7A55铝合金预拉伸板材的双级时效工艺

研究了不同热处理工艺下7A55铝合金淬火预拉伸(W51)板材的力学性能、腐蚀性能、电导率变化以及相应的微观组织特点.用正交实验分析双级时效工艺,结果表明7A55铝合金双级时效的四因素中第二级时效温度和时间是影响最终性能的主要因素.淬火预拉伸7A55合金板材最佳双级时效热处理工艺分别为:T7651:121℃×5h+170℃×6h,T7451:121℃×5h+160`C×14h.电镜观察结果表明,T7451,T7651时效时晶内析出半共格的η'相和η相,并有不同程度粗化,晶界为断续分布的粗大η平衡相.这种微观结构能有效的提高7A55合金板材的电导率和腐蚀性能,同时使合金具有较高强度.     

时效制度对6156铝合金力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响

通过常规拉伸、慢应变速率拉伸和晶间腐蚀实验研究了T6及双级时效处理对6156铝合金力学性能与腐蚀性能的影响,并采用透射电镜(TEM)观察了析出相特征。结果表明:6156合金在T6欠时效状态下晶内析出相主要为GP区,晶界无明显析出相;T6峰时效晶内析出相主要为β″相,出现少量的Q′相,晶界析出物呈连续分布,合金虽然具有最高强度,但晶间腐蚀严重,应力腐蚀敏感性最大;随时效时间延长,Q′相增多并逐渐粗化,晶界析出物粗大非连续分布;T78时效态晶内析出大量的Q′相,晶界析出相球化且析出相之间的间距增大,呈断续分布,无沉淀析出带(PFZ)变宽,因此相比T6态而言T78状态合金强度损失不大而耐蚀性得到明显提高。     

热处理制度对2056铝合金微观组织和抗应力腐蚀性能的影响

采用光学显微分析、扫描电镜及透射电镜观察、慢应变速率拉伸测试等研究2056铝合金在T6、T851及T351热处理状态下的微观组织和抗应力腐蚀性能.结果表明:2056合金在T6态下,晶内析出相主要为粗大的S'相和少量粗大的含锰相,抗拉强度为445.13 MPa,晶界析出相粗大且呈非连续分布,无沉淀析出带(PFz)为0.1～0.2μm,应力腐蚀敏感性最大;T851态下,晶内析出相主要为细小弥散的S'相,合金具有最高的抗拉强度,达到502.01MPa,晶界析出相呈离散状分布,PFZ较窄,约为0.02 μm,抗应力腐蚀性能优于T6态的;T351时效状态下,晶内观察到大量的位错和位错塞积以及少量GPB区,抗拉强度为469.73MPa,介于T6和T851之间,晶界无粗大平衡相析出,无明显PFZ,抗应力腐蚀性能最好.     

时效制度对新型Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金力学及抗剥落腐蚀性能的影响

采用常温拉伸、硬度测试、电导率测试、极化曲线、剥落腐蚀实验、金相显微镜和透射电镜等分析测试方法研究了三种时效制度(T6、T7、RRA)对Al-5.0Zn-3.0Mg-1.0Cu-0.1Zr铝合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:T6和RRA态合金较T7态合金,其晶内析出细小弥散且体积分数较高的沉淀强化相η'相,因此强度与硬度更高;而T7和RRA态合金较T6态合金导电率更高,且其晶界析出粗大、不连续η相,其抗剥落腐蚀性能更优。RRA态合金在保持了较高强度与硬度的同时,也具有较高的抗剥落腐蚀能力。     

7A55铝合金预拉伸板材的回归再时效处理

采用拉伸性能测试、慢应变速率拉伸测试、DSC分析、电导率测试及透射电镜观察,研究不同回归再时效(RRA)处理制度对7A55铝合金淬火预拉伸(W51)板材显微组织、拉伸性能和抗应力腐蚀(SCC)性能的影响。结果表明:采用120℃、24 h预时效,180℃、60 min回归处理和120℃、24 h终时效的RRA工艺,可使7A55合金获得与T6态相当的强度,而电导率大大提高,抗应力腐蚀性能接近T73态水平。7A55合金经适当的RRA处理后,晶内保持类似于T6状态的显微组织结构,为细小、弥散的η′相和极少量的η相;同时使晶界析出物的大小和分布特征与T73状态类似,为呈断续、孤立分布的粗化平衡相。     

时效工艺对7A85铝合金力学和晶间腐蚀性能的影响

采用拉伸试验、晶间腐蚀实验、透射电镜观察等方法,研究时效工艺对7A85铝合金显微组织、力学性能和晶间腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:7A85铝合金的T6态晶内分布着大量细小而弥散的GP区和少量η′相,晶界上析出相(η相)连续分布,无明显的无沉淀析出带(PFZ);T73态晶内析出相尺寸和间距都变大,晶界析出相长大粗化、呈不连续分布,PFZ带宽化,具有良好的抗晶间腐蚀性能,但强度略低;回归再时效处理后的7A85铝合金具有与T6态相似的晶内组织和与T73态相似的晶界组织,合金的抗拉强度及电导率分别为731.7MPa和36.5%(IACS),即合金同时具有较好的强度和抗腐蚀性能。合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性与晶界析出相和无沉淀析出带有关,晶界析出相尺寸越大,分布越不连续,PFZ越宽,合金腐蚀敏感性越小。     

Zn元素及时效工艺对2056铝合金局部腐蚀行为的影响

通过晶间腐蚀(IGC)、剥落腐蚀(EXCO)实验及透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析,研究Zn元素及时效工艺对2056铝合金抗晶间腐蚀性能和抗剥落腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:2056铝合金在T6(175℃)时效态下,随着时效时间的延长,其晶间腐蚀与剥落腐蚀敏感性逐渐降低;在T8(155℃)峰时效态和T3(室温)时效态下,合金的抗晶间腐蚀及抗剥落腐蚀性能均有所提高,且在T3态下2056铝合金的抗腐蚀性能最好;在T6峰时效态下,不添加Zn的2056铝合金比添加Zn的2056合金的抗腐蚀性能差。合金发生局部腐蚀与晶界及其附近区域的特征紧密相关,当晶界析出相(S(S′)相)呈链状分布且晶界无沉淀析出带(PFZ)较宽时,合金晶间及剥落腐蚀敏感性大;晶界析出相尺寸越大,分布越不连续,PFZ越窄,合金晶间及剥落腐蚀敏感性越小;当晶界无析出相和PFZ时,合金晶间及剥落腐蚀敏感性最小。     

时效制度对含钪超高强铝合金晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀的影响

通过晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀和电化学腐蚀试验,结合扫描电镜和透射电镜等分析手段,研究了含钪Al-Mg-Zn-Cu-Zr合金在不同时效状态下的的晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀行为。结果表明,合金抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀能力随着时效时间的延长而提高,在4.0mol/L NaCl+0.1mol/L HNO3+0.4mol/L KNO3(EXCO)溶液中测试的极化曲线也表现出相同的趋势。透射电镜观察表明,晶界析出相和晶界无沉淀析出带(PFZ)是影响合金腐蚀性能的主要因素。随着时效时间的延长,非平衡相η′和S′相逐渐向平衡相η和S相转变,晶界析出相粗化并呈链状分布,PFZ变宽。晶界粗大平衡相的不均匀分布和PFZ阻断了腐蚀的阳极通道,使合金的腐蚀敏感性降低。     

双重淬火对7055铝合金组织性能的影响

通过拉伸性能测试、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能测试,金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜研究了双重淬火对7055铝合金组织及性能的影响.结果表明:合适的双重淬火可调控晶界和晶内析出状态,使合金时效后晶界上的析出相呈断续分布,晶内沉淀强化相均匀、弥散、细小析出,保证合金高强度的同时,提高晶间和剥落腐蚀性能.     

时效状态对7000系超高强铝合金微观组织和慢应变速率拉伸性能的影响

采用常规拉伸和慢应变速率拉伸方法测试了Al-9．88Zn-2．40Mg-2．32Cu-0．12Zr铝合金在T6，RRA及T73时效状态下的力学性能和抗应力腐蚀性能，并通过SEM和TEM观察了慢应变速率拉伸断口形貌及析出相特征。TEM结果表明，T6，RRA和T73时效状态的晶内析出相分别以GP区＋η＇相、η＇相＋η相、η相为主，并且晶内和晶界析出相尺寸以及晶界PFZ宽度依次增大：同时晶界析出相逐渐由长条状连续分布逐渐转变成球状不连续分布。这些微观组织特点使得3种时效状态下实验合金具有不同应力腐蚀开裂倾向、常规拉伸性能和断口形貌特征。     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

Mechanism of Nucleation of Precipitates of Carbides of Refractory Metals Under Hot Rolling of Automotive Sheet Steel

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - The problem of formation of properties in microalloyed sheet steels is considered. The cause and the possible mechanism of precipitation of carbides of refractory...