Interfacial pressure distribution and bonding characteristics in twin-roll casting of Cu/Al clad strip

The mechanical properties and product thickness specifications of bimetallic clad strip prepared by twin-roll casting are tightly related to the mechanical behavior of bonding interface interaction. The thermal?flow coupled simulation and the interface pressure calculation models are established with the cast-rolling velocity as the variable. The results show that the interface temperature decreases, the interface pressure and the proportion of the thickness of the Al side increase with the decrease in cast-rolling velocity. The thinning of Cu strip mainly occurs in the backward slip zone. The higher pressure and longer solid/semi-solid contact time make the interface bonded fully, which provides favorable conditions for atomic diffusion. The inter-diffusion zone with a width of 4.9 μm is attained at a cast-rolling velocity of 2.4 m/min, and the Cu side surface is nearly completely covered by aluminum. Therefore, the ductile fracture occurs on the Al side, which prevents the propagation of interface delamination cracks effectively. Meanwhile, shear effect becomes more significant at high interfacial pressure and large plastic strain, and the microstructure on Al side is composed of slender columnar crystals. Thus, the metallurgical bonding and refinement of grains on the Al side can result in higher bonding strength and tensile properties of the clad strip.     

Special features of the winding bend test

Summary

This paper deals with the resistance spot weldability of steel to aluminium alloy using an intermediate layer of aluminium clad steel. Five types of clad sheet with various steel/aluminium thickness ratios were produced by hot rolling. The mechanical properties of the clad sheet changed with the thickness ratio and ranged between those of steel and:those of aluminium sheet. The peel strength of the steel/aluminium interfaces was greater than 25 N/mm.

Materials used in spot welding were 0.8 mm thick EDDQ steel sheet, three types of 1.0 mm thick aluminium alloy sheet and the clad sheet mentioned above. Spot‐weldability, including suitable welding current, nugget diameter, tensile shear strength and thickness of the intermetallic compound layer formed at the interface of the clad sheets, changed with the thickness ratio of the clad sheet. From these results, it was concluded that spot‐weldability was affected by the thickness ratio of the clad sheets.

Spot‐weldability was also affected by the alloying elements in the aluminium alloy sheet. Tensile shear strength and nugget diameter varied in various types of aluminium alloy sheet.     

Correlation between bonding strength and mechanical properties in Mg/Al two-ply clad sheet

The effect of interfacial bonding strength has been investigated in relation to mechanical properties of roll-bonded two-ply Mg/Al clad sheets in this study. Two types of thin reaction layers (Mg₁₇Al₁₂ and Mg₂Al₃ phase layers) were observed to form along the Mg/Al interface and their thickness was found to increase with annealing time. The maximum average bonding strength was achieved after annealing Mg/Al clad sheet for 10 min at 300 °C. The fracture strain of Mg alloy in this annealed clad sheet was found to increase up to 22.5% compared to 17.8% of monolithic AZ31 Mg alloy. In addition, the formability of clad Mg alloy was also found much higher compared to those of monolithic Mg alloy. This ductility enhancement of clad Mg alloy appears due to more prolonged homogeneous deformation, caused by delayed localized necking.     

用Al—Ti—Al合金钎料复合板钎焊钛的研究

介绍了用Ａｌ－Ｔｉ－Ａｌ合金金属复合板钎焊工业纯钛的研究结果。这种金属复合板是采用特殊的轧制复合工艺加工而成的。复合板的两个外表面包含一层０．１ｍｍ厚的Ａｌ合金钎料,其中间夹层是０．４ｍｍ厚的工业纯然板。在本实验中用这种复合板替代传统单一的Ａｌ合金钎料薄片来钎焊钛的蜂窝结构,其结果是简化了钎焊工艺,使焊点更加均匀。同时还研究籽焊缝的剪切强度,宏观和显微组织。并比较了用单一Ａｌ合金钎料薄片钎焊和用该     

Cu/Al层厚比对波纹辊轧制Cu/Al复合板变形行为和结合性能的影响

本工作通过抗剪切强度测试、剪切断面显微观察和有限元仿真等手段对不同Cu/Al层厚比下波纹辊轧制（CRB）Cu/Al复合板的金属的变形行为和界面结合性能进行了研究。结果发现，CRB过程中界面处形成了局部强正应力和多个“搓轧区”，促进了复合板的塑性变形和界面结合。增大Cu/Al层厚比可提升Cu层的变形率和波谷界面处的正应力，有利于降低Cu/Al复合板的翘曲程度，并增强界面的整体结合性能。当层厚比从2:10增加到2:4时，界面抗剪切强度从40.39MPa上升到47.24 MPa，但界面抗剪切强度的波动逐渐增大。     

水平连续铸造工艺对3003/4045复层管界面特征的影响

采用水平连续铸造技术制备3003/4045铝合金复层管坯,探讨了铸造速度、外层合金浇注温度和气体保护对复层管界面结合质量的影响,并对结合界面的形貌、元素分布和结合强度进行分析。结果表明,当铸造速度为180 mm/min、外层合金浇注温度为700℃并对内层管坯施加气体保护时,可成功制备出界面实现连续均匀冶金结合的复层管。拉伸剪切实验中变形与断裂发生在界面附近强度较低的3003合金侧,表明界面剪切强度大于3003合金的剪切强度。     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF LASER CLAD Ni60ACOATING

１．ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｓｉｓｗｅｌｌｋｎｏｗｎ,ｓｅｌｆｍｅｌｔｅｄＮｉｂａｓｅｄａｌｌｏｙｓｈａｖｅｇｏｏｄｗｅａｒｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ,ｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅａｎｄｈｅａｔｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｅｙｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄａｓｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅｃｏａｔｉｎｇｓｏｎｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｕｒｆａｃｅａｎｄｗｅａｒｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｔｃｏａｔｉｎｇｓｏｎｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙｈｅａｔｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｎｇｗｏｒｋｐｉｅｃｅｓ．Ａｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｂｏｎｄｉｎｇｉ…     

不锈钢复合板多道次热轧工艺模拟试验研究

应用Marc弹塑性有限元软件建立了不锈钢复合板多道次二维热轧模型。通过对轧制过程温度场、应力场及应变场的计算分析，结合提出的复合界面达到冶金结合的判定条件，给出了确定最小累计变形率的方法，同时结合实验条件制定了合理的轧制规程；通过复合板轧制试验及相关组织性能测试结果分析，验证了在不增加设备损耗和安全使用性能的情况下，通过小的单道次压下率，大的多道次累计变形率的轧制方法可以获得结合良好的不锈钢复合板。     

Research on the Al/Mg/Al Three-layer Clad Sheet Fabricated by Hot Roll Bonding Technology

The three-layer clad materials consisting of Al(AA1100) / Mg(AZ31) / Al(AA1100) plate was fabricated by the hot roll bonding method. The crucial technological parameters of manufacturing clad sheet, including the threshold rolling reduction and clad-rolling bonding conditions were investigated. This clad sheet was produced successfully by hot roll bonding with the intermetallic phase formation, which can be observed using conventional optical microscope. The bond interfacial structures of the AZ31 / AA1100 ...     

Bonding strength of Invar/Cu clad strips fabricated by twin-roll casting process

Based on traditional twin-roll casting process, Invar/Cu clad strips were successfully fabricated by using solid Invar alloy strip and molten Cu under conditions of high temperature, high pressure and plastic deformation. A series of tests including tensile test, bending test, T-type peeling test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) measurements were carried out to analyze the mechanical properties of Invar/Cu clad strips and the micro-morphology of tensile fracture surfaces and bonding interfaces. The results indicate that no delamination phenomenon occurs during the compatible deformation of Invar/Cu in bending test and only one stress platform exists in the tensile stress?strain curve when the bonding strength is large. On the contrary, different mechanical properties of Invar and Cu lead to delamination phenomenon during the uniaxial tensile test, which determines that two stress platforms occur on the stress?strain curve of Invar/Cu clad strips when two elements experience necking. The average peeling strength can be increased from 13.85 to 42.31 N/mm after heat treatment at 800 °C for 1 h, and the observation of the Cu side at peeling interface shows that more Fe is adhered on the Cu side after the heat treatment. All above illustrate that heat treatment can improve the strength of the bonding interface of Invar/Cu clad strips.     

Microstructure evolution,mechanical properties and tailoring of coefficient of thermal expansion for Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets fabricated by hot rolling

The law of microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of hot roll bonded Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets were systematically investigated and the theoretical prediction model of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets was established successfully. The results show that the deformation of Cu and Mo layers was gradually coherent with an increase in rolling reduction and temperature and excellent interface bonding was achieved under the condition of a large rolling reduction. The development of the microstructure and texture through the thickness of Cu and Mo layers was inhomogeneous. This phenomenon can be attributed to the friction between the roller and sheet surface and the uncoordinated deformation between Cu and Mo. The tensile strength of the clad sheets increased with increasing rolling reduction and the elongation was gradually decreased. The CTE of Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets was related to the volume fraction of Mo. The finite element method can simulate the deformation and stress distribution during the thermal expansion process. The simulation result indicates that the terminal face of the clad sheets was sunken inward.     

Numerical simulation on direct chilled continuous casting process for preparing clad slab of aluminium alloys

The numerical simulation is used to investigate the influence of processing parameters on direct chilled continuous casting process for preparing clad slab of Al–1Mn and Al–10Si alloys. In order to get a clear bonding interface avoiding unexpected mixing, a special dividing plate is set between molten clad materials. The effects of cooling intensity and cooled part height of dividing plate, casting speed and pouring temperature on the temperature field, liquid fraction, and solidification shell of clad slab have been studied in detail. A practical experiment has been done based on the simulation studies. It was found that a clad slab with excellent metallurgical bonding can be obtained when the cooling water flow of dividing plate is 250 L h^?1, the cooled part height of dividing plate is 20 mm, the casting speed is 80 mm min^?1 and the pouring temperatures of Al–1Mn and Al–10Si alloys are 710 and 670°C respectively.     

On the resistance spot welding of four-sheet stack of unequal sheet thickness

There is a lack of sufficient understanding regarding resistance spot welding behaviour of multi-layer structure. This paper investigates the weld nugget development and failure characteristics of four-sheet joint of dissimilar sheet thickness (0.7/1.2/1.2/0.9?mm) made on low carbon steel. The heat dissipation via water-cooled electrode hinders the weld nugget penetration into the thin/thick sheet interface. It was shown that increasing heat input led to bonding mechanism transition from solid-state welding to fusion welding at thin/thick sheet interface. Increasing welding current beyond a critical value changed the failure mode from interfacial to pullout leading to improvement of energy absorption of the joint. Fusion zone size along middle sheet/sheet interface proved to be the most important controlling factor for mechanical properties of four-sheet resistance spot welds.     

基于自约束结构炸药的T2/Q345爆炸焊接及数值模拟

为提高炸药能量利用效率、降低能量耗散,利用自约束结构炸药进行爆炸焊接研究.以T2铜和Q345钢分别作为复层与基层,自约束结构炸药作为焊接炸药,借助ANSYS/AUTODYN软件模拟爆炸焊接过程,并进行T2/Q345爆炸焊接试验,对复合板试件进行拉剪性能检测和微观形貌观察分析其焊接质量.结果表明,T2/Q345爆炸焊接的碰撞速度距起爆端100 mm后均大于临界碰撞速度345 m/s,距起爆端150 mm处碰撞速度达到最大值567 m/s.T2/Q345复合板起爆端呈直线结合,并随着传爆距离增加变为波形结合.T2/Q345复合板远离起爆端的平均剪切强度为237.0 MPa,断裂位置位于铜一侧.试件被拉剪破坏后的铜层出现加工硬化现象,远离结合界面的显微硬度和塑性变形程度呈增强趋势.自约束结构炸药可降低自身爆炸产物飞散,使炸药能量更多地转化为复层动能,提高能量利用率.     

The bonding properties and interfacial morphologies of clad plate prepared by multiple passes hot rolling in a protective atmosphere

SUS304 stainless steel and plain carbon steel were first bonded by hot rolling in an argon atmosphere and were subsequently hot-rolled by multiple passes in air. Shearing and peeling tests were performed according to appropriate standards to evaluate the bonding results. The interfacial microstructures, composition diffusion and peeling fractographies of the clad plate samples were used to examine the bond quality. The effects of bond parameters on the bond properties of clad plate were studied. The experimental results indicate that the shear strength reaches 266 MPa, and the peel strength is up to 322 N/mm at 1323 K in the first pass, representing a reduction of 24.3%. Both the shear strength and the peel strength increase with increases in bonding temperature and total reduction ratio. The maximum shear strength reaches 361 MPa, and the peel strength is up to 510 N/mm at 1323 K after six passes with a total reduction ratio of 74.8%. Both the dimension and number of interfacial pores decrease rapidly with increasing rolling passes. Multipass hot rolling generates a number of local embedments at the interface and improves the interfacial bonding strength.     

爆炸焊接TA1/Al复合管的界面及性能研究

采用爆炸焊接工艺对TA1管材及Al管进行了爆炸复合。利用SEM、XRD对复合管结合区形貌及相组成进行了研究;测试了复合管的结合强度及过渡区的显微硬度,并进行了轴向压缩、径向压扁试验。结果表明:直线状及波状界面同时存在于过渡区;过渡区域出现了明显的元素扩散现象;界面结合强度不低于纯铝剪切强度;轴向压缩、径向压扁后的复合管试样均未出现分层,说明TA1/Al复合管坯界面结合性能优异,可以承受大的塑性变形。     

Stress analysis of asymmetrical cold rolling of clad sheet using the slab method

An analytical model for general asymmetrical cold rolling of clad sheet bonded before rolling was proposed to explore the plastic deformation behavior of the clad sheet using the slab method. The model allowed easy calculation of the neutral points between the upper and lower rolls and the clad sheet; rolling pressure distribution along the contact interface of the roll, horizontal stresses in the component layers of the clad sheet, shear stresses at the interface of the clad sheet, and rolling force. These characteristics as affected by various rolling conditions (e.g., thickness ratio and shear yield stress ratio of the raw clad sheet, roll speed ratio, reduction, frictional coefficient, roll radius ratio, etc.) were analyzed systematically. This approach yielded complete forms for the rolling pressure distribution, rolling force, and rolling torque. Moreover, the computational time required by this analytical model is about 1/20 to 1/25 of that required by the RUNGE KUTTA numerical method under the same rolling conditions.     

采用自约束结构炸药的铜/钢爆炸焊接

为了提高爆炸能量的利用率,减少焊接药量,提出采用自约束结构炸药进行爆炸焊接。采用T2铜板和Q345钢板分别作为复板和基板,通过理论计算得到T2/Q345爆炸焊接窗口。采用双层蜂窝结构炸药作为自约束结构焊接炸药,对T2铜与Q345钢的爆炸焊接进行了试验研究。通过力学性能测试和显微组织观察,研究了T2/Q345复合板的结合性能。结果表明：与爆速为2505和3512 m·s^-1的单层炸药相比,T2/Q345复合板爆炸焊接采用的双层蜂窝结构炸药量分别减少了54.4%和31.4%;随着传播距离的增加,复合板的结合界面由直线结合向波状结合转变。复合板的抗拉剪切强度为237.0 MPa,满足T2/Q345复合板的结合强度要求。爆炸产生的硬化发生在结合界面附近,采用双层蜂窝结构炸药爆炸焊接得到的T2/Q345复合板具有良好的结合性能。     

退火温度对铜铝复合板界面相演化及性能的影响

采用冷轧复合法制备铜铝复合板,研究退火温度对复合界面金属间化合物的演化及性能的影响。利用电子探针(EPMA)观察复合界面结构,结合EDS、XRD分析界面物相成分,通过剥离测试和室温拉伸试验表征复合板的结合性能。结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,复合界面扩散层增厚,依次生成CuAl₂、Cu₉Al₄和CuAl 3种金属间化合物。CuAl₂和CuAl相的生成破坏了界面结合,导致剥离强度显著下降。在300 ℃及以上温度退火时,复合板发生回复和再结晶软化,其整体拉伸性能优异。综合考虑拉伸性能及剥离强度,冷轧复合法制备铜铝复合板的最佳退火温度为300 ℃。     

铁/铝爆炸复合双金属管界面的结合性能

采用爆炸焊接法制备Fe/Al双金属复合管,为表征复合管界面的结合性能进行了压缩、压扁及压剪实验。实验结果表明,复合管结合良好,其界面强度大于纯铝层的抗剪强度,并且能够承受轴向和径向变形。利用扫描电子显微镜观察了原始界面形貌。测试结果表明,结合良好的复合管界面呈波状或直线状。采用液压胀形工艺以Fe/Al双金属复合管制备出复合管正三通,发现良好的界面结合对铁/铝双金属管的塑性成型具有重要作用。