Temperature dependence of deformation mechanism in single crystal Ni-base superalloy

The tensile behavior of a new single crystal Ni-base superalloy was studied at various temperatures.Specimens were strained to fracture in the temperature range from 20 ℃ to 1 000 ℃. σ0.2 is essentially unaffected by temperatures between 20 ℃ and 400 ℃. At higher temperatures it increases until it reaches a maximum at about 800 ℃. Beyond 800 ℃ a sharp decrease of strength is observed. There is a slight fluctuation in ductility between 20 ℃ and 800 ℃. The elongation to fracture increases from 10% to 36% as the temperature increases from 800 ℃ to 1 000 ℃. The deformation is dominated by γ' shearing and the high-density dislocations are observed in matrix channels at low temperatures. The dislocation microstructure is inhomogeneous due to the formation of dislocation concentrations with high-density tangling at intermediate temperatures. The networks deposited at the γ'/γ'interfaces prevent dislocations from entering the γ' precipitates at high temperatures.     

Effect of anisotropy on microstructure and high temperature stress rupture properties of Ni3A1 base single crystal alloy

The effect of anisotropy on microstructure and high temperature stress rupture property of Ni3A1 base single crystal alloy was investigated. The single crystal specimens were produced by screw selection crystal method. The microstructures were examined by OM, SEM, TEM and X-ray EDS techniques. The stress rupture tests were can-led out in air by constant load creep machines under 1 100 ℃ and 130 MPa. The experimental results show that the dendrites preferential orientation deviates certain angles to heat flow orientation, and the secondary arms occur for different crystallographic orientations. The single crystal alloy with different orientations shows obvious anisotropy during tensile stress rupture tests under 1 100 ℃ and 130 MPa. The 〈111〉 orientation specimen has the best stress rupture life of 211 h. The high ductility at 1 100 ℃ of the 〈001〉 orientation specimen may be attributed to the most multiple equivalent slip systems.     

Anisotropic Stress Rupture Properties of a 3rd-Generation Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy at 1100℃/150 MPa

The influence of orientation on the stress rupture behaviors of a 3 rd-generation nickel-based single-crystal superalloy was investigated at 1100℃/150 MPa.It is found that the stress rupture anisotropy is shown at 1100℃,but not so obvious compared with that at intermediate temperatures.The [001] specimens display the longest rupture life,[111] specimens show the shortest rupture life,and [011] specimens exhibit the intermediate life.Detailed observations show that the final fracture is caused by crack initiation and propagation,and the anisotropy of three oriented specimens is related to the fracture modes,γ/γ' microstructures,interfacial dislocation networks and cutting mechanisms in y' phase.For [001] specimens,N-type rafted structures are formed which can well hinder the slip and climb of dislocations.Besides,the regular interfacial dislocation networks can prevent dislocations from cutting into y' phase,leading to the improvement of the creep resistance.For [011] specimens,±45°rafted structures and irregular networks result in less strain hardening.For [111] specimens,a large number of crack propagation paths and inhomogeneous deformations caused by irregular rafted structures deteriorate the property and result in the shortest life.Furthermore,a[100] superdislocations with low mobility are widely formed in[001] and [011] specimens which suggests the low creep strain rate during steady creep stage,whereas superdislocations in[111] specimens possess high mobility,which indicates the high strain rate and corresponding poor stress rupture property.     

Microstructure and stress-rupture property of an experimental single crystal Ni-base superalloy with different heat treatments

The influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and stress-rupture property at 1,100 °C/140 MPa was investigated in a 5.0 wt% Re containing experimental single crystal Ni-base superalloy. The results indicate that the γmorphology is nearly cuboidal in the dendrite core after conventional heat treatment. The lattice misfit of alloy becomes more negative after modified heat treatment and results in more cuboidal γ precipitates than that after conventional heat treatment. The increased stress-rupture life after modified heat treatment is attributed to higher γ volume fraction, more negative lattice misfit, well-rafted structure, and narrower c channel width.     

Crystallographic Texture Evolution of ■-Fe_4N and Its Influences on Tribological Property of Nitrided Steel

The crystallographic texture of ■-Fe4 N in compound layer and its influences on the tribological properties of nitrided steel 38 Cr Mo Al are investigated in the study. The preferred orientation of(200)■ is produced by low-temperature nitriding in atmosphere with low nitrogen–hydrogen ratio and increases with the nitriding time. The preferred orientation of(220)■ appears after 72 h cyclic nitriding. The orientation relationships(0001)_ε//(101)_■ and [110]_ε//[111]_■,(111)_■//(0001)_ε and 011_■//[1■10]_g,(200)■//(110)_■ and [011]_■//[111]_■, as well as (1■03)_ε //(220)_■ and [0100]_ε//[1■0]_■ are established by first-principles method. The misfit of interatomic distance(δ), determining the phase transition resistance, is calculated. Accordingly, two reaction pathways during nitriding, ■→■ and ■→ε→■, are assumed, which determines the preferred orientations of ■-Fe_4 N. Results of wear tests demonstrate that the specimen with preferred orientation of(200)■ exhibits lower frictional coefficient and lower wear rate in comparison with the specimen with(220)■ preferred orientation.(111)■ texture usually relates to the lower frictional coefficient but higher wear rate due to the main slip system parallel to the sliding plane. Therefore, the(200)■ preferred orientation has a positive significance in improving the wear properties of steels.     

Anisotropic plastic deformation behavior of B2-ordered Fe_3Al single crystals at room temperature

The tensile plastic deformation behavior of B2-ordered Fe3Al single crystals at room temperature was systematically investigated. The results show that the mechanical properties are strongly orientation dependent. The plastic elongation of crystals with orientation near [110] is as high as 42%. Slip trace anal ysis shows that although slip planes are found to change among {110}, {11 2} and {123} with the change in orientations, the initial slip planes in a ll c ases are {110}. Five-stage work hardening curve including four linear stages and one parabolic stage is obtained; but not all stages are observed in the a ctual deformation of each crystal. In combination with investigations of disloca tion substructure, it is found that deformations in stage Ⅰ～Ⅲ are corresponding to the motion of two-fold superdislocations. The higher work hardening rate of stage Ⅱ is mainly due to the stronger interactions between primary dislocations and secondary dislocations than those in stage Ⅲ. Deformation in stage Ⅳ involved is not only the motion of two-fold superdislocations but also the slip of dissociated superpartials with APB traps and the formation of APB tube, both of which are attributed to the hardening. Deformation in stage Ⅴ is control led by the cross slip of dissociated superpartials. The dominated softening effect of cross slip reduces the hardening rate and leads to the formation of para bolic stage.     

Obtaining Ultra-High Strength and Ductility in a Mg–Gd–Er–Zn–Zr Alloy via Extrusion,Pre-deformation and Two-Stage Aging

The Mg–12Gd–1Er–1Zn–0.9 Zr(wt%) alloy with ultra-high strength and ductility was developed via hot extrusion combined with pre-deformation and two-stage aging treatment.The age-hardening behavior and microstructure evolution were investigated.Pre-deformation introduced a large number of dislocations,resulting in strain hardening and higher precipitation strengthening in the subsequent two-stage aging.As a result,the alloy showed a superior strength–ductility balance with a yield strength of 506 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of 549 MPa and an elongation of 8.2% at room temperature.The finer and denser β' precipitates significantly enhanced the strength,and the bimodal structure,small β-Mg_5RE phase as well as dense γ' precipitates ensured the good ductility of the alloy.It is suggested that the combination of pre-deformation and two-stage aging treatment is an eff ective method to further improve the mechanical properties of wrought Mg alloys.     

DISLOCATION PINNING IN HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFORMED Ni3（Al,Ti） SINGLE CRYSTALS CONTAINING DISORDERED γ PRECIPITATES

A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation has been performed on the dislocation pinning in L12-ordered Ni3(Al,Ti) containing disordered γ precipitates. The morphology of defor?鄄mation induced dislocations in the γ' base alloys containing fine dispersion of disordered γ was investigated by means of weak-beam electron microscopy. The superdislocations are strongly at?鄄tracted to the disordered particles and dissociate on the (111) plane in the γ particles, while they dissociate on the (010) plane in the γ' matrix. The disordered γ precipitates play an important role as a pinning point during the cross-slip of superdislocations from (111) to (010) planes in the γ' matrix and restrain the cross-slip of superdislocations. The interaction of superdislocations with disordered particles causes the formation of superkinks, jogs and closed loops.     

Anisotropic plastic deformation behavior of B2—ordered Fe1Al single crystals at room temperature

The tensile plastic deformation behavior of B2-ordered Fe3Al single crystals at room temperature was systematically investigated.The results show that the mechanical properties are strongly orientation dependent.The plastic elongation of crystals with orientation near[110]is as high as 42%.Slip trace analysis shows that although slip planes are found to change among {110},{112}and {123}with the change in orientations,the initial slip planes in all cases are{110},Five-stage work hardening curve including four linear stages and one parabolic stage in obtained;but not all stages are observed in the actual deformation of each crystal.In combination with investigations of dislocation substructure,it is found that deformations in stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ are corresponding to the motion of two-fold superdislocations.The higher work hardening rate of stage Ⅱ is mainly due to the stronger interactions between primary dislocations and secondary dislocations than those in stage Ⅲ.Deformation in stage Ⅳ involved is not only the motion of two-fold superdislocations but also the slip of dissociated superpartials with APB traps and the formation of APB tube,both of which are attributed to the hardening.Deformation in stage Ⅴ is comtrolled by the cross slip of dissociated superpartials.The dominated softening effect of cross slip reduces the hardening rate and leads to the formation of parabolic stage.     

Study of Dislocation Boundary Structure in Al–Li Alloy During Bending

The dislocation boundary structures of 2060-T8 alloy during bending were investigated by backscattered electron imaging, electron backscattered diffraction, and misorientation axes maps. Experimental result shows that typical dislocation boundary structures, which depend on grains' orientation, are formed in grains during bending. The microstructure of type A is mainly observed in grains near brass, copper, and Goss orientations; microstructure of type B is mainly found in grains near S orientation; microstructure of type C is mainly seen in grains near Cube orientation. The angle between geometrically necessary boundaries(GNBs) and force axis is in the range of-45° to-30° and 30° to 45°.Most of the GNBs are approximately parallel to the trace of {111} slip planes which are identified by Schmid factor analysis.     

Effects of Crystal Orientations on the Low-Cycle Fatigue of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy at 980 °C

The influence of crystal orientations on the low-cycle fatigue(LCF) behavior of a 3Re-bearing Ni-based single-crystal superalloy at 980 °C has been investigated. It is found that the orientation dependence of the fatigue life not only depends on the elastic modulus, but also the number of active slip planes and the plasticity of materials determine the LCF life,especially for the [011] and [111] specimens. The [011] and [111] specimens with better plasticity withstand relatively concentrated inelastic deformation caused by fewer active slip planes, compared to the [001] specimens resisting widespread deformation caused by a higher number of active slip planes. Additionally, fatigue fracture is also influenced by cyclic plastic deformation mechanisms of the alloy with crystal orientations, and the [001] specimens are plastically deformed by wave slip mechanism and fracture along the non-crystallographic plane, while the [011] and [111] specimens are plastically deformed by planar slip mechanism and fracture along the crystallographic planes. Moreover, casting pores,eutectics, inclusions and surface oxide layers not only initiate the crack, but also reduce the stress concentration around crack tips. Our results throw light upon the effect of inelastic strain on the LCF life and analyze the cyclic plastic deformation for the alloy with different orientations.     

Effect of Interactions Among Elements on Diffusion Process Associated with γ′ Coarsening in a Ni-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy

Coarsening of cuboidal γ' precipitates and relevant diffusion process in Ni-based single-crystal superalloy CMSX-4 were investigated at 1000,1020 and 1040℃ for specific times.The y' coarsening kinetics followed a cubic rate law with time and was presumably controlled by bulk diffusion of elements in y matrix.The associated diffusion activation energy was experimentally determined to be about 300 kJ/mol when it is considered the temperature-dependent thermo-physical parameters in modified Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory.The influence of temperature on γ/γ' microstructure is briefly discussed based on pseudo-binary [Ni]-[Al] phase diagram.Interactions among elements can effectively raise the local vacancy formation and vacancy-atom exchange barriers close to γ-and γ'-partitioning elements,respectively.Thus,it can significantly reduce the inter-coupling migrations of atoms during the macroscopic cross-diffusion process associated with γ' coarsening of Ni-based superalloys.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Evolution of Interfacial Dislocation Network and Stress Distribution of a Ni-Based SingleCrystal Superalloy

The evolution of misfit dislocation network at γ/γ' phase interfaces and the stress distribution characteristics of Ni-based single-crystal superalloys under different temperatures of 0,100 and 300 K are studied by molecular dynamics(MD) simulation.It was found that a closed three-dimensional misfit dislocation network appears on the γ/γ' phase interfaces,and the shape of the dislocation network is independent of the lattice mismatch.Under the influence of the temperature,the dislocation network gradually becomes irregular,all[110]dislocations in the y matrix phase emit and partly cut into the γ′ phase with the increase in temperature.The dislocation evolution is related to the local stress field,a peak stress occurs at γ/γ' phase interface,and with the increase in temperature and relaxation times,the stress in the γ phase gradually increases,the number of dislocations in the y phase increases and cuts into γ' phase from the interfaces where dislocation network is damaged.The results provide important information for understanding the temperature dependence of the dislocation evolution and mechanical properties of Ni-based single-crystal superalloys.     

Microstructure of phases in a Cu–Zr alloy

The morphology and crystallography of phases in the Cu-0.12% Zr alloy were investigated by scanning electron microscope(SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM). The results show that the as-cast microstructure of Cu–Zr alloy is mainly Cu matrix and eutectic structure which consist of Cu and Cu5Zr phases with a fine lamellar structure. The disk-shaped and plateliked Cu5Zr phases with fcc structure are found in the matrix, in which habit plane is parallel to {111}a plane of the matrix.Between the copper matrix and Cu5Zr phase,there exists an orientation relationship of [112]a|| [011]Cu5Zr;(111)a||(111)Cu5Zr. The space structure model of Cu5Zr phase can be established.     

Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of a single crystal superaUoy DD6

DD6 alloy was bonded by transient liquid phase (TLP) diffusion bonding. The main compositions of the interlayer alloy employed were similar to those of the base metal, DD6, and a certain amount of element B was added as the melting point depressant. The results show that it is difficult to obtain the joints with the microstructures completely homogeneous. For the joint TLP diffusion bonded at 1290℃ for 12h, about half areas of the beam possessed αγ γ′ microstructure, nearly identical with that of the base metal, and the other local areas consisted ofT-solution, borides, etc. Prolonging the bonding time to 24h, the inhomogeneous areas in the joint reduced, and the joint property improved. The joint stress-rupture strength at 980℃ and 1100℃ reached 90%-100% and 70%-80% of those of the base metal respectively.     

EFFECT OF Ar PRESSURE ON STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu FILMS DEPOSITED ON GLASS BY DC MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

Cu films with thickness of 630-1300nm were deposited on glass substrates without heating by DC magnetron sputtering in pure Ar gas. Ar pressure was controlled to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5Pa respectively. The target voltage was fixed at 500V but the target current increased from 200 to 1150mA with Ar pressure increasing. X-ray diffrac-tion, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to observe the structural characterization of the films. The resistivity of the films was measured using four-point probe technique. At all the Ar pressures, the Cu films have mixture crystalline orientations of [111], [200] and [220] in the direction of the film growth. The film deposited at lower pressure shows more [111] orientation while that deposited at higher pressure has more [220] orientation. The amount of larger grains in the film prepared at 0.5Pa Ar pressure is slightly less than that prepared at 1.0Pa and 1.5Pa Ar pressures. The resistivities of the films prepared at three different Ar pressures re     

Effect of alloying elements on mechanical properties in Cu-15%Cr in-situ composites

The effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties as well as electrical conductivity in Cu-15% (mass fraction) in-situ composites were systemalically studied and high strength and high electrical conductive Cu base in-situ composites have been developed. The best combination is the addition of 0.1% to 0.2% Zr, Ti, or Sn in Cu-15%Cr in-situ composite, thermomechanical treatment to refine the microstructure and optimizing the precipitation of second phase. The strength is controlled by high density of dislocations in the Cu matrix, the lamellar spacing of the second phase, and the fine Cr precipitates. The aging treatment to reduce solute atoms has a beneficial effect on the increase of electrical conductivity. The addition of Zr, or Ti of about 0. 15% to 0.2% promotes the precipitation of Cr particles.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SiC_w/6061Al COMPOSITE The Author is now with Institute of Metal Research,Academia Sinica,China

The SiC_w/Al composite prepared by squeeze casting has a combination of superior roomtemperature specific strength and modulus together with excellent thermal properties.Theextrusion can make an improvement on the strength and ductility of the composite from 582MPa as squeeze casted up to 639 MPa,and on the transformation from isotropic to theanisotropic structure.This seems to be explained by the orientation of whiskers and thedensification of dislocations in matrix.TEM observation indicates that the stacking fault isthe usual planar defect on the SiC_w surface.     

Precipitation process and its effects on properties of aging Cu–Ni–Be alloy

The precipitation process of aged Cu-Ni-Be alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, trans- mission electron microscopy （TEM）, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. The tensile strength, yield strength, and electronic conductivity of this alloy after aging were also studied. The precipitation sequence of the C17510 alloy aged at 525 ℃ is supersat-urated solid solution→G.P zones→ γ″-γ′→ γ. This transformation can be achieved by the accumulation of Be-atom layers. The G.P zones are composed of disk-shaped monolayers of Be atoms, which are formed on （001） matrix planes. The intermediate γ″ precipitate is nucleated in the G.P zones. The γ″ and γ′ precipitates have the same orientation relationship with matrix, e.g., （110）p｜｜（100）M,[001]p｜｜[001]M. The tensile strength of specimen shows a maximum during the aging process and then continuously decreases if the specimen is over aged. The strengthening effect of γ′ phase precipitated in aging at 525 ℃ for 4 h is calculated to be 436 MPa according to the Orowan strengthening, which is quite consistent with the experimental data.     

Evolution of microstructure and texture during cold rolling and high-temperature annealing in Ni-5 at% W substrate for coated conductor

The evolution of microstructure and texture at four strain levels was investigated in Ni-5 at% W alloy by means of electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD) technique.The deformation microstructure evolves gradually from microbands(MBs) to typical lamellar structures with strain increasing in cold-rolled materials,while only lamellar structures in heavily cold-rolled materials.Subsequently,quantitative analysis of microstructure and texture was performed.It indicates that the texture is a typical pure metal deformation texture,but a few cube and rolling direction(RD)-rotated cube orientations also can be observed in the deformed samples.The use of high-temperature annealing enables an area fraction of cube orientation 95% to be obtained for high strained substrate.In addition,it is worth noting that the point-to-point misorientation inside the band with various orientations is found to keep quite low.But the point-to-origin misorientation over the same distance is dependent on strain and orientation type in the band.The cube-oriented regions were characterized by a high accumulated orientation gradient,close to 28°,compared to the non-cube-oriented regions.This means that the accumulated orientation gradient only occurs in the cube band with the reduction of 98%,which partly explains the formation of strong cube texture after high-temperature annealing.