陕西省榆林市冬季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的污染特征

为了探讨陕西省榆林市冬季大气颗粒物的污染特征,2013年11月对榆林市3个采样点进行可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)同步观测,利用离子色谱法和热光分析法测定PM10和PM2.5中无机水溶性离子和碳组分的浓度。结果表明:3个采样点PM10和PM2.5日均质量浓度分别为162、74μg/m3,颗粒物浓度由大到小的采样点为环保旧站、实验中学和环保大厦;PM10中有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度空间分布与颗粒物的相同;PM2.5中有碳组分在环保旧站和实验中学的浓度接近,都大于环保大厦的;无机离子中SO42-和Ca2+浓度最大;PM10与PM2.5整体偏碱性,亏损的阴离子主要是CO32-;扬尘在PM10中的比例远远大于其他组分;PM2.5中碳组分含量较大,其次是土壤尘、硫酸盐、氯化物和硝酸盐等;治理PM10和PM2.5污染应以加强扬尘控制和减少燃煤污染物排放为主。     

西安市夜间土方工程施工扬尘排放特征分析

为探究土方工程施工扬尘排放特征,基于土方作业现场采集与检测所得扬尘浓度数值和扬尘颗粒物粒径值以及工地气象因子参数,对施工现场扬尘浓度变化趋势、气象因子对扬尘排放的影响以及土方施工扬尘的粒径分布特征予以解析。结果表明,测试期间TSP浓度和PM10浓度值变化较大,并出现短时间浓度峰值,施工现场土方施工扬尘既受具体施工活动的影响又与气象因子有关。施工现场土方施工作业时PM2.5、PM10和TSP浓度与温度和湿度呈正相关,与风速和风向呈负相关。土方施工时粒径较大的颗粒物所占比例高于施工现场大气和背景值,粒径不小于10μm的颗粒物占比61.24%,土方施工扬尘是西安市环境大气PM10和TSP的来源之一,工地内运输车辆及土方施工活动均为重要扬尘源。土方作业时PM2.5:PM10:TSP=0.01:0.55:1,夜间土方工程施工扬尘对西安市环境大气PM2.5的贡献能力有限。     

福州城区道路大气PM10单颗粒形貌分析

本文应用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDX)技术分析福州城区道路大气中PM10颗粒物的形貌特征、粒径分布和元素组成。研究表明,福州城区道路大气中PM10颗粒物形貌多样,以小于0.5μm的细粒子为主,粒子数量随着粒径增大而减少。大气颗粒物类型主要有烟尘集合体、飞灰颗粒、矿物颗粒、生物颗粒等。福州城区道路大气颗粒物污染以化石燃料燃烧、土壤扬尘、机动车尾气为主,海盐气溶胶对福州城区细颗粒物影响不大。     

南京市东郊大气颗粒物污染特征

为了研究南京东郊大气颗粒物污染特征,利用安德森8级粒度分布采样器采样,并结合大气监测数据,综合分析2013—2014年间南京东郊大气颗粒物的粒度分布特征和大气污染物的污染水平及其相互关系。结果表明:南京市大气污染主要由粒径为0.43~2.10μm的大气颗粒物引起,其中12月份污染最严重,且首要污染物为细颗粒物PM2.5;温度、降雨量、风速等气象因素对颗粒物呈负相关性影响;灰霾天时颗粒物浓度受SO2、NO2的正相关性影响比非灰霾天时大,且NO2浓度对颗粒物浓度的影响比SO2浓度的影响大。     

2008年夏季广州大气消光系数与细粒子的关系

为了解夏季广州大气中细粒子消光特性,利用浊度仪、黑碳仪和自动气象站获得散射系数μsp、吸收系数μap以及气象要素等观测数据,并利用采样器采集大气悬浮颗粒物PM2.5和PM1.0样品获取其质量浓度。结果表明,散射系数μsp、吸收系数μap和大气消光系数(μext=μsp+μap)的平均值分别为(226±111)、(53±20)、(280±125)Mm-1;大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和PM1.0的质量浓度分别为(53.7±23.2)、(46.1±21.3)μg/m3;消光系数μext与PM2.5和PM1.0的相关性系数分别达到0.96和0.93;PM2.5和PM1.0的平均质量浓度消光效率分别为到5.2、5.5 m2/g,表明大气中小粒径的粒子对消光系数的影响更为明显。     

基于放射性碳及稳定碳同位素比的大气细颗粒物中有机污染物来源的分析

建立了一套基于放射性碳及稳定碳同位素比定量估算大气细颗粒物PM2.5(动力学直径da≤2.5μm)中有机污染物来源的方法,并用该方法初步估算上海市宝山地区大气PM2.5中有机污染物的来源。结果表明,宝山区冬季大气颗粒物中有机污染物的来源主要来自石化产物,占到了总量的64.7%,而非石化产物只有35.3%;其中石化燃料产物分担率中主要是机动车尾气的贡献,非石化燃料产物分担率中可能主要是二次扬尘。     

PM2.5切割器切割特性研究

正一、PM2.5切割器简介PM2.5测定过程分为颗粒物的收集和滤膜称重,颗粒物的收集需要利用空气动力学原理把PM2.5与更大的颗粒物分开。PM2.5切割器能将大气颗粒物中空气动力学直径小于或等于2.5μm的颗粒物分离出来。对于PM2.5切割器来说,2.5μm是一个统计值,即空气动力学当量直径为2.5μm的颗粒有50%的概率能通过切割器。PM2.5切割器是PM2.5测量仪器的核心器件,决定了收集颗粒物的大小。PM2.5切割器切割特性检测是PM2.5监测     

PM2.5检测标准及量值溯源方法现状及进展

一、PM2.5概述 PM2.5是指大气中空气动力学直径小于或等于2.51μm的颗粒物,也称为可入肺颗粒物.空气中的颗粒物并非是规则的球形,在实际操作中,如果颗粒物在通过检测仪器时所表现出的空气动力学特征与直径小于或等于2.5μm且密度为1g/cm3的球形颗粒一致,那就称其为PM2.5.这样的定义也就决定了在测定PM2.5时,需要利用空气动力学原理把PM2.5与更大的颗粒物分开,而不是用孔径为2.5μm的滤膜来分离.     

新型干法水泥回转窑可吸入颗粒物计量检测研究

采用冲击式尘粒分级仪对某台5 000 t/d新型干法水泥回转窑的颗粒物排放进行了研究,以掌握颗粒物排放浓度和粒径分布情况.测试结果表明,窑头和窑尾除尘器出口排放的总颗粒物浓度分别为66.87 mg/Nm3和41.69 mg/Nm3,不能满足2010年新修订的国家标准.年排放颗粒物总量为227 t,其中PM2.5和PM10排放量分别为33.5 t和113 t.对回转窑排放颗粒物的粒径分布进行分析,发现非常符合对数正态分布规律,线性相关系数均大于0.99,窑头和窑尾排放颗粒物的中位直径分别为4.4μm和6.2μm.     

PM2.5颗粒物采样器校准装置设计及技术关键

正一、研究的目的意义PM2.5是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物,也称为可入肺颗粒物,也将PM2.5等同于气溶胶。所谓的气溶胶、细颗粒物其实就是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的细颗粒物,简称PM2.5。虽然PM2.5只是地球大气成分中含量很少的组分,但它对空气质量等有重要的影响。研究表明,颗粒越小对人体健康的危害越大。气象专家和医学专家认为,由细颗粒物造成的灰霾天气对人体健康的危害甚至要比沙尘暴更大。粒径10微米以上的颗粒物,会被挡在人的鼻子外面;粒径在2.5微     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

Metrology in Chemistry in Germany

The system for Metrology in Chemistry in Germany is described. At the national standards level, a network of high-level chemistry institutes coordinated by the national metrology institute, PTB, provides the primary references for chemical measurements. A dissemination mechanism employs chemical calibration laboratories accredited within the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD). They act as “multipliers” between the national standards level and the user level by providing the user with calibration means which are traceable to the SI via national standards. Traceability structures in clinical chemistry, electrochemistry, elemental analysis and gas analysis are described     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Natural radioactivity in drinking water was determined in population-based random study of 472 private wells. The mean concentrations of (222)Rn, (226)Ra, (234)U, (238)U, (210)Pb and (210)Po in drilled wells were 460, 0.05, 0.35, 0.26, 0.04 and 0.05 Bq l(-1), and in wells dug in the soil were 50, 0.016, 0.02, 0.015, 0.013 and 0.007 Bq l(-1), respectively. Approximately 10% of the drilled wells exceeded a radon concentration of 1000 Bq l(-1) and 18% a uranium concentration of 15 microg l(-1). The mean annual effective dose from natural radionuclides for a drilled well user was 0.4 mSv and 0.05 mSv for a user of a well dug in the soil. The effective dose arising from (222)Rn was 75% of the total of all natural radionuclides for drilled well users. As regards long-lived radionuclides, (210)Po and (210)Pb caused the largest portion of the effective dose. The dose arising from (238)U, (234)U and (226)Ra was only 8% of the total of all natural radionuclides.     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Radiation Protection Dosimetry     

Radioactivity in building materials in Iraq

Activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in 45 samples of different building materials used in Iraq were measured using gamma-spectroscopy system based on high-purity germanium detector with an efficiency of 40 %. Radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index due to radon inhalation originating from building materials were measured to assess the potential radiological hazard associated with these building materials. The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides (226)Ra, (232)Th and 40K were found to range from below detection limit (BDL) to 223.7 ± 9, BDL to 93.0 ± 3 and BDL to 343.1 ± 12, respectively. Values of average radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, indoor and outdoor annual effective doses, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index ranged from 6.5 to 124.9, 16.2 to 89.5 (nGy h(-1)), 0.08 to 0.44 mSv, 0.02-0.11 mSv, 0.09 to 0.53, 0.13 to 0.69 and 0.03 to 0.62, respectively. These values indicate a low dose. Therefore, the building materials used in the current study are quite safe to be used as building materials.     

Optische in situ Schichtdickenmessung in Bedampfungsanlagen. Optical in situ film thickness monitoring in coating systems

Optical film thickness monitoring is more precise than crystal monitoring. The optical measurement makes use of the fact that the intensity of a monochromatic light beam which is reflected on a film will change periodically with increasing film thickness. The measurement is performed at an exchangeable test glass that is positioned beside the substrates and is therefore coated in the same way as the substrates. The accuracy of cut‐off is achieved by a “fit” of a theoretical curve shape to the measured values. Order filters are used to ensure that, at a certain wavelength, higher deflection orders do not influence the measurement when a monochromator grating is used.