挤压态AZ31镁合金的拉压不对称性及微观组织

在考虑滑移和孪生两大塑性变形机制的基础上,通过修正的粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,模拟挤压态AZ31镁合金轴向拉-压过程中的力学行为及微观组织。结合EBSD实验与模拟,分析了不同变形机制对初始挤压态丝织构镁合金产生拉压不对称的机理以及塑性变形过程中的微观组织。结果表明,轴向拉伸变形初期以基面滑移系为主,由于基面滑移的施密特因子较低,导致屈服应力较高;随着应变的增加,棱柱面滑移成为主导变形机制,应变硬化率降低,应力-应变曲线较平稳;轴向压缩变形初期,临界剪切应力较低的拉伸孪晶大量开启导致屈服应力较低;随着拉伸孪晶相对活性的快速降低,应变硬化率迅速提高;轴向压缩后期,随着应力的持续升高,压缩孪晶开始启动,塑性变形积累的应力得到释放,导致应变硬化率降低。另外,从典型晶粒的颜色和孪晶迹线方面解释了沿ED方向压缩时孪晶体积分数较小的原因。     

孪生诱发软化与强化效应的Cu晶体塑性行为模拟

基于晶体塑性理论,考虑孪生软化效应建立了描述孪晶形核、增殖和长大的位错密度基晶体塑性有限元模型。应用该模型揭示了不同晶体取向Cu单晶拉伸变形过程中位错滑移、孪生激活及其交互作用下的宏观塑性行为演化规律,进一步分析了Cu多晶拉伸变形过程中晶粒间交互作用对孪生软化、应变硬化等宏观塑性行为的影响。结果表明：孪生具有明显的取向效应,在孪生主导塑性条件下,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中孪晶增殖导致应力-应变曲线存在明显的应力突降现象,其塑性变形分为滑移、孪生及位错与孪晶交互作用3个阶段;此外,随着饱和孪晶体积分数增加,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中第3阶段的应变硬化率也随之提升。进一步模拟Cu多晶拉伸变形的塑性行为可知,在晶粒间交互作用下孪晶形核、增殖和长大过程中不会出现应力突降现象,与Cu单晶相比整个塑性变形过程具有更高的应变硬化率;Cu多晶塑性变形过程中位错密度在晶界处出现集中现象,孪晶也容易在晶界处形成。     

孪生诱发软化与强化效应的Cu晶体塑性行为模拟

基于晶体塑性理论,考虑孪生软化效应建立了描述孪晶形核、增殖和长大的位错密度基晶体塑性有限元模型。应用该模型揭示了不同晶体取向Cu单晶拉伸变形过程中位错滑移、孪生激活及其交互作用下的宏观塑性行为演化规律,进一步分析了Cu多晶拉伸变形过程中晶粒间交互作用对孪生软化、应变硬化等宏观塑性行为的影响。结果表明：孪生具有明显的取向效应,在孪生主导塑性条件下,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中孪晶增殖导致应力-应变曲线存在明显的应力突降现象,其塑性变形分为滑移、孪生及位错与孪晶交互作用3个阶段;此外,随着饱和孪晶体积分数增加,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中第3阶段的应变硬化率也随之提升。进一步模拟Cu多晶拉伸变形的塑性行为可知,在晶粒间交互作用下孪晶形核、增殖和长大过程中不会出现应力突降现象,与Cu单晶相比整个塑性变形过程具有更高的应变硬化率;Cu多晶塑性变形过程中位错密度在晶界处出现集中现象,孪晶也容易在晶界处形成。     

商业纯钛拉压塑性变形行为与机理

通过拉伸和压缩试验,获得了商业纯钛在不同温度和不同应变速率下的拉伸和压缩应力-应变关系,对比分析了拉压变形路径、变形温度和应变速率对商业纯钛塑性变形行为的影响;建立了Zener-Hollomon模型,获得了变形温度和应变速率对商业纯钛压缩变形加工硬化的作用规律及商业纯钛压缩变形加工图;基于电子背散射衍射技术,获得了商业纯钛晶粒取向分布,结合拉压变形特性阐明了商业纯钛拉伸塑性变形机理主要是滑移,压缩塑性变形机理主要分为滑移-孪生-滑移3个阶段。     

基于位错密度的Fe-22Mn-0.6C型TWIP钢物理本构模型研究

基于位错密度及孪晶体积分数的演化,建立了Fe-22Mn-0.6C孪晶诱导塑性(TWIP)钢滑移和孪生的塑性物理本构模型,该模型考虑了孪晶内的滑移对整体塑性变形的贡献及孪晶区和基体区Taylor因子的差异,采用基体滑移、孪晶区孪生和滑移的加权求和描述微区塑性变形.考虑应变速率对热激活应力的影响,进一步建立了应变速率与屈服应力之间的关系.采用Euler法对该模型进行数值计算,将计算结果与实验结果进行对比,其平均相对误差值只有0.84%,相对于不考虑孪晶区滑移的模型和考虑孪晶区滑移但未考虑Taylor因子差异的模型,平均误差分别降低1.1%和2.9%.分析了孪晶与滑移机制的相互作用及对宏观变形的影响,结果表明,孪生速率与滑移速率之间负相关,孪生速率增大滑移速率减小;孪生趋于饱和时,孪生速率降低而滑移速率迅速增加;应变速率增加屈服应力增大,而对应变硬化率无显著影响.     

纯钛晶粒间反应应力对低轧制变形量取向变化的影响

用扫描电镜和背散射电子衍射技术观察了低轧制变形量工业纯钛晶粒取向与形状的变化,统计观测分析了变形过程中实际开动的滑移系,研究了变形过程中晶粒间的力学交互作用及其对滑移系开动和取向演变的影响。用Sachs模型和反应应力模型(RS模型)模拟计算了晶粒变形过程中开动的滑移系及取向的演变。结果显示,工业纯钛多晶体中各晶粒的塑性应变并不符合Taylor变形原则,Sachs模型能够部分地揭示滑移系的开动过程和取向演变的趋势。晶粒的塑性变形不仅取决于外应力的作用,晶粒间的反应应力也会对滑移系的开动和取向演变产生重要影响。采用基于晶粒间交互作用的反应应力模型可以更全面的揭示滑移系的开动过程,更准确的预测变形后的晶粒取向。晶粒间反应应力的高低受多种因素影响,其中,晶粒自身取向及其与周围晶粒取向关系对反应应力大小有重要影响。     

工业纯钛机械孪晶演化及其对纯钛低温力学性能的影响

对工业纯钛(TA2)在液氮介质中机械孪晶随应变量的变化规律以及孪晶对晶粒尺寸的依赖性进行了研究。结果表明:在静拉伸过程中孪晶分数随应变量的增加而增加,孪晶的形成主要在均匀塑性变形阶段,尤其在塑性变形的初期,颈缩后孪晶分数增加缓慢。孪晶形貌的演化规律为:在变形的初始阶段生成孪晶的尺寸比较大,在随后的塑性变形中又发生破碎,最终形成一些孪晶密集的区域。低温下纯钛的塑性变形方式为孪生和滑移共同作用。粗晶粒(55μm)和细晶粒(18μm)的纯钛在室温和低温下的拉伸实验结果表明,晶粒的粗化没有降低纯钛的塑性,低温下粗、细晶粒纯钛的塑性均比室温下的高。这种现象与纯钛低温下活跃的孪生密切相关。     

基于VPSC仿真的ZK60镁合金拉伸变形行为

通过实验和粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,研究了在室温下挤压态ZK60镁合金沿不同方向拉伸时的变形机制开动情况,及其与流动曲线、织构演变和显微组织的对应关系。通过调节VPSC模型的参数,建立了滑移和孪生耦合的晶体塑性力学模型。比较了不同方向拉伸过程中织构演变的差异,分析了变形机制对屈服不对称性的影响。实验和模拟结果表明：当沿垂直于挤压方向（PED）拉伸时,由于｛102｝孪晶开动,大部分晶粒发生大角度旋转（约90°）。柱面<a>滑移是导致ZK60合金沿不同方向拉伸时出现明显屈服不对称的主要变形机理。当ZK60合金沿挤压方向（ED）拉伸时,由于晶粒的择优取向分布,｛101｝孪晶难以开动,导致ZK60挤压态镁合金拉伸屈服强度较高。ZK60镁合金沿着与ED成45°的方向拉伸时,屈服应力高于沿PED拉伸,但随着拉应力逐渐增大,由于沿PED拉伸时柱面<a>滑移逐渐开动,沿PED应变后期的应力曲线逐渐高于沿与ED成45°方向应变的应力曲线。     

Cu极薄带轧制中滑移与变形的晶体塑性有限元模拟

为了定量描述晶粒取向和结构对极薄带轧制微观塑性变形非均匀性的影响,采用晶体塑性有限元方法(CPFEM)和Voronoi图的多晶模型,考虑试样尺寸、晶粒尺寸、晶体取向及其分布,模拟了不同厚度Cu极薄带在相同压下率条件下的滑移与变形行为,得到了介观尺度上Cu极薄带的微观应力-应变和启动滑移系分布.模拟获得的应力-应变曲线和实验测得的曲线基本一致,验证了晶体塑性有限元模型的准确性.通过对40%压下率Cu极薄带轧制变形的研究表明,无论是在晶粒内部还是在晶粒间,材料内部的变形都非常不均匀,这种不均匀性主要是由初始晶粒取向和结构不同、近邻晶粒取向差以及变形时滑移系的运动特性和晶粒旋转不同引起的.滑移系首先在自由表面和晶界处被激活,而后引起晶粒内部滑移系的启动与运动.     

初始织构对AZ31镁合金孪生和织构演化的影响

为研究AZ31镁合金变形孪晶和塑性各向异性,基于率相关晶体塑性本构理论,采用有限元方法建立了具有不同初始织构的镁合金模型（包含滑移和孪生变形机制）,并引入孪晶体积分数,研究其压缩过程中织构演变、孪生和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明：晶体的塑性行为在很大程度上取决于初始织构,初始织构的差异导致了压缩行为的明显各向异性,轴向屈服强度和抗拉伸强度高,径向屈服强度和抗拉伸强度低。压缩塑性变形过程中随着变形量的增加,激活孪晶体积分数增高,且径向压缩激活孪晶体积分数越高,轴向压缩激活孪晶体积分数越低。模拟中出现明显孪晶的点与应力突变的点相吻合,当孪晶体积分数达到一定值时,应力发生突变,此时晶体取向发生显著变化,新的滑移系启动,反映了滑移和孪晶机制耦合对AZ31镁合金力学性能的影响。     

动态压缩条件下高纯钛微观组织特征研究

利用光学显微镜(OM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对高纯钛低-中应变动态压缩变形的微观组织特征进行了研究。结果表明：随着应变量(ε)的增加,晶粒内部通过孪晶与孪晶,孪晶与位错以及位错与位错之间的交互作用逐步细化原始晶粒;变形初期,形变孪生以{11-22}孪晶为主,当ε达到0.2后,{10-12}孪晶转变为主要形变孪生类型,孪生改变了原始晶粒的取向,进一步促进晶粒内部的位错滑移。高纯钛动态压缩变形经历了由位错滑移到形变孪生,再到位错滑移主导的过程,但位错滑移和孪生始终共同作用协调动态压缩变形。     

Plastic strain-induced grain refinement in the nanometer scale in a Mg alloy

By means of surface mechanical attrition treatment, nanometer-sized grains (with an average size of 30 ± 5 nm) were generated in the surface layer of a single-phase AZ91D alloy. Transmission electron microscopy investigations showed that the strain-induced grain refinement process in AZ91D alloy includes three steps. At the initial stage twinning dominates the plastic deformation and divides the coarse grains into finer twin platelets. With increasing strain, double twins and stacking faults form and a number of dislocation slip systems are activated, including basal plane systems, prismatic plane systems and pyramidal plane systems. As a result of the dislocation slip along these systems and of the cross slips, high-density dislocation arrays are formed which further subdivide the twin platelets into subgrains. Obvious evidence of dynamic recrystallization were identified within the high-strain-energy subgrains with a further increase of strain, leading to the formation of nano-sized grains in the surface layer.     

Microstructural Evolution and Biodegradation Response of Mg-2Zn-0.SNd Alloy During Tensile and Compressive Deformation

The effect of deformation behavior on the in vitro corrosion rate of Mg-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy was investigated experimentally after uniaxial tensile and compressive stress.The microstructure and texture were characterized using electron backscattered diffraction and X-ray diffraction,while potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests were used to investigate the cor-rosion response after deformation.The result reveals that applied compressive stress has more dominant effect on the corro-sion rate of Mg-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy as compared to tensile stress.Both tensile and compressive strains introduce dislocation slip and deformation twins in the alloy,thereby accelerating the corrosion rate due to the increased stress corrosion related to dislocation slips and deformation twins.The { 10(1)2} tension twinning and prismatic slip were the major contributors to tensile deformation while basal slip,and { 10(1)2} tension twin were obtainable during compressive deformation.The twinning activity after deformation increases with the plastic strain and this correlates with the degradation rate.     

Simulation of deformation twins and deformation texture in an AZ31 Mg alloy under uniaxial compression

To investigate deformation twins and the evolution of deformation texture during plastic deformation, uniaxial compression tests on a hot-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy were carried out at 200 °C. Cylindrical specimens were then compressed in both the rolling and the normal directions. The findings revealed that texture evolution, work hardening and macroscopic anisotropy are strongly dependent on the loading direction. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis was used to examine the orientation of parent grains and twin bands in the AZ31 Mg alloy under uniaxial compression. A viscoplastic self-consistent model (VPSC) was theoretically employed to calculate the relative activities of slip and twin systems in polycrystalline hexagonal aggregates under uniaxial compression. Each deformed grain exhibited an independent number and type of twin variants under uniaxial compression. Neutron diffraction was used to measure the macroscopic texture of the AZ31 Mg alloy. The VPSC model was used to simulate texture evolution, work hardening and macroscopic anisotropy during the uniaxial compression. A modified predominant twin reorientation (PTR) scheme was suggested to explain the gradual increase in twin volume in deformed grains.     

拉伸变形对Hastelloy C-276合金组织与力学性能的影响

采用金相(OM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)以及拉伸实验等技术手段研究了不同变形量条件下Hastelloy C-276合金薄板的组织演化特征和力学性能。结果表明:变形量小于14%时,位错优先在晶界附近塞积,并产生局部应变集中;变形量在14%~30%范围内,孪晶界附近及晶粒内部产生大量位错,位错滑移引起晶粒内部应变集中增强;变形量由0%增加至30%,晶界应变集中程度因子先增大后减小,变形量为14%时晶界应变集中程度因子最大。利用Ludwigson模型回归拟合了不同变形条件下的真应力-真应变曲线,随变形量的增加,材料的加工硬化程度提高,加工硬化速率减小,发生单滑移向多滑移转变的临界应变减小。     

Simulation of stress concentration in Mg alloys using the crystal plasticity finite element method

A crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM), considering both crystallographic slip and deformation twinning, was developed to simulate the spatial stress concentration in AZ31 Mg alloys during in-plane compression. A predominant twin reorientation (PTR) model was successfully implemented to capture grain reorientation due to deformation twinning in twin-dominated deformation. By using the direct mapping technique for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data, CPFEM can capture the heterogeneity of stress concentration at the grain boundaries in AZ31 Mg alloys during in-plane compression. The model demonstrated that deformation twinning enhances the local stress concentration at the grain boundaries between untwinned and twinned grains.     

Strain heterogeneity and damage nucleation at grain boundaries during monotonic deformation in commercial purity titanium

Heterogeneous strain was analyzed in polycrystalline, commercial-purity titanium using many experimental techniques that provide information about microstructure, dislocation arrangement, grain orientation, orientation gradients, surface topography, and local strain gradients. The recrystallized microstructure with 50–200 μm grains was extensively characterized before and after deformation using 4-point bending to strains between 2% and 15%. Extremely heterogeneous deformation occurred along some grain boundaries, leading to orientation gradients exceeding 10° over 10–20 μm. Patches of highly characterized micro-structure were modeled using crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) analysis to simulate the deformation to evaluate the ability of the CPFE model to capture local deformation processes. Damage nucleation events were identified that are associated with twin interactions with grain boundaries. Progress toward identifying fracture initiation criteria based upon slip and twin interactions with grain boundaries is illustrated with related CPFE simulations of deformation in a TiAl alloy.     

Role of discrete intragranular slip on lattice rotations in polycrystalline Ni: Experimental and micromechanical studies

In this paper, a new micromechanical approach accounting for the discreteness of intragranular slip is used to derive the local misorientations in the case of plastically deformed polycrystalline nickel in uniaxial tension. This intragranular microstructure is characterized in particular single slip grains by atomic force microscopy measurements in the early stage of plastic deformation. The micromechanical modelling accounts for the individual grain size, the spatial distances between active slip bands and the magnitude of slip in bands. The slip bands are modelled using discrete distributions of circular super glide dislocation loops constrained at grain boundaries for a spherical grain boundary embedded in an infinite matrix. In contrast with classic mean field approaches based on Eshelby’s plastic inclusion concept, the present model is able to capture different intragranular behaviours between near grain boundary regions and grain interiors. These theoretical results are quantitatively confirmed by local electron backscatter diffraction measurements regarding intragranular misorientation mapping with respect to a reference point in the centre of the grain.