增材制造技术的应用及其发展

增材制造技术,也称3D打印技术,是一种采用材料逐渐累加的方法制造实体零件的技术,由于具有成形速度快、材料利用率高、生产周期短与数字化程度高等特点,近20年来成为各国科学家研究的热点。随着激光技术、计算机技术、CAD/CAM等技术的快速发展,增材制造技术在航空航天、汽车生产、生物制造、建筑设计等诸多工程领域得到了广泛的应用。介绍了增材制造技术的主要分类、工作原理、应用领域及其国内外研究现状,总结了各类关键技术所面临的问题,并讨论了其未来发展趋势。     

多材料增材制造技术进展

介绍了激光增材制造以及粘结剂喷射、材料喷射、光固化、多材料熔融沉积等多种制造技术在多材料增材制造中的应用和发展;将激光增材制造技术分为涂层结构、梯度孔隙结构、功能梯度结构、多功能梯度耦合结构4个发展阶段;提出了多材料增材制造技术的发展路线;提出了多材料增材制造技术在复杂结构成形,面向声、光、电磁等多物理场的多材料协同制造,以及面向尖端技术领域的应用前景。     

增材制造成型机械超材料的研究进展及展望

增材制造技术解除了传统制造方法对零件结构的限制,使越来越多复杂结构的“自由制造”成为可能。超材料的出现打破了自然界传统结构在性能上的限制,实现了许多自然结构无法实现的功能。随着增材制造技术的日益成熟,对于高性能、轻量化构件的需求愈来愈强烈,而超材料在具有自然结构所不具备的超常物理性质前提下,进一步实现了超强超轻的机械目标。增材制造的技术特点消除了超材料的制造约束,提高了超材料的潜力,为结构复杂的机械超材料的成型提供了一种有效的方法。零泊松比结构是一种特殊的机械超材料,它优异的性能引起人们的广泛关注。总结了目前国内外增材制造技术成型机械超材料的相关研究进展和激光选区熔化成型具有零泊松比特性的板壳晶格结构的设计难点,并对其发展进行了展望。     

激光增材制造技术制备高熵合金的研究进展

目前基于焓变的传统合金化材料设计理念趋于极限,而基于熵变设计的新型金属材料,中高熵合金设计自由度大弥补了亚稳态材料室温脆性以及亚稳晶化的不足且在性能上不断取得突破。激光增材制造技术具有了不同于传统加工设计和制造理念,为推动先进合金材料的发展提供了新的可能,已经成为链接材料与产品的关键技术。本文基于不同维度的激光增材制造技术,从2D、3D和4D三种维度分别介绍了激光熔覆技术制备高熵合金涂层、3D打印技术制备高熵合金和4D打印技术制备高熵高温形状记忆合金的研究现状,并结合目前研究中所面临的关键技术问题及解决方案进行了讨论,最后对激光增材制造技术制备先进合金材料进行了总结和展望。     

增材制造之有色金属材料标准研究

正增材制造技术是近30年快速发展的特种加工技术,其优势在于三维结构的快速和自由制造,被广泛应用于新产品开发、单件小批量制造。本文阐述了增材制造技术的概述、国内外发展现状与趋势以及增材制造用有色金属材料标准的发展现状。增材制造,又称"3D打印"技术,是当前受到高度关注的新制造技术。增材制造是采用材料逐渐累加的方法制造实体零件的技术,相对于传统的材料去除-切削加工技术,是一种"自下而上"的制造方法,体现了信息网络技术与先     

激光增材制造钛合金温度场数值模拟

利用ANSYS软件生死单元法,建立了激光增材制造钛合金温度场数值模型,模型中考虑了材料的相变潜热、材料的热物性参数随温度的变化以及激光增材过程中的热传导及与外界的换热;分析了激光扫描速度、激光功率对激光增材制造钛合金温度场的影响。结果表明:随激光功率的提高,激光扫描到相同位置的最大温度增加;随激光扫描速度的增加,激光扫描到相同位置的最大温度降低;在激光增材制造过程,由于激光束在空间的位置随时间的变化而改变,在激光扫描到增材区域,该区域温度快速增加;在激光离开增材区域时,由于热传导、与外界换热等综合作用,该区域的温度快速降低。     

3D打印技术在钛合金构件生产中的应用

3D打印钛合金适合于制备复杂形状构件,可减少生产工序,并提高材料利用率。近年来,为制备结构更为复杂的钛合金结构件,同时进一步降低成本,并缩短生产周期,3D打印增材制造技术在钛合金构件生产中获得快速发展。系统介绍了3D打印技术在钛合金铸件生产中的应用优势、分类及工艺特点、现状及发展方向。     

激光增材技术制备金属基石墨烯复合材料

增材制造技术（3D打印）是先进制造技术的重要发展方向,已经应用到航空航天、汽车工业、生物医学等重要领域中。自2004年首次剥离出单层石墨烯后,石墨烯等二维晶体材料逐渐成为了复合材料领域的研究热点。其表现出的优良力学性能及导电导热性使其更加适用于增强相材料。石墨烯与金属合金复合,通过调整石墨烯增强相的含量和分布,有望大幅提高金属基体材料的力学强度、导电导热等性能,获得性能优异的结构功能一体化材料。激光增材制造技术和石墨烯纳米片高比表面积和各向异性的优点相结合,对石墨烯与金属粉末进一步加工混合,再逐层打印构造3D 结构,已成为一个全新的研究方向,正在引领着第四代工业革命的进展。本文以激光增材制造技术为主体,从三个角度综述激光增材制造技术制备金属基石墨烯复合材料的研究进展,即激光增材制造技术制备石墨烯铝、镍及其他金属基复合材料,对比了形成工艺以及材料的性能,并分析了今后可能的发展方向。     

激光增材制造铝合金及其复合材料研究进展

激光增材制造过程无需模具,可以实现复杂零部件的快速制造。对激光增材制造技术特点、激光增材制造铝合金及其复合材料的研究进展进行了综述,对目前研究中遇到的问题及发展方向提出一些看法。     

多孔金属激光增材制造研究进展

激光增材制造技术具有柔性化程度高、适应性强、材料利用率高、近净成形等特点,被广泛的应用于兼具功能和结构作用的多孔金属的制备。多孔金属激光增材制造技术按孔形成机制的不同可分为直接成孔法、添加造孔剂法以及结构设计成孔法。在介绍多孔金属激光增材制造国内外研究现状的基础上,指出各制备工艺的特点,并展望了多孔金属激光增材制造技术的发展趋势。     

电子束选区熔化成形TC4合金显微组织与性能的研究进展

随着现代制造业的不断发展,增材制造技术获得了越来越多的应用,电子束选区熔化技术（EBSM）是一种粉末床熔融技术,是目前应用最为广泛的增材制造技术之一,可以成形出具有复杂结构和形状的高性能金属零件。成形工艺参数和热处理是影响电子束选区熔化成形TC4合金显微组织与性能的重要因素和主要调控手段,从这两方面对其进行综述,并展望其未来发展方向。     

Quantification of surface roughness of parts processed by laminated object manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is essentially performed using a layered manufacturing (LM) process. Because more complex 3D physical models can be efficiently fabricated without geometric limitation by the technology, a remarkable reduction in production life cycle has been achieved. However, due to the LM process, a deterioration of the surface quality of the parts processed by AM may occasionally occur, which is the primary reason that the surface problem has been a key issue in AM. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to quantify the surface roughness of the parts processed by laminated object manufacturing (LOM), which is a typical technology in AM. The surface profiles of the parts were investigated, a schematic was constructed by considering the LOM process factor geometrically, and a theoretical approach to quantify average surface roughness according to surface angle variation is presented. The expressions required for numerical computation were deduced and defined. By comparing the measured data and computed values, the proposed approach was verified. Additionally, the effects of the process variables related to surface quality were evaluated and analyzed.     

Additive Manufacturing of Ceramic Heat Exchanger: Opportunities and Limits of the Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing (LCM)

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques allow the preparation of tailor-made structures for specific applications with a high flexibility in regard to shape and design. The lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) technology allows the AM of high-performance alumina and zirconia components. There are still some restrictions in regard to possible geometries. The opportunities and limits of the LCM technology are discussed in the following paper using the example of ceramic heat exchangers. Structures are presented which combine a large surface for heat exchange with a small component volume and low pressure drop. This paper concludes summarizing the essential remarks.     

国内外电子束熔丝沉积增材制造技术发展现状

随着增材制造技术的不断发展,各种增材制造技术,如电弧增材制造、激光增材制造和电子束增材制造等,在其相应的领域内展开了广泛的研究.文中总结了电子束熔丝沉积增材制造技术的特点.重点介绍了国内外对电子束熔丝沉积技术开展的研究工作,简要介绍了国内外学者在电子束熔丝沉积技术设备和工艺方面取得的最新研究成果.分析了电子束熔丝沉积技术目前亟需展开的研究工作,并展望了该技术应向活泼难熔金属、复合材料、梯度材料制备与大型复杂构件的增材制造等方向发展.     

Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of an important, rapidly emerging, manufacturing technology that is alternatively called additive manufacturing (AM), direct digital manufacturing, free form fabrication, or 3D printing, etc. A broad contextual overview of metallic AM is provided. AM has the potential to revolutionize the global parts manufacturing and logistics landscape. It enables distributed manufacturing and the productions of parts-on-demand while offering the potential to reduce cost, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. This paper explores the material science, processes, and business consideration associated with achieving these performance gains. It is concluded that a paradigm shift is required in order to fully exploit AM potential.     

增材制造技术的发展

增材制造技术是近30年快速发展的特种加工技术,其优势在于三维结构的快速和自由制造,被广泛应用于新产品开发、单件小批量制造。通过对增材制造技术设备和应用情况的介绍,阐述了我国增材制造技术的发展趋势和关键技术。未来增材制造技术将向着三个方向发展:一是日常消费品制造方向;二是功能零件制造方向;三是组织与结构一体化制造方向。     

增材制造钽及多孔钽的研究进展

金属钽是一种具有优异耐腐蚀性、生物相容性和介电性能的难熔金属材料,因而被广泛应用于高温技术、电子技术、耐腐工程、原子能以及医疗等行业。增材制造技术能够实现复杂钽金属零件的一体化成形,并且材料利用率高、可实现个性化定制。本文介绍了增材制造用球形金属钽粉的研究现状,评述了钽金属粉末及增材制造成形后的组织和性能研究及应用进展,分析了钽金属增材制造技术当前存在的一些问题,并对该技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

Additive Manufacturing: Making Imagination the Major Limitation

Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to an advanced technology used for the fabrication of three-dimensional near-net-shaped functional components directly from computer models, using unit materials. The fundamentals and working principle of AM offer several advantages, including near-net-shape capabilities, superior design and geometrical flexibility, innovative multi-material fabrication, reduced tooling and fixturing, shorter cycle time for design and manufacturing, instant local production at a global scale, and material, energy, and cost efficiency. Well suiting the requests of modern manufacturing climate, AM is viewed as the new industrial revolution, making its way into a continuously increasing number of industries, such as aerospace, defense, automotive, medical, architecture, art, jewelry, and food. This overview was created to relate the historical evolution of the AM technology to its state-of-the-art developments and emerging applications. Generic thoughts on the microstructural characteristics, properties, and performance of AM-fabricated materials will also be discussed, primarily related to metallic materials. This write-up will introduce the general reader to specifics of the AM field vis-à-vis advantages and common techniques, materials and properties, current applications, and future opportunities.     

Design for additive manufacturing: Framework and methodology

In recent decades additive manufacturing (AM) has evolved from a prototyping to a production technology. It is used to produce end-use-parts for medical, aerospace, automotive and other industrial applications from small series up to 100,000 of commercially successful products. Metal additive manufacturing processes are relatively slow, require complex preparation and post-processing treatment while using expensive machinery, resulting in high production costs per product. Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) aims at optimizing the product design to deal with the complexity of the production processes, while also defining decisive benefits of the AM based product in the usage stages of its life cycle. Recent investigations have shown that the lack of knowledge on DfAM tools and techniques are seen as one of the barriers for the further implementation of AM. This paper presents a framework for DfAM methods and tools, subdivided into three distinct stages of product development: AM process selection, product redesign for functionality enhancement, and product optimization for the AM process chosen. It will illustrate the applicability of the design framework using examples from both research and industry.     

Additive Manufacturing of Composites and Complex Materials

Advanced composite materials form an important class of high-performance industrial materials used in weight-sensitive applications such as aerospace structures, automotive structures and sports equipment. In many of these applications, parts are made in small production runs, are highly customized and involve long process development times. Developments in additive manufacturing (AM) methods have helped in overcoming many of these limitations. The special topic of Additive Manufacturing of Composites and Complex Materials captures the state of the art in this area by collecting nine papers that present much novel advancement in this field. The studies under this topic show advancement in the area of AM of carbon fiber and graphene-reinforced composites with high thermal and electrical conductivities, development of new hollow glass particle-filled syntactic foam filaments for printing lightweight structures and integration of sensors or actuators during AM of metallic parts. Some of the studies are focused on process optimization or modification to increase the manufacturing speed or tuning manufacturing techniques to enable AM of new materials.