铝合金TIG电弧横焊接头缺陷及控制

重型运载火箭燃料贮箱要求对铝合金进行立式装配焊接,TIG电弧横焊是能够较好满足制造要求的方法之一.对铝合金TIG电弧横焊接头的成形特点和焊接缺陷进行分析,利用平板堆焊试验研究焊接电流、焊接速度和焊枪角度对焊缝正面偏移量的影响,最后研究焊接电流频率对气孔缺陷的影响规律.结果表明,采用较小的焊接电流、较快的焊接速度有助于降低焊缝正面的不对称性,利用电弧分力可以抑制熔池下淌,焊接频率为100 Hz时气孔缺陷最少.结合上述试验结果提出了铝合金横焊缺陷的控制措施并进行了试验验证.     

交直流混合VPPA特性及铝合金立焊工艺

厚板铝合金变极性等离子弧(VPPA)穿孔立焊工艺中,由于焊接电流大,长时间焊接时钨极的烧损量大,严重影响厚板大结构自动焊接质量.为此提出了通过交直流混合输出减少钨极烧损,同时提高焊接质量的新型铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接方法.该方法在保证氧化膜清理的前提下,减小了因反极性时间过短电弧在极短时间内两次过零造成的等离子弧力下降和过大的感应电动势对开关器件的损害.其次交直流混合输出电弧具有低频调制效果,起到熔池振荡、细化晶粒的作用.在实现交直流混合VPPA软硬件功能基础上研究了交直流混合VPPA等离子弧力学特性、焊接过程稳定性及焊缝成形机理.通过对焊缝显微组织及焊缝成形检验发现,交直流混合输出时焊缝晶粒细化,焊缝成形美观,实现了减少钨极烧损和提高焊缝质量双重目标.     

Nd:YAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源横焊工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响

以304不锈钢为对象,借助焊缝成形参数来评价YAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源横焊焊缝的成形特征,研究了Nd:YAG激光+CMT复合热源横焊过程中焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,在CMT电弧焊接中加入激光可以改善横焊焊缝成形;在激光能量和焊接电流一定时,光丝间距存在一个最佳匹配,使得Nd:YAG激光+CMT复合热源横焊焊缝成形良好;与其它复合热源焊接相对比激光功率对熔深影响较大,对横焊焊缝成形的影响程度与焊接电流有关;焊接速度对横焊焊缝成形影响显著;离焦量对横焊焊缝成形影响较小;电弧功率对横焊焊缝的偏离度影响显著.     

变电极力对管板单面电阻点焊质量的影响

根据管板单面电阻点焊结构特点,建立了采用伺服焊枪的管板单面电阻点焊试验系统.针对管板焊接过程中变形大、形成环形熔核质量不可靠等问题,提出了基于改变焊接过程中电极力来提高焊点质量的方法,并研究变电极力对管板焊焊点强度及焊接变形影响的规律.结果表明,通电阶段熔核生成初期减小电极力,可明显提高焊点拉剪强度,减小焊接变形;冷却阶段减小电极力对焊点质量也有所提高,但影响较小.研究结果对管板焊接工艺参数的制定及单面电阻点焊在车身焊装中广泛安全的应用具有重要意义.     

工艺参数对304不锈钢脉冲Nd∶YAG激光/TIG电弧复合焊焊缝成形的影响

研究了304不锈钢脉冲Nd:YAG激光TIG电弧复合热源焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,脉冲Nd:YAG激光/TIG电弧复合焊焊缝横截面面积大于单一激光焊焊缝横截面面积与单一TIG焊焊缝横截面面积之和,具有协同效应;激光功率增大时,复合焊焊缝熔深和熔宽均增大,复合焊焊缝横截面面积增大,复合热源热效率也增大;离焦...     

不锈钢PA-GTA双面弧焊工艺特点分析

详细分析了不锈钢等离子弧(PA)-钨极氩弧(GTA)双面弧焊(DSAW)的工艺特点,该工艺可以增加熔深,减小焊后热变形,尤其适用于中厚板的焊接.当小孔效应建立后,PA-GTA双面弧焊过程中的电弧均得到了不同程度的压缩,两焊枪之间的电弧电压出现下降趋势,节省了能源.形成小孔后,电弧穿过工件从工件内部进行加热,提高了热效率.表面张力、电弧吹力和电磁搅拌力均有利于获得较大的熔深,浮力有利于增加焊缝中间部位的宽度.     

Controlling welding hot cracking based on electromagnetic force

Abstract

Controlling welding hot cracking based on electromagnetic force was carried out. The results show that the welding cracking can be inhibited with this method, which lies on the voltage of capacitor and the frequency of applying force. The sheet bears the downward axial force and the less radial force of flat spiral coil. The radial force points at the centre of the sheet, so it is able to compress the weld metal. Moreover, the axial force also has the ability to compress the weld metal by means of the backing plate under weldment. Controlling welding hot cracking is mainly due to the improving of mechanical condition of weld metal within brittle temperature range.     

铝合金薄板焊接应力三维有限元模拟

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,对铝合金薄板脉冲TIG焊接接头的焊接应力进行了三维数值模拟,考虑材料性能随温度的变化,对焊接残余应力进行测量.结果表明,铝合金薄板中的焊接应力产生、发展很快,加热结束后不久应力便趋于稳定.热源前缘和两侧区域存在数值很高的纵向和横向动态压应力,焊缝中心的纵向残余拉应力低于母材的屈服强度,距焊缝中心10 mm处的最大纵向残余拉应力达到母材的屈服强度,并且拉应力区较宽,远离焊缝区域的纵向残余压应力数值较大,因此铝合金薄板焊接结构易发生动态和焊后失稳,横截面上纵向残余应力的数值模拟结果与实测结果基本一致.     

焊接顺序对大型薄板装甲钢结构焊接变形的影响

基于有限元软件SYSWELD建立了大型薄板装甲钢结构的焊接有限元模型,采用Local-Global方法研究了焊接顺序对薄板结构焊接变形的影响. 通过对比焊缝截面宏观形貌,利用SYSWELD热源拟合工具,建立了适合现场焊接工艺的双椭球热源模型. 采用热弹塑性有限元法分析了T形和对接接头的焊接过程,获得了局部塑性应变和焊缝刚度,进而模拟了不同焊接顺序下薄板结构变形情况. 结果表明,现场焊接顺序下结构中部薄板焊接变形严重,最大变形量为9.6 mm,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好;采用优化的焊接顺序,可有效控制薄板焊接变形,最大变形量可减小75%.     

拘束控制铝合金焊接面外变形行为分析

利用温度和变形实时测量系统,对5A12铝合金板拘束焊变形和外拘束力进行了试验研究,分析了拘束力大小和拘束释放对试板面外变形的影响.结果表明,施加不同的拘束力,试板焊后残余面外变形大小不同,适当的拘束可以有效地控制焊接变形;焊接结束拘束卸载后,焊接件变形出现不同程度的反弹;弹性同复是造成拘束焊残余变形的主要因素;拘束力大...     

厚板T形接头焊接位置自主决策贝叶斯网络的实现

提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络模型的厚板T形接头GMAW焊接位置的实时自主决策方法。该方法首先根据视觉传感获得的坡口轮廓特征信息,将焊脚要求和当前填充状态转换为视觉描述特征,实现上述信息的实时判定,利用实时识别的焊缝轮廓特征点、判定的焊接状态建立贝叶斯网络模型,并依据焊接经验设计先验概率计算方法,利用自适应重要性抽样算法,基于最大后验概率准则实现焊接位置实时决策。 结果表明,与层次分析法的对比,提出的该模型能满足不同厚度T形接头多道焊焊接位置实时自主决策要求,具有更高的决策稳定性,对伪特征点的抗干扰能力强,其决策结果与依据焊接经验实施的决策结果一致,正确率约为95%。 该方法能提高焊接效率,同时可为提高厚板GMAW自动化焊接水平提供实现的途径。 创新点： (1)根据视觉传感获得的坡口轮廓特征信息,将焊脚要求和当前填充状态转换为视觉描述特征,实现上述信息的实时判定。 (2)利用实时识别的焊缝轮廓特征点、判定的焊接状态建立贝叶斯网络模型。 (3)依据焊接经验设计了贝叶斯网络中相应节点的先验概率计算方法。     

非对称角根焊中焊枪偏移与熔透形态的关系

中厚板单侧开V形坡口角焊缝由于两侧结构不对称,根部焊接时散热差异大,易产生未熔合缺陷. 为保证根部打底焊良好熔透成形,提出根据正面熔池形貌变化实时调整焊枪角度的策略,提升焊接熔透质量. 结果表明,随着焊接角度变化,焊枪相对熔池发生了有规律位置偏移. 对采集到的正面熔池图像进行中值滤波等处理后获取焊枪中心的位置坐标,并研究了不同角度焊接的内部熔透形态,建立了熔池正面焊枪位置偏移量与内部熔透形态的定量关系,为利用正面熔池特征信息预测控制焊接内部熔透形态提供了一种新的方法.     

A new method of welding with trailing peening for controlling welding stress and distortion

In order to control welding stress and distortion, a new welding with trailing peening method based on the electromagnetic hammer was developed. This method uses the idea of constant frequency pulse width modulation for designing the control circuit of peening force and peening frequency. The peening force can be adjusted between 0 and 1 000 N and the peening frequency ranges from 0 to 25 Hz. Peening force is applied to the weld metal and the weld toe during the welding by peening head. The experiments show that the method is portable and flexible, and it can adjust the distribution state of welding residual stress, making grain refinement. When the peening force is changed to 700 N and the peening frequency to 3 Hz, both the transverse and longitudinal residual stresses will drop obviously.     

铝合金电阻点焊接头质量特征信息分析

为了研究电阻点焊接头质量,分析了铝合金2A12电阻点焊过程中的电极力、电极位移和焊接电流三组动态数据,并绘制了动态数据三曲线图.结果表明,在焊接过程中合格焊点的电极力曲线变化情况是:开始有轻微下凹现象,然后是小幅增长并伴随轻微波动,最后有向下倾斜的趋势,每个阶段不足或过度,则有不合格焊点产生.电极位移曲线的上升率直接与能量供应率有关,电极位移最大时刻与加载锻压力时刻之间的曲线形状与金属熔化量和软化区大小有关.     

高速列车用厚板铝合金CMT焊接工艺

针对低热输入、高质量焊接技术的需求,研究厚板铝合金多层多道冷金属过渡技术(cold matal transter,CMT)焊接工艺和脉冲MIG焊接工艺的区别,对CMT焊接和脉冲MIG焊接进行热循环曲线测量,焊接接头拉伸、弯曲、硬度等常规力学性能试验和接头微观组织分析.结果表明,铝合金厚板焊接时相对脉冲MIG焊接方法,CMT方法焊接温度场低,焊接接头软化明显减弱,冲击韧性得到提高,厚板多层多道焊接接头组织明显改善,晶粒明显细化.试验表明CMT焊接方法可获得相对脉冲焊接更加优良的铝合金焊接接头.     

Research on multi-objective optimization of GMAW welding of DH36 steel

Weld bead morphology plays an important role in welding procedure specification and welding process planning. In order to obtain the quantitative relationship between process parameters and weld morphology of DH36 marine steel plate, grey correlation method was used to study multiple morphology characteristics simultaneously. Eighteen experimental runs were proposed according to orthogonal method. With grey correlation theory, three response objectives, aspect ratio, depth of penetration and weld were transformed into a single grey correlation grade(GRG). The process parameters were quantitatively correlated to the GRG value and optimized with the target of maximum aspect ratio, minimum depth of penetration and maximum weld area. The results show that the optimized weld bead morphology is better than other weld bead morphology. The relative error of the predicted GRG with respect to the actual value is 5.06%, which further verifies the accuracy of the established model. The microstructure and hardness analysis suggests that the optimized welded joint has obtained required mechanical properties.The research outcomes provide a theoretical basis for multi-objective optimization of arc welding morphology in practical applications.     

焊条电弧焊仿真操作中运条轨迹的检测与评价

针对可视化焊接模拟仿真系统中如何评定焊接操作水平问题,设计了焊条电弧焊操作模拟训练平台,包括模拟焊枪、模拟试板、图像检测模块、倾角传感器,主控计算机与评价系统,实现了对焊工操作模拟中焊条轨迹实时位置的高精度检测;从保证焊缝平直及控制焊接速度的原则出发提出了从直线度、均一度、均匀度、焊缝边缘停留时间和相似度等5个方面对焊接操作的运条轨迹进行分析与评价的方法,并通过计算机编程已嵌入到可视化焊接模拟仿真系统中,系统运行平稳.结果表明,能够客观评价焊接操作者的技术水平.     

局部干法水下焊接电弧预热技术

针对局部干法水下焊接接头硬度过高等问题,根据固定式排水罩的特点,提出利用电弧进行预热的方法来改善局部干法水下焊接质量,阐明了预热垫板的设计安装和水下电弧预热的操作方式,并对水下电弧预热的可行性进行了试验验证. 通过焊接接头的工艺试验,对比焊前预热和未预热条件下所得焊接接头的综合力学性能. 结果表明,增加水下焊接预热功能后,焊接接头热影响区的最大硬度明显降低,冲击吸收功明显增加,有效改善了水下焊接接头的综合力学性能.     

Measurement method of the arc welding current and voltage

Plasma arc welding can realize high-speed welding, deeper weld penetration and, furthermore, smaller thermal distortion. For these reasons, plasma arc welding is employed for keyhole welding. However, it has been pointed out that it is difficult to obtain the stability of the welding. In this study, we have developed a unified plasma arc welding model for analysing the welding mechanism and influence of the torch design and operation conditions of the arc on the welding process. In this paper, the keyhole welding of a thick aluminium plate employing the plasma arc was numerically analyzed for clarifying the mechanism determining the keyhole size which is important for improving the stability of the process. As a result, it was found that the keyhole size is determined mainly by a force balance between the surface tension of a weld pool and metal vapour pressure.     

A study on horizontal stud welding by using steel stud for flat welding

ABSTRACT

In recent years, manufacturing sites have strongly requested for the steel stud with large diameter to be welded in the horizontal position, which is difficult because of gravity. In this study, the steel stud of 19 mm in diameter was welded horizontally to the mild steel plate by using ferrule for usage in flat position. As results two kinds of weld defect were observed; lack of fusion and blowhole. The former occurred in the welding condition of too small or too large heat input, and the latter did in the range of longer arc time. Therefore, the suitable welding condition could be found in the large current and shorter arc time. When the areal ratio of weld defect to the cross section of stud was lower than 10 percent, the welded joint had enough statical strength.