新型光斑搭接对平顶激光冲击钛合金力学性能的影响

针对平顶光束的特点,为简化工艺,提高加工效率,提出了一种简化加工过程的搭接率工艺方法。采用一种纵向25%、横向56.5%的搭接率工艺,并对该搭接率下的残余应力、显微硬度、高周疲劳极限等力学性进行验证,对比其与传统50%搭接率下的性能差异。结果表明：在新型搭接率下,平顶激光冲击钛合金表面产生的残余压应力均值为-564.5 MPa,影响深度达0.82 mm;在传统搭接率下,表面产生的残余压应力均值为-559.2 MPa,影响深度达0.81 mm。在新型和传统两种搭接率下,平顶激光冲击钛合金表面重叠次数多的位置,显微硬度平均值分别为570.9和562.6 HV_0.3,重叠次数少的显微硬度平均值分别为432.1和453.4 HV_0.3;钛合金截面上的硬化层深度均为0.4 mm。在新型和传统两种搭接率下,平顶光束冲击钛合金的疲劳极限分别为256.3和264.6 MPa。基于平顶光束,与传统工艺相比,简化的新型搭接率工艺可以获得较好的力学性能,并提高加工效率,降低加工成本。     

喷丸强化AZ91 D镁合金残余应力场的数值模拟及实验研究

目的研究喷丸工艺对AZ91D镁合金表面残余应力场的影响。方法基于有限元平台建立喷丸强化AZ91D镁合金的有限元模型,从残余压应力层的厚度、残余压应力的峰值及其深度等方面探讨弹丸速度、弹丸直径和弹丸入射角对AZ91D镁合金表面残余应力场的影响,并通过喷丸强化AZ91D镁合金的实验与有限元模拟结果进行对比。结果增大弹丸速度对残余压应力层的厚度、残余压应力的峰值提高效果明显,但对残余压应力峰值的深度影响不大;增加弹丸直径,残余压应力层的厚度、残余压应力的峰值及其深度均有明显提高;增大入射角,残余压应力层的厚度、残余压应力的峰值有明显提高,但是残余压应力峰值的深度基本不变。有限元模拟结果中,残余压应力层的厚度比实验值小7%,残余压应力的峰值比实验值大5%,残余压应力峰值的深度比实验值小11%。结论残余应力的实验结果与有限元模拟结果具有较好的一致性,模型合理。     

Thermal Stability of Nanocrystalline AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Fabricated by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment

A nanocrystalline layer(NL) was fabricated on the surface of AZ31 magnesium(Mg) alloy sheet by surface mechanical attrition treatment(SMAT). The microstructure of the Mg alloy was characterized by optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction and microhardness test. The results showed that both the microstructure and microhardness of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet after SMAT revealed a gradient distribution along depth from surface to center. The thermal stability of the NL was investigated through characterizing the microstructure evolution during the post-isothermal annealing treatment within the temperature range from 150 to 250 ℃. The NL exhibits a certain degree of thermal stability below 150 ℃, while it disappears quickly when annealing at the temperature range of 200–250 ℃. The grain growth kinetics of the nanocrystalline of AZ31 Mg alloy induced by SMAT was investigated. The activation energy of nanocrystalline AZ31 Mg alloy was obtained with a value of 92.8 k J/mol.     

Study on microstructure and properties of laser surface melted layer of AZ31B magnesium alloy

An attempt has been made to improve the surface properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy through solid solution hardening and refinement of microstructures using a CO_2 laser as a heat generating source. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the phases. Microstructure and properties of laser melted layer of AZ31B magnesium alloy were observed or tested by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), micro-hardness equipment and electrochemical corrosion equipment etc. The results show that the microstructure of laser melted layer becomes finer significantly and uniform. Compared with the substrate, the content of β-Mg_(17)Al_(12) phase of melted layer decreases comparatively. Microhardness of the laser melted layer is improved to 50-95HV_(0.05) as compared to 40-45HV_(0.05) of the AZ31B Mg alloy substrate. The results of electrochemical corrosion show that the corrosion resistance of laser surface melted layer has been improved.     

Improving wear resistance and corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy by DLC/AlN/Al coating

A novel protective coating, consisting of three layers (top: diamond-like carbon, middle: aluminum nitride, bottom: aluminum), was deposited on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy layer by layer. Nano-indenter, electrochemical system and tribological tester were performed to investigate the hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coated AZ31 magnesium alloy, respectively. The DLC/AlN/Al coating improved the magnesium alloy's surface hardness and reduced its friction coefficient, which consequently induced a great improvement of the magnesium alloy's wear resistance. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of the AZ31 magnesium alloy with the DLC/AlN/Al coating was also enhanced with the corrosion current density decreasing from 2.25 × 10⁻⁵ A/cm² to 1.28 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm² in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution.     

Fatigue crack growth behaviour of pulsed current gas tungsten arc, friction stir and laser beam welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints

The laser beam welded joints offered better resistance against the growing fatigue cracks compared to friction stir welded and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints. The formation of very fine grains in weld region, higher fusion zone hardness, uniformly distributed fine precipitates and favourable residual stress field of the weld region are the main reasons for superior fatigue performance of laser beam welded joints of AZ31B magnesium alloy.     

AZ31镁合金激光焊件的力学性能和应力腐蚀行为

采用Nd-YAG激光对AZ31 HP镁合金进行激光自熔焊接。显微组织分析表明,使用或不使用填料（焊料）AZ61镁合金得到的激光焊接接头的平均晶粒尺寸大约为12μm,显微硬度和拉伸强度与母材相近。然而,慢应变速率拉伸表明,在ASTM D1384溶液中两种焊接接头的抗应力腐蚀性能比母材略差。可观察到应力腐蚀裂纹在焊缝金属萌生并向热影响区（HAZ）扩展。然而,在以AZ61镁合金为填料（焊料）获得的焊接接头中,观察到裂纹起源及扩展出现在热影响区（HAZ）。在慢应变速率拉伸试验中,由于试样表面暴露在腐蚀环境中,在氢氧化镁/氧化镁层形成局部损伤,从而导致应力腐蚀裂纹的生成。     

激光冲击Ti834合金强化层显微组织演变

激光冲击强化(laser shock processing,LSP)作为一种全新的表面强化技术凭借其强化效果好、可控性强、适应性好等优点在提高关键零部件服役寿命上发挥着不可替代的作用。本研究采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察LSP试样塑性变形层内显微组织结构特征的演变,构建了不同冲击次数下表层和深度方向上的显微结构演变示意图。结果表明,Ti834合金经激光冲击强化后塑性变形层内产生大量位错,且随着冲击次数的增加,塑性变形愈加剧烈,位错密度也进一步增加。沿深度方向上可以观察到随应变率递减而形成的典型微观结构特征,其中包括有形变孪晶(MTs),高密度位错墙(DDWs),位错缠结(DTs),位错阵列(DAs)和位错线(DLs)等。     

Mg3Sb2含量对Al-Mg3Sb2复相涂层耐磨性的影响

目的研究Mg_3Sb_2含量对Al-Mg_3Sb_2复相涂层的组织、硬度和摩擦学性能的影响,对比分析AZ31B镁合金基体、纯Al涂层和添加不同含量的Mg_3Sb_2之后涂层性能的差异。方法通过火焰喷涂技术在AZ31B镁合金表面制备了Al-Mg_3Sb_2复相涂层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了涂层的截面形貌,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了涂层的物相组成。通过显微硬度计测试了AZ31B和涂层的硬度,通过摩擦磨损试验仪测试了AZ31B和涂层的摩擦学性能,并通过超景深三维显微镜测试了试样的磨痕宽度、深度及磨损体积。结果经火焰喷涂后可得到组织致密的复相涂层,涂层中的物相主要为Mg_3Sb_2和Al。涂层的平均硬度随Mg_3Sb_2含量的增加而增加,最高可达334.2HV0.025,是AZ31B的4.14倍。摩擦磨损试验中,涂层的摩擦系数随着Mg_3Sb_2含量的增加而减小,但都大于AZ31B的摩擦系数;涂层的磨损率随着Mg_3Sb_2含量的增加而减小,60%Mg_3Sb_2和80%Mg_3Sb_2涂层的磨损率小于AZ31B的磨损率,其他涂层的磨损率大于AZ31B的磨损率,80%Mg_3Sb_2涂层的耐磨性最好,比AZ31B下降了63.26%。随着Mg_3Sb_2含量的增加,Al-Mg_3Sb_2复相涂层的磨痕表面犁沟逐渐变浅并消失。结论 Mg_3Sb_2的加入可以提高涂层的硬度,随着其含量的增加,涂层的耐磨性逐渐提高。     

Environmentally assisted cracking behaviour of plasma electrolytic oxidation coated AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract

A wrought AZ31 magnesium alloy was plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coated in phosphate and silicate based alkaline electrolytes. The effect of these PEO coatings on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of the alloy was investigated by slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests in ASTM D1384 solution. The untreated and PEO coated AZ31 magnesium alloy specimens were found to be susceptible to SCC, despite the fact that the PEO coatings offered an excellent general corrosion resistance. The results of the polarisation tests on the untreated AZ31 alloy specimen after prolonged immersion in ASTM D1384 electrolyte suggested the formation of a film on the surface constituted by the corrosion products. The cracking of this film and the evolution/ingress of hydrogen at these defective sites during the SSRT tests in the corrosive environment was believed to be responsible for the SCC of the untreated alloy. Similarly, the cracking of the PEO coatings during the SSRT test, the consequent exposure of the underneath magnesium alloy substrate and the associated electrochemical reactions were attributed as reasons for the SCC of the PEO coated specimens. The transgranular mode of fracture in all the cases avowed that the hydrogen induced cracking was the mechanism of SCC.     

TC17钛合金激光冲击温强化机制的研究

目的提高材料在交变载荷和高温下的疲劳性能,稳定材料的位错结构,增加位错的钉扎效果,使激光诱导的残余压应力更加稳定,有效地抑制强化效果的高温失稳。方法通过提高温度发生动态应变时效(DSA),并与激光冲击温强化(WLSP)结合,使得材料表面形成更深的残余应力层和纳米级沉淀相。对TC17钛合金温控激光冲击强化后的显微硬度、残余应力等性能进行了初步探索。结果经200℃的WLSP后,TC17钛合金的显微硬度可达385HV,相比未强化时提高了18.48%,相比于室温的LSP提高了4.62%。深度方向的残余压应力幅值呈现先增大后减小的趋势,200℃时残余应力达到-236 MPa,相比于常温强化提高了14.56%。观察微观组织发现,位错结构的稳定性和位错密度得到提高。结论激光冲击温强化(WLSP)技术提高了材料表面残余压应力层的高温稳定性,有利于抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,有效地提高了高温条件下残余应力和表面强度的稳定性。该技术操作相对简单,无污染,残余应力高温维稳效果显著。     

飞机钛合金接耳孔边激光冲击强化 应力场优化与试验研究

目的 钛合金关键承力接耳孔边疲劳断裂是影响飞机飞行安全的重难点问题,采用激光冲击强化技术对TC4钛合金小孔件进行强化,提高其疲劳寿命。方法 开展TC4钛合金小孔件单点有无填充、多点搭接激光冲击强化有限元数值模拟研究,确定最优强化工艺,并设计带双孔疲劳试样,进行疲劳试验验证。 结果 直径3 mm光斑单点激光冲击强化的有效范围仅为1.9 mm。孔内有填充,最内圈光斑圆心距孔边0.75 mm时,单光斑激光冲击强化孔边残余应力场分布均匀,且不会引入残余拉应力。双面依次强化会使先强化面残余压应力值略高于后强化面。46.5%径向搭接率下,孔边多点搭接激光冲击强化应力场均匀性优于36.5%和56.5%径向搭接率。强化后,试样的疲劳寿命得到提升,提升效果随最大加载力的减小而显著增大。断口分析表明,强化后,孔边裂纹源位置向深度方向移动,疲劳裂纹扩展区的疲劳条带间距明显减小。结论 最优强化工艺为：周向搭接率56.5%,径向搭接率46.5%,最内圈光斑圆心距孔边0.75 mm,孔填充双面同时强化。激光冲击强化在孔边表面引入600~800 MPa的残余压应力,模拟件疲劳寿命提升了6.98%~60.96%。     

Effect of laser shock processing on residual stress and fatigue behavior of 6061-T651 aluminum alloy

Laser shock processing is a very new technique and an emerging modem process that generates compressive stresses much deeper into the surfaces of metals or alloys. A brief parametric study of the effect of laser parameters on fatigue behavior and residual stress state generated in 6061-T651 alloy specimens was summarized. Residual stress of 6061-T651 alloy was analyzed both before and after laser processing with multishocks. The material remains in compressive residual stress of approximate 1 mm in depth which is approximately 10 times deeper than that can be achieved with the conventional technique, and the maximal compressive residual stress at the surface of the sample is about -350MPa. Near the surface, yield strength and hardness are found to be increased by the laser shock. The ratio of fatigue crack initiation life for the laser-shocked to unshocked specimens is found to be 4.9 for specimens. The results clearly show that LSP is an effective surface treatment technique for improving the fatigue performance of aluminum alloys.     

激光冲击强化对2524铝合金疲劳寿命的影响

目的探索激光冲击工艺参数对2524铝合金疲劳寿命的影响。方法开展不同激光能量、不同冲击次数下的激光冲击强化实验,测试其残余应力和表面硬度,并进行裂纹扩展实验和显微组织观察。结果激光冲击强化能显著提高材料的表面硬度,且材料的硬度值随着冲击能量和冲击次数的增加而递增,但硬度增长率随冲击次数增多而降低。激光冲击强化在试样表层形成较大的残余压应力,使用6.25 J的激光能量冲击1次,最大残余压应力可达-222MPa,并且残余压应力随着激光能量和冲击次数增加而增加,但冲击强化次数存在阈值。相较于未冲击试样,激光冲击1次的试样的疲劳寿命提升32%,冲击2次的疲劳寿命提升41%。对试样断口进行微观形貌观察,在裂纹长度为28 mm处,未冲击试样、激光冲击1次和冲击2次试样的疲劳条带间距分别为1.06、0.628、0.488μm,裂纹扩展速率分别为1.06×10^-3、6.28×10^-4、4.88×10^-4 mm/N。结论激光冲击强化能显著提高2524铝合金的表面硬度,并在表面产生较大的残余压应力。激光冲击强化能够有效迟滞2524-T3铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,进而有效延长疲劳寿命。     

AZ31镁合金沉积类金刚石薄膜的表面形貌和腐蚀行为

为了改善镁合金的耐蚀性,扩展其应用范围,采用等离子全方位离子镀膜技术在AZ31镁合金表面沉积了含有Si-N和Si-O的2种类金刚石(Diamond-like carbon,DLC)薄膜,研究了其表面形貌及其在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,探究了DLC薄膜对AZ31镁合金腐蚀行为的影响。利用SEM和AFM观察了AZ31镁合金表面沉积DLC薄膜的表面形貌,采用电化学法测试表面沉积DLC薄膜的AZ31镁合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的极化曲线和开路电位,通过拉伸试验测试其在空气和3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力应变。结果表明:镁合金试样表面的DLC薄膜光滑致密,在3.5%NaCl溶液中表面沉积DLC薄膜AZ31镁合金的极化行为与表面未沉积DLC薄膜AZ31镁合金相似,表面沉积DLC薄膜AZ31镁合金电位正向移动,耐蚀性提高;与表面未沉积DLC薄膜AZ31镁合金相比,在空气中,表面沉积DLC薄膜AZ31镁合金极限抗拉强度与其接近,延伸率略低;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,表面沉积DLC薄膜AZ31镁合金极限抗拉强度略有降低,延伸率略高。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B welded by laser-TIG hybrid

The laser-TIG hybrid welding was mainly used to weld the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B. The tech-nical characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding process was investigated and the interactional mechanism between laser and arc was discussed, at the same time the microstructure and mechanical properties of the wrought magnesi-um alloy AZ31B using laser-TIG hybrid welding were analyzed by optical microscope, EPMA, SEM, tensile ma-chine, hardness machine. The experimental results show that the presence of laser beam boosts up the stability of the arc during high speed welding and augments the penetration of weld； the crystal grains of magnesium alloy weld are fine without porosity and cracks in the best welding criterion and the microstructure of HAZ does not become coarse obviously. The elements profile analysis reveals that Mg content in the weld is lower than that of the base metal, but Al content is higher slightly. Under this experimental condition, the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B joint can be achieved using laser-TIG hybrid process and the tensile strength of the joint is equivalent to that of the base metal.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium composites prepared by spark plasma sintering technology

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology was used to determine the appropriate conditions for SPS sintering of commercially pure magnesium as well as the magnesium alloy AZ31. It was found that the sintering temperatures of 585 °C and 552 °C were the most suitable sintering temperatures for the magnesium and the AZ31 alloy, respectively. Magnesium matrix and AZ31 alloy matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles were then successfully fabricated by the SPS method at sintering temperatures of 585 °C and 552 °C, respectively. A uniform distribution of SiC particles was observed along the boundary between matrix particles. The mechanical properties, i.e. hardness and tensile strength increased with increasing SiC content up to 10 wt%. However, when the SiC content was larger than 10 wt%, the tensile strength decreased due to the agglomeration of SiC particles. The agglomeration of SiC particles was found to lead to the degradation of the interfacial bonding strength between matrix and reinforcement.     

Introduction of compressive residual stress into stainless steel by employing a cavitating jet in air

In order to eliminate stress corrosion cracking, a method of introduction of compressive residual stress using cavitation impacts was proposed, without use of shots. The cavitation impacts were successfully produced by a cavitating jet in air, without the requirement of a water-filled chamber. The injection condition of the jet was optimized and the introduction of compressive residual stress into stainless steel was demonstrated using the jet. The maximum compressive residual stress introduced by the optimized jet was 500 MPa on the surface, while the thickness of the modified layer was up to 400 μm. A method for estimation of the introduced compressive residual stress by the jet as a function of processing time was proposed, considering the stochastic phenomena of the cavitation impacts. Both the intense impact at 0.2 Hz and relatively weak impact at 4.5 Hz affect the introduction of compressive residual stress. The value of the residual stress and the thickness of the modified layer can be estimated by the proposed experimental equation.     

Hydroxyapatite coating of AZ31 magnesium alloy by a solution treatment and its corrosion behavior in NaCl solution

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings were formed directly on AZ31 magnesium alloy and pure Mg in a 250 mmol/L C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₈Na₂Ca aqueous solution of pH 8.9. Treatment time was varied from 2 h to 6 h. Crystal phase, morphology and composition of the coatings were investigated. Immersion and polarization tests in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were performed to examine the corrosion behavior of the HAp-coated specimens. The HAp coating of AZ31 with short treatment time had defects which decreased with an increase in treatment time. The HAp coatings of AZ31 consisted of an inner dense layer and an outer coarse layer in the similar manner for pure Mg. The inner layer on AZ31 was composed of dome-shape precipitates densely packed. The outer layer was composed of rod-like crystals growing from each dome in the radial direction. The (002) plane of HAp of inner layer and rod-like crystals roughly oriented to the substrate. Magnesium ion-release and corrosion current density were remarkably reduced with HAp coatings. Each of these values was on the same order of magnitude between HAp-coated AZ31 and pure Mg. The ion release from AZ31 slightly decreased with an increase in treatment time. The original inner dense layer of AZ31 remained after the immersion. It is suggested that the protectiveness of HAp coating relays on the inner layer and does not significantly depend on the kind of Mg substrate.     

The corrosion performance of anodised magnesium alloys

The corrosion performance of anodised magnesium and its alloys, such as commercial purity magnesium (CP-Mg) and high-purity magnesium (HP-Mg) ingots, magnesium alloy ingots of MEZ, ZE41, AM60 and AZ91D and diecast AM60 (AM60-DC) and AZ91D (AZ91D-DC) plates, was evaluated by salt spray and salt immersion testing. The corrosion resistance was in the sequential order: AZ91D ≈ AM60 ≈ MEZ ? AZ91D-DC ? AM60-DC > HP-Mg > ZE41 > CP-Mg. It was concluded the corrosion resistance of an anodised magnesium alloy was determined by the corrosion performance of the substrate alloy due to the porous coating formed on the substrate alloy acting as a simple corrosion barrier.