Nd对Mg-13Gd-0.5Zr合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪和电子拉伸试验机等设备研究了Nd对Mg-13Gd-0.5Zr合金组织和力学性能的影响,结合错配度理论、位错密度的变化规律讨论了合金晶粒细化的机理,并从细晶强化和析出强化等方面阐述了合金强化机制。研究发现Mg-13Gd-0.5Zr合金的组成相主要有α-Mg、Mg₅Gd,Nd的加入在合金中形成了新相Mg₄₁Nd₅,并细化了合金晶粒。Nd的加入显著提高了Mg-13Gd-0.5Zr合金的室温和高温力学性能,当Nd的添加量为2%时,合金在室温和高温下的力学性能达到最大值279(室温)、319 MPa(250 ℃),合金力学性能的提高主要归因于Mg₅Gd和Mg₄₁Nd₅相的析出强化和细晶强化的双重效果。Mg-13Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr合金在不同温度下的断裂方式主要以脆性断裂为主,随着拉伸温度的升高并由脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变。     

TiAl合金表面阴极微弧沉积Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>陶瓷涂层的生长过程与相组成

目的：利用阴极微弧沉积技术在预处理后的TiAl合金表面制备了Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>陶瓷涂层,研究了涂层的生长过程和相组成。方法：采用电子扫描电镜(SEM、EDS)、电子透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法,对Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>涂层的生长过程中的微观形貌、组织成分以及晶体结构的演变进行了研究与分析。结果：TiAl合金表面阴极微弧沉积过程中,在阴极表面发生非晶态Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>的吸附、脱水烧结形成Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>陶瓷涂层的沉积。结论：Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>涂层生长分前期Ⅰ、中期Ⅱ和后期Ⅲ三个阶段,前期起弧阻挡层被击穿,涂层生长较慢、组织致密且与基体结合良好;反应中期涂层生长较快,Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>不断吸附和脱水烧结,涂层结晶度提高;反应后期涂层生长速度变缓,表层组织疏松、多孔,相组成为87.5 %的α–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和12.5 %的γ–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>。     

等离子喷涂制备MoSi<sub>2</sub>-CoNiCrAlY复合涂层的高温氧化行为

以高能球磨法制备的纳米MoSi<sub>2</sub>-CoNiCrAlY复合粉末为喷涂材料,利用等离子喷涂技术在GH4169合金表面沉积了MoSi<sub>2</sub>-CoNiCrAlY复合涂层,并研究了GH4169基材和复合涂层合金试样在900°C静态大气环境下的循环氧化行为。结果表明：复合涂层表现出较好的抗高温氧化性能,其氧化速率仅为1.23×10<sub>-7</sub> mg<sub>2</sub>.cm<sub>-4</sub>.s<sub>-1</sub>,这归因于MoSi<sub>2</sub>在氧化早期形成了SiO<sub>2</sub>相,可以自封氧化膜。氧化后期SiO<sub>2</sub>的脱落,Mo<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>相的再次氧化生成MoO<sub>3</sub>和MoO<sub>2</sub>气相,以及MoSi<sub>2</sub>的内氧化直接气化,会降低涂层的抗氧化性能。     

组成相中微观应力和应变对钛合金力学性能的贡献

分析组成相对钛合金力学性能的贡献对组织设计极为重要。通过真实组织有限元模型定量分析了α<sub>p</sub>和β<sub>t</sub>中的应力和应变,并确定了他们对Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V钛合金强度和韧性的贡献。结果表明,α<sub>p</sub>和β<sub>t</sub>中的应力呈现正态分布。β<sub>t</sub>的峰值应力和应力峰高远大于α<sub>p</sub>。然而,α<sub>p</sub>具有较大的峰值应变,β<sub>t</sub>具有较大的应变峰高。随着α<sub>p</sub>体积分数从49%降低到12%,β<sub>t</sub>对抗拉强度的贡献从59%增加到92%,对失效应变的贡献从36%增加到75%。然而,随着β<sub>t</sub>贡献的增加,合金抗拉强度增加了17%,失效应变降低了21%。研究结果定量揭示了组成相对强度和韧性的贡献,为钛合金组织设计提供了基础。     

石墨烯掺杂和烧结温度对MgB<sub>2</sub>块体微观结构和超导性能的影响

我们采用未掺杂的粉末制备了MgB<sub>2</sub>块体作对比,研究了石墨烯掺杂对MgB<sub>2</sub>块材微观结构和超导性能的影响,研究了退火温度对石墨烯掺杂MgB<sub>2</sub>块材微观结构和超导性能的影响。对烧结后的样品采用XRD,SEM,SQUID进行了相组成,微观结构和超导性能等分析检测。研究发现石墨烯掺杂明显提高了MgB<sub>2</sub>超导材料的临界电流密度,在20 K和1 T磁场下,最大的临界电流密度达到1.8×10<sub>5</sub>A/cm<sub>2</sub>。     

TA32钛合金高温连续氧化行为研究

本文采用增重法研究了表面有/无喷涂高温润滑剂的TA32钛合金在热成形温度750℃~850℃范围内氧化10min-240h的氧化行为,通过SEM和EDS等微观分析方法对氧化层的表面形貌和成分、截面厚度和成分进行分析,并对氧化机理进行探讨。结果表明,750℃-850℃内的氧化行为均符合直线-抛物线规律,800℃～850℃内氧化速率迅速增加,氧化程度剧烈,温度是TA32钛合金氧化行为的重要影响因素之一。750℃时,氧化膜基本没有脱落,800℃时氧化膜部分脱落,温度升高到850℃时,氧化皮大块脱落。750℃-850℃内,随着保温时间的增加,氧化膜逐渐增厚,氧化物由颗粒状变为短棒状和针状,氧化皮逐渐由致密变得疏松多孔,抗氧化能力逐渐下降。TA32钛合金在750℃保温240h时,氧化层结构为：TiO₂和Al₂O₃/ TiO₂/ Al₂O₃/ TiO₂/基体;在800℃下氧化240h时,氧化层结构为：TiO₂和Al₂O₃/ Al₂O₃/ TiO₂/ Al₂O₃/ TiO₂/ Al₂O₃/ TiO₂/ Al₂O₃/ TiO₂/基体;在850℃下氧化240h时,表层氧化膜完全脱落。表面无喷涂试样和表面喷涂氮化硼的试样氧化规律一样,均符合直线-抛物线规律,但表面无喷涂试样的单位面积增重、氧化速率高于表面喷涂氮化硼的试样,氧化膜厚度也更厚,说明氮化硼有很好的抗氧化性能。表面喷涂氮化硼的TA32钛合金在750℃保温240h时,氧化层结构为：TiO₂和Al₂O₃/ TiO₂/ Al₂O₃/ TiO₂/Ti₃Al/基体。     

Zn_²⁺掺杂对共沉淀法制备Ce:Gd₃Ga₃Al₂O₁₂陶瓷粉体闪烁性能的影响

本文利用化学共沉淀法制备Zn_²⁺共掺的Ce:GAGG陶瓷粉体。研究了Zn_²⁺共掺的Ce:GAGG陶瓷前驱粉体的TG/DTA和FTIR曲线；分析了不同煅烧温度对Ce:GAGG陶瓷粉体相、形貌和颗粒度分布的影响；系统研究了Zn_²⁺含量对Ce:GAGG陶瓷粉体光致发光,辐射发光,激发光谱和荧光寿命的影响。研究表明：前驱粉体在883℃的相组成为GdAlO₃相和GAGG相；前驱粉体在煅烧温度为900℃时,完全转化为GAGG相；当煅烧温度为1200℃时,GAGG颗粒尺寸控制在20nm~60nm,分布均匀；随着 Zn_²⁺含量的变化,光致发光和辐射发光强度也相应变化,特别的,当Zn_²⁺含量为0.4mol%时,光致发光和辐射发光强度达到最大值；随着Zn_²⁺掺杂含量的上升,荧光寿命出现下降的趋势。因此,Zn_²⁺含量对Ce:GAGG陶瓷粉体的辐射发光具有明显的影响,对降低荧光寿命具有积极的作用,对于提高GAGG闪烁材料的快速响应具有重要意义。     

FeTe<sub>2</sub>化合物快速制备及电学输运性能研究

利用真空高温烧结的方法,在803K~923K的温度范围内快速合成了单相的合金化合物FeTe<sub>2</sub>。在制备温度为863.15K时,考查了不同保温时间对制备单相样品FeTe<sub>2</sub>的影响规律。制备出的样品进行了XRD和SEM分析,并在室温下对样品进行了电阻率和Seebeck系数的测试分析。研究结果表明：在温度803K~923K的温度范围内,采用高温烧结反应能够快速制备出单相的多晶体化合物FeTe<sub>2</sub>;制备出的样品内部均匀存在许多微米级孔洞。经室温电学性质测试,样品在制备温度为863.15K保温时间60min时获得最大Seebeck系数88.21μV/k。当制备温度为803.15K保温时间30min时,获得最小电阻率为7.86 mΩ.cm。样品在制备温度923.15K保温30min时,获得最大功率因子53.82 μW/(m.k<sub>2</sub>)。     

Cu/Al复合材料高温短时退火的组织与性能演变研究

将冷轧法制备的Cu/Al复合材料在475-525℃温度下退火1-8min,采用有限元软件模拟了Cu/Al复合材料在退火过程中的温度场,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)、电子背散射衍射(ESBD)、显微硬度计等研究了Cu/Al复合材料的显微组织与力学性能。结果表明：在Cu/Al复合材料界面依次生成了CuAl<sub>2</sub>、Cu<sub>9</sub>Al<sub>4</sub>和CuAl等3种金属间化合物,在Cu/Al界面层厚度小于4μm的退火工艺范围内,Cu和Al基体发生完全再结晶形成等轴晶,Cu、Al基体的显微硬度能够迅速的降低至低温长时间(350℃、1h)退火的硬度。另外,提出了金属间化合物初生相的形核机理,分析计算了高温短时退火工艺下的形核动力学,并提出了非等温条件下的金属间化合物生长厚度的经验数值方法。     

LZO对热障涂层中粘结层氧化的抑制行为研究

为了阐明LZO对热障涂层(TBCs)中粘结层氧化的抑制作用,利用爆炸喷涂(D-gun)在310S基体上制备NiCoCrAlY粘结层,大气等离子(APS)制备单陶瓷8YSZ涂层和双陶瓷LZO/8YSZ涂层。采用SEM、EDS和XRD表征了不同结构TBCs喷涂态及高温氧化后的微观组织和相结构。结果表明：1100 ℃下等温氧化(100小时)后双陶瓷LZO/8YSZ与单陶瓷8YSZ热障涂层相对氧化增重分别为2.82 mg/cm₂和3.13 mg/cm₂,TGO生长速率常数K_p分别为5.79×10_-2μm₂/h和6.26×10_-2μm₂/h,厚度分布范围分别为3.75-5.25 μm和5-5.5 μm。相比单陶瓷TBCs,LZO/8YSZ双陶瓷TBCs中粘结层表现出氧化增重少、TGO生长速率低、粘结层中β相转变慢等明显特征。     

Nd2O3对TaCr2合金组织和抗氧化性能的影响

采用机械合金化+热压工艺制备了TaCr_(2-x)Nd_2O_3(x=0,0.125,0.25,0.5,0.75,at%),研究了Nd_2O_3对TaCr_2合金组织及抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:Nd_2O_3主要存在于Ta固溶体中,对合金的物相和晶型不产生显著影响,合金仍以TaCr_2相为主,并含有少量富Ta相和Cr固溶体。Nd203的添加使得TaCr_2合金1200℃氧化100h的增重减少(仅为纯合金的47.9%);使氧化膜呈不连续的多层分布,且Nd203促进氧化层物相分层。     

Cf增强Ti/Al基层状复合材料的组织与性能研究

利用箔-纤维-箔（FFF）法结合真空热压（VHP）技术制备新型的Cf增强Ti/Al基层状复合材料。借助扫描电镜（SEM）,能谱分析（EDS）,X射线物衍射物相分析测试（XRD）,弯曲实验,压缩实验等对不同热压工艺参数下材料的组织及性能进行研究。结果表明,最佳热压工艺为700℃-30MPa-1h,材料弯曲强度可达469MPa,抗压强度可达324MPa。新型Cf增强Ti/Al基层状复合材料结构为韧-脆相交替的叠层,该结构可有效阻碍裂纹扩展并延长其扩展路径,吸收大量的断裂能,以此提高材料的性能。在Ti/Al界面处生成Al3Ti和Ti5Si3强化相;在Al/Cf界面处形成了Al4C3和SiC相。Si元素促进Ti、Al结合及强化相Ti5Si3的析出,并提高Al、C润湿性。     

Microstructure effects on the electrochemical corrosion properties of Mg – 4.1% Ga – 2.2% Hg alloy as the anode for seawater-activated batteries

Mg–Ga–Hg alloy is a new material with special electrochemical corrosion properties that make it ideal for use in seawater-activated battery anodes. The effects of microstructure and phase transformation on the electrochemical properties of the Mg – 4.1% Ga – 2.2% Hg alloy were studied and compared with Mg–Al system alloys. The results show that the Mg – 4.1% Ga – 2.2% Hg alloy, when used as an anode, has an appropriate corrosion potential in a half-cell test and superior electrochemical properties in a single cell assembled with CuCl. The Mg₃Hg and Mg₂₁Hg₅Ga₃ phases of the alloy influence its corrosion behaviour and provide a steady corrosion potential during the discharge process.     

Minor Ga addition to effectively inhibit PdSn4 growth between Sn solder and Pd substrate

PdSn₄ is the major reaction phase in the Sn-based or Sn–Ag–Cu solder joints with Pd substrate and it exhibits an extremely high growth rate. Ga is considered as a candidate alloying element in the Sn–Ag–Cu solders. This paper investigates the effects of Ga addition on the interfacial reactions between Pd and Sn–Ga (0.1wt.%–1wt.%Ga) solders by solid-state aging at 160, 180, and 200 °C and liquid-state aging at 250 °C. The most important finding is that minor Ga addition can effectively inhibit the fast PdSn₄ growth. In the solid-state reaction, with only 0.1wt.%Ga addition, the PdSn₄ growth was suppressed by ∼50%, compared with the pure Sn/Pd reaction. When the Ga content increased to 0.5wt.%, the PdSn₄ growth was further reduced by over 90%. In addition, a thin PdGa phase layer was formed at the interface between PdSn₄ and Pd, which was the main cause for the inhibition of PdSn₄ growth. The growth kinetics was systematically explored. The PdSn₄ growth had a higher activation energy for the higher Ga addition (>0.5wt.%). Furthermore, a similar reduction in the PdSn₄ growth was observed in the liquid-state reaction, but it was not as strong as in the solid-state reactions. The PdGa phase was not formed in the liquid-state reaction and the growth inhibition could be attributed to the Ga doping in the PdSn₄ lattice to retard the Sn diffusion.     

CP-Ti在含氟离子硝酸中表面附着物形成研究

钛具有优良的耐蚀性能,可长期工作在高浓度的沸腾硝酸介质中,是商业后处理较为理想的设备用材。本文采用SEM,EDS,XRD,XPS等表征手段对CP-Ti在含氟离子硝酸中试样表面出现的白色附着物进行分析,并解释其形成机理。结果表明：氟离子浓度在50 ppm以下时,CP-Ti腐蚀速率呈现由大到小并趋于稳定的规律;氟离子浓度在50 ppm及以上时,腐蚀速率呈现由大到小再变大的“v”型规律。试样表面的白色附着物的物相为TiO₂,其形成机理为：先是试样表面多孔膜的形成;其次是TiO₂以多孔膜上的孔为基点进行生长、脱落。     

The alpha prime to delta reversion transformation in Pu-Ga alloys

The α′→δ reversion transformation in stabilized δ phase Pu-Ga alloys containing 0.5 wt.% and 0.6 wt.% Ga was studied using dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The α′→δ reversion was observed to occur as a series of transformation bursts spread over a 20°C to 40°C temperature range. The enthalpy of the endothermic α′→δ reversion transformation was estimated to be approximately 0.56 J/g for the 0.6 wt.% Ga alloy. Lower gallium was found to raise the α′→δ reversion temperature in specimens cooled to −155°C from 44–48°C for 0.6 wt.% Ga to 92°C for 0.5 wt.% Ga. Repeated cycling to −155°C caused the reversion onset temperature to decrease by ∼10°C. Raising the minimum hold temperature from −150°C to −125°C caused the reversion onset temperature to decrease by 5–10°C. Annealing at 300–400°C was required to erase all traces of the effects of cold exposure; material heated to only 200°C after thermal cycling displayed decreased reversion onset temperatures during subsequent thermal cycling. For more information, contact D.S. Schwartz, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NMT Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545.     

Corrosion behavior of Zr−Nb alloys in 360°C water and 500°C supercritical water

The corrosion behavior of Zr−0.4 wt.%Nb and Zr−1.5 wt.%Nb alloys was investigated in 360°C water and 500°C supercritical water. The two Zr−Nb alloys showed a similar corrosion rate in both corrosion conditions. However, in the 500°C supercritical water, the corrosion rate was increased by 23 times when compared to that of the 360°C water based on the weight gain at 240 days. In terms of the relationship between the corrosion and the precipitate characteristic, the β−Nb precipitates in the Zr−Nb alloys were considered to play an important role in the excellent corrosion resistance in the 360°C water, but its beneficial effect was not maintained in the 500°C supercritical water. The oxide characterization revealed that the tetragonal phase stability was more easily decreased from the interface to the surface in the oxide formed in the 500°C supercritical water.     

Precipitation hardening and microstructures of rapidly solidified Mg−Zn−Ca−X alloys

Two quaternary magnesium alloys based on ternary Mg-5wt.%Zn-4wt.%Ca containing either Co(2wt.%) or Zr(0.5wt.%) were rapidly solidified using melt spinning. The nano-scale second phase distribution and thermal stability were studied using TEM, STEM and EDS system. Microhardness measurements conducted in the aged condition have identified that the Mg−Ca−Zn−Co alloy presented a peak value at 150°C followed by a hardness decrease. The Mg−Ca−Zn−Co alloy showed refined quaternary precipitates distributed along the cell boundary and a refined grain structure, yielding higher hardness values than the Mg−Ca−Zn−Zr alloy at all aging temperatures.