joint zone have little effect on seismic behaviors of the members when they failed by flexural failure at the base of beam. In a word, the substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone was experimentally proved to be an effective method to increase the seismic resistance of beam-column joint specimens.     

Ti/Al异种金属微电阻点焊接头力学性能及显微组织

目的 对0.2 mm厚的TC4和2A12薄板进行微电阻点焊研究,并确定最佳工艺参数。方法 通过测量接头剪切强度以及观察接头横截面形貌,研究工艺参数对接头拉剪力的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对点焊接头的连接特征及断裂行为进行深入研究,借助金相显微镜对接头微观组织进行分析。结果 焊接时间对接头的抗拉剪力没有显著影响,当焊接电流为4.2 kA,电极压力为110 N,焊接时间为10 ms时,取得最大剪切强度125.82 N。接头有两种断裂方式,分别为沿熔核中心断裂和纽扣状断裂。沿熔核中心断裂的断口呈现脆性断裂的特征,钮扣状断裂的断口熔核中心处呈韧性断裂特征,其热影响区呈脆性断裂特征。结论 实现了Ti/Al薄板的微电阻点焊,并通过改变工艺参数获得良好的剪切性能。观察焊缝的显微组织发现,远离熔核中心、靠近铝母材侧的区域,由于铝侧母材散热较好,组织为等轴晶以及细小的柱状晶,晶粒较小。靠近熔核中心的区域为组织较为粗大的柱状枝晶。     

3D modelling of plug failure in resistance spot welded shear-lab specimens (DP600-steel)

Ductile plug failure of resistance spot welded shear-lab specimens is studied by full 3D finite element analysis, using an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive relation that accounts for nucleation and growth of microvoids to coalescence (The Gurson model). Tensile properties and damage parameters are based on uni-axial tensile testing of the basis material, while the modelled tensile response of the shear-lab specimens is compared to experimental results for the case of a ductile failure near the heat affected zone (HAZ). A parametric study for a range of weld diameters is carried out, which makes it possible to numerically relate the weld diameter to the tensile shear force (TSF) and the associated displacement, u _TSF , respectively. Main focus in the paper is on modelling the localization of plastic flow and the corresponding damage development in the vicinity of the spot weld, near the HAZ. For decreasing weld diameter, localization of plastic flow may be observed to occur in the weld nugget, introducing significant shearing. Due to these competing mechanisms a critical transition radius of the weld may be found. However, due to the limitation of the Gurson model in describing ductile failure at very low stress triaxiality, further analysis of the shear failure is omitted.     

Ductile shear failure or plug failure of spot welds modelled by modified Gurson model

For resistance spot welded shear-lab specimens, interfacial failure under ductile shearing or ductile plug failure are analyzed numerically, using a shear modified Gurson model. The interfacial shear failure occurs under very low stress triaxiality, where the original Gurson model would predict void nucleation and very limited void growth. Void coalescence would therefore be largely postponed. However, using the shear modification of the Gurson model, recently introduced by Nahshon and Hutchinson (2008) [1], failure prediction is possible at zero or even negative mean stress. Since, this shear modification has too large effect in some cases where the stress triaxiality is rather high, an extension is proposed in the present study to better represent the damage development at moderate to high stress triaxiality, which is known to be well described by the Gurson model. Failure prediction and tensile response curves for an interfacial shear failure or a ductile plug failure, are here compared when using either the original Gurson model, the shear modified model, or the extension to the shear modified model. The suggested extension makes it possible to use the shear modified model as a simple way of accounting for damage development under low triaxiality shearing, without further increasing the damage rate in regions of moderate to high stress triaxiality.     

Analytical model for predicting brittle failures of bolted timber joints

A theoretical model is presented to calculate the stress distribution around a pin-loaded hole in a timber joint and to predict brittle failure modes in bolted connections. The analytical solution uses the stress functions expressed in terms of complex parameters, and it can be considered an application of Lekhnitskii’s theory on stress distributions in anisotropic plates. The influence of the end distance and material properties on development of failure due to the splitting and shear-plug is shown for a dowel-type timber joint. Laboratory experiments on timber joints with 15.9-mm and 9.5-mm bolts loaded parallel to grain have shown good agreement with the model predictions.     

钢骨高强混凝土边节点抗震性能试验研究

进行了5个低周期反复荷载下钢骨高强混凝土柱与钢筋高强混凝土梁边节点试验,分析了其破坏模式与受力性能,明确该类节点的滞回曲线特征,得到其延性系数和等效粘滞阻尼比系数,该类节点延性系数、等效阻尼比系数比钢筋高强混凝土节点大,与钢骨普通混凝土节点比较接近。通过试验,分析了钢骨、高强混凝土及箍筋等对节点的抗剪承载力的影响,建立了该类节点的抗剪承载力计算公式,理论计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头拉伸行为研究

目的 研究5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接（FSW）的组织、力学性能和拉伸应变,分析接头的拉伸行为。方法 采用数码相机、光学显微镜、电子扫描显微镜等表征分析方法,对焊缝的表面宏观成形、微观组织、断口形貌进行分析;利用拉伸机、三维数字动态散斑应变测量分析系统和显微维氏硬度计对接头的力学性能和拉伸应变进行测试。结果 不同焊接工艺参数下FSW接头的最低抗拉强度为305 MPa,断后延伸率达到了14%以上;焊核区拉伸应变沿板厚方向呈现上高下低和上宽下窄的不均匀梯度分布,发生了较大程度的变形强化,直到拉伸应力达到抗拉强度。断裂失效前300/120接头的最大拉伸应变在晶粒粗大的母材区,500/120和500/200接头的最大拉伸应变则位于晶粒尺寸差异较大的后退侧焊核区与热力影响区交界处。接头拉伸断口宏观上均为45°剪切韧性断裂,微观上均以韧窝韧性断裂为主,而高热输入500/120接头出现脆性断裂特征,其延伸率明显降低。结论 高热力耦合输入使铝合金FSW接头薄弱区发生转变,强韧性降低。     

Numerical damage prediction in dowel connections of wooden structures

The behaviour of timber connections is very complex because of the interaction between brittle and ductile failure modes that develop within the contact areas between the timber and the dowel. Simulating this behaviour numerically requires the use of multidimensional failure criteria as well as the use of coupled constitutive equations accounting for both non-linear isotropic hardening and isotropic ductile damage. Such a formulation is proposed in the present work and implemented within a Vumat user-defined subroutine in Abaqus/Explicit. The model is used to simulate the behaviour of a double shear timber steel connection. Good agreement was found between the FE results and experimental ones, which showed the good capability of the model to predict the onset of ductile damage and growth. It was found that failure results from ductile defects initiation, growth and propagation inside narrow shear bands wherein the plastic strain is highly localised.     

Ductile-to-brittle transition in tensile failure due to shear-affected zone with a stress-concentration source: a comparative study on punched-plate tensile-failure characteristics of precipitation-hardened and dual-phase steels

The effect of shear-affected zone (SAZ), with a stress-concentration source induced by the punching process, on tensile properties was investigated. Tests using honed specimens (which have the same shapes and stress-concentration without any SAZ) and smooth specimens were conducted to compare the effect with that of the punched specimens. Dual-phase steel, which has a high work-hardening ability and low yield strength, and precipitation-hardened steel, which has a low work-hardening ability and high yield strength, were used in the tests. Materials with two tensile strength grades were prepared from both types of steel. Only the precipitation-hardened steel with higher strength grade punched specimen showed a brittle fracture with extremely short fracture-elongation, whereas the other specimens showed a ductile fracture. The fracture surface analysis revealed that cracks initiated in the maximum shear stress plane of the SAZ under tensile loading at first. We call the crack “shear crack.” The steel which showed brittle fracture used in this study easily exhibited plastic-strain localization compared with the other steels. If the shear crack is sharp, then the transition from ductile to brittle failure tends to occur. Furthermore, the strength characteristics of the punched specimen depend on the crack length dependency of the strength resistance and the failure phenomenon of the original material.     

高温下双搭接钢-CFRP板胶粘界面力学性能试验

高温环境下钢-碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料(CFRP)板的胶粘界面是CFRP粘贴加固钢结构的薄弱环节。为掌握温度对钢-CFRP板胶粘界面力学性能的影响,制作了双搭接接头试件,开展了3种胶粘剂在4种温度下(25℃、55℃、70℃和90℃)的静力拉伸试验。探索了接头试件的破坏模式、荷载-位移关系、CFRP板表面应变分布、界面剪应力分布和粘结-滑移关系等。结果表明:当温度低于55℃时,试件的破坏模式与胶粘剂种类相关性更大,当温度高于70℃时,不同胶粘剂的破坏模式具有相似性,且均出现了CFRP板撕裂。温度对不同胶粘试件的承载力影响存在差异,HJY-4105高韧性环氧树脂结构胶粘剂(HJY胶)试件的承载力随温度的升高而增大,LICA-100A/B 环氧树脂结构胶粘剂(LICA胶)试件的温度稳定性较差,Sikadur-30 CN双组份环氧结构加固碳板胶(SIKA30胶)试件在55℃时承载力最高。随着温度升高,胶粘层的剪切强度、界面剪应力峰值和剪切刚度下降,胶粘剂的延性增加,峰值剪应力不影响试件的抗拉强度。温度对粘结-滑移关系的影响显著,HJY胶随着温度的升高,粘结-滑移本构的延性增加,破坏模式由脆性破坏变为延性破坏。研究表明:合理的耐高温胶应用于钢结构加固,能适应自然高温环境的不利影响。      

Analysis of dowelled timber to timber moment-resisting joints

Dowelled joints, widely used in timber structures, are designed to transfer shear forces and bending moments between timber members. The anisotropic non-linear behaviour of the timber beneath the fasteners controls the stiffness of these joints. At the ultimate load-carrying capacity, the failure modes result from the shear stresses induced by the load distribution among the fasteners. The paper presents the experimental results obtained for beam to column joint with or without reinforcement using glued plywood plates. Based on these results, a two-dimensional finite element model was developed in two stages to describe the three-dimensional behaviour of the joint. At the single fastener scale, the model considers the non-linearity induced by the timber embedding and the fastener bending. At the structural scale, the modelling approach considers the timber as an elastic orthotropic material whereas each fastener is modelled by two non-linear springs. The elastic-plastic behaviour of each spring element is defined by the local scale model defined in two perpendicular directions. The load distribution among the fasteners is compared to the analytical results according to design rules. Considering the global load displacement curves, the results show that the modelling approach provides a good estimation of the structural response.     

钛合金压印接头热处理前后静态失效机理分析

对钛合金进行压印连接,将得到的压印接头分成3部分,一部分不予处理,一部分进行整体淬火处理,一部分进行整体退火处理,再将热处理前后的接头进行静态力学实验,并运用扫描电子显微镜对接头拉伸断口进行微观分析。结果表明,未处理的钛合金压印接头静拉伸失效载荷为4567.22 N,变形位移为1.19 mm;淬火处理的钛合金压印接头载荷和位移值均大幅度降低;退火处理的钛合金压印接头失效载荷降低了10.9%,变形位移比未处理的接头增加了7.6%。3种接头失效模式均为颈部断裂失效,从微观角度分析可知钛合金压印接头断口呈现韧窝形貌和少量解理特征,主要为韧性断裂;钛合金压印接头淬火后断口出现准解理特性和滑移特征,为脆性断裂;钛合金压印接头退火后断口呈现准解理和均匀的韧窝特征,主要为韧脆混合断口。     

粘接剂对1420铝锂合金压印接头疲劳性能的影响

压印连接以高效率、低能耗的优点在薄板材料连接中被广泛应用,但其连接强度相对较低,鉴于此,压印-粘接复合连接应运而生。本文以1420铝锂合金为原材料,制备了1420同种材料组合的压印接头及压印-粘接复合接头并进行对比。通过拉-剪静态力学试验测定两种接头的静力学强度及承载能力,通过拉-拉动态疲劳试验测定两种接头的动态疲劳性能,采用三参数法拟合疲劳寿命曲线,并对疲劳失效断口进行分析。结果表明:压-粘接头的静强度比压印接头提高了108.17%,接头承载能力提高169.63%。在短寿命区,两种接头均为颈部断裂失效;在中长疲劳寿命区,压-粘接头的疲劳寿命优于压印接头,压-粘接头疲劳断裂位置为压印点,压印接头疲劳断裂位置为下板。对疲劳断口进行SEM分析,发现两组疲劳断口均呈现韧性断裂与脆性断裂同时出现的特征。     

高延性混凝土无腹筋梁受剪性能试验研究

提出采用高延性混凝土改善梁的抗剪性能和变形能力,设计了8个高延性混凝土梁和3个作为对比试件的混凝土梁,并通过静力试验研究不同剪跨比和配筋率高延性混凝土无腹筋梁的破坏形态和破坏机理。高延性混凝土无腹筋梁的剪切破坏形态有挤压破坏、剪压破坏、弯剪破坏和剪拉破坏。试验结果表明:高延性混凝土梁的剪切破坏均表现出一定的延性,与普通混凝土梁的脆性剪切破坏具有明显不同;高延性混凝土梁的剪切裂缝开展缓慢,说明高延性混凝土良好的拉伸应变硬化和多裂缝开展特性能够有效控制剪切裂缝的发展,防止混凝土压碎剥落,显著提高梁的抗剪性能和耐损伤能力;相比普通混凝土无腹筋梁,高延性混凝土无腹筋梁的受剪承载力和变形能力均有明显提高,表明采用高延性混凝土可以显著改善无腹筋梁的脆性剪切破坏模式;剪跨比和纵筋配筋率对高延性混凝土梁的剪切破坏形态和承载力影响较大,其受剪承载力随剪跨比的增大而降低,随配筋率的增大而有所提高。     

预制节段UHPC梁接缝抗剪性能的有限元模拟

该文采用有限元软件ABAQUS对预制节段超高性能混凝土(UHPC)梁剪力键接缝的抗剪性能进行了三维精细有限元模拟。模型中同时考虑了材料非线性、几何非线性以及UHPC材料的塑性损伤,模拟得到的荷载-滑移曲线和破坏模态等均与试验结果吻合良好。采用经过验证的有限元模型对剪力键接缝的抗剪性能进行了数值参数分析,结果表明：接缝的抗剪承载力及其对应的滑移随着所施加的侧向应力或UHPC强度的增大而增大,但UHPC抗压强度对抗剪承载力的影响大于UHPC抗拉强度,而且UHPC的抗拉压强度之间无固定的相关规律,因此对于UHPC接缝抗剪承载力的计算应分别考虑抗拉强度与抗压强度的影响;由于剪应力分布的不均匀性,抗剪承载力的计算还应考虑多键块的强度折减效应。此外,对剪力键接缝构造的参数分析结果表明：当键块的宽度和总高度相同时,接缝抗剪承载力随着键块相对高度的减小而增大,但当键块相对高度小于1/2时,接缝的抗剪承载力基本保持不变;当键块总面积以及键块数量相同时,多个键块之间的协同工作能力随键块竖向间距的增大而变强;键块深度对接缝抗剪承载力的影响不大。与目前被广泛采用的普通混凝土接缝抗剪承载力的计算公式对比,有限元...     

Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Embedded Through‐Section Technique for the Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams

Abstract: Embedded Through‐Section (ETS) technique is a relatively recent shear strengthening strategy for reinforced concrete (RC) beams and consists of opening holes across the depth of the beam’s cross‐section, with the desired inclinations, where bars are introduced and are bonded to the concrete substrate with adhesive materials. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, a comprehensive experimental program composed of 14 RC beams was carried out, and the obtained results confirm the feasibility of the ETS method and revealed that: (i) inclined ETS strengthening bars were more effective than vertical ETS bars, and the shear capacity of the beams has increased with the decrease of the spacing between bars; (ii) brittle shear failure was converted in ductile flexural failure, and (iii) the contribution of the ETS strengthening bars for the beam shear resistance was limited by the concrete crushing or due to the yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement. The applicability of the ACI 318 (2008) and Eurocode 2 (2004) standard specifications for shear resistance was examined, and a good agreement between the experimental and analytical results was obtained.     

Fracture Behavior of GMA Welded Joints of Dissimilar and Similar Aluminum Alloys of 6061-T6/5083-O

Aluminum alloys of grade 6xxx and 5xxx are used where strength and corrosion resistance both are important. This paper reports the GMA welding of dissimilar 6061 T6 and 5083 O aluminum alloys and comparison of mechanical properties and fracture behavior of dissimilar joints (6061 T6-5083 O) with similar joints of the two base materials (6061 T6-6061 T6 and 5083 O-5083 O). GMA welding is used mostly due to high deposition rate, deeper penetration and high welding speed. The fusion welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys faces many problems due to the different chemical compositions and thermal conductivities of aluminum alloys. The dissimilar joint exhibited an average tensile strength of 138 MPa and weld hardness of 74.2 VHN. The scanning electron micrograph of tensile fracture surface was obtained to investigate the mode of failure. The fractograph at top portion of the fractured surface of 6061 T6-6061 T6 joints exhibited smaller grain size and smaller spacing between grains. The fractograph at middle portion showed population of dimples, which is the indication of ductile type of fracture. The fractograph at bottom portion (root region) indicated relatively smaller cleavage facets in similar joint of 5083 O-5083 O.     

服役低温老化对铝合金-玄武岩纤维增强树脂复合材料粘接接头力学性能的影响及失效预测

为了给铝合金-玄武岩纤维增强树脂(BFRP)复合材料粘接结构在汽车工业中的应用提供参考和指导,加工了铝合金-BFRP复合材料粘接接头。结合汽车服役中的温度区间,选取?10℃和?40℃的低温老化环境,对接头进行0、10、20、30天的老化。对老化后的粘接接头进行准静态拉伸试验和剪切试验,得到不同老化时间下铝合金-BFRP粘接接头的准静态失效强度。结合DSC和FTIR分析低温老化对BFRP复合材料的影响,并对粘接接头的失效断面进行宏观分析和SEM分析。结果表明:在低温老化环境中,胶粘剂与BFRP复合材料的化学性质受低温老化作用影响不大,BFRP中的官能团与玻璃化转变温度(T_g)没有发生明显的变化,接头的失效强度和失效模式主要受胶粘剂与粘接基材的热应力影响。对于拉伸接头,随着低温老化时间的增加,BFRP复合材料纤维与树脂基体间的结合力降低,铝合金-BFRP复合材料接头的失效断面中纤维撕裂的比例逐渐减少,拉伸接头失效强度逐渐下降。老化后剪切接头仍为内聚失效,BFRP复合材料的低温老化对铝合金-BFRP复合材料剪切接头的失效强度几乎没有影响,剪切接头失效强度的下降主要是胶粘剂与粘接基材热膨胀系数不一致引起的热应力的影响。采用二次应力准则公式对?10℃和?40℃低温环境下,拉应力、剪应力值随老化时间的变化规律进行了拟合,在此失效准则的基础上,根据响应面原理,建立接头失效强度随老化时间变化的三维曲面,为粘接技术在车身结构中的工程应用提供参考。      

Experimental and numerical studies of the stress state at the reverse step joint in heavy timber trusses

Traditional notched joints can be used in timber structures to connect two structural parts under compression loads that concur at a somehow diagonal angle. They can be used to connect the top-chord and the tie-beam of timber trusses, which have been widely in use as roofs in buildings, agricultural and industrial service constructions. Computer-aided manufacturing has again encouraged its use, resulting in an increased demand to improve the knowledge of these assemblies. In this paper, full-scale experimental tests with structural loads and cross-sections were carried out for front notched joint in reverse configuration, also named heel joint, which is commonly used to avoid the tie-beam from standing out of the meeting with the rafter. A monotonic load was applied along the rafter axis by a hydraulic actuator. The skew angle between the pieces was 30°, which is one of the most commonly used in covers solved with heavy timber trusses. Due the large cross-sections used in these trusses, the material used in the tested specimens was glue laminated timber made from Norway spruce. The ultimate force, failure form, and experimental load–strain diagrams were obtained by extensometry. Deformation and displacement values were recorded to validate the models generated by finite elements method. The behaviour observed in the experiments was captured well by the models and allowed for the study of the stress state, the distribution of loads between contact surfaces, the shear stress distribution, and the presence of tensile stress perpendicular to the grain, especially dangerous in this joints.     

高延性混凝土加固高轴压比剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为提高高轴压比下(低矮)剪力墙的抗震性能,提出采用高延性混凝土(HDC)面层对其加固。设计了3片剪跨比为1.1的混凝土剪力墙,其中1片为对比试件,其余2片分别采用HDC面层和钢筋网HDC面层进行加固。通过拟静力试验,研究剪力墙试件的破坏形态、变形能力、耗能能力及刚度退化特性。试验结果表明:采用HDC面层加固的剪力墙试件,加固层裂而不坏,与内部墙体协同工作性能良好,可对内部混凝土形成一定的约束作用,改善了剪力墙的脆性剪切破坏特征;HDC面层能有效提高剪力墙的受剪承载力、变形能力和耗能能力;在HDC面层中配置钢筋网片使加固面层斜裂缝开展延缓,可充分发挥HDC良好的拉伸性能和耐损伤性能,使加固试件在破坏阶段的刚度退化缓慢。基于软化桁架模型,考虑HDC加固层贡献,提出了加固试件的受剪承载力公式。