逆转变奥氏体对中Mn钢低温冲击断裂过程的影响

对超低碳7%Mn钢进行了不同温度的回火处理,测定了组织中的逆转变奥氏体含量及其在-60、-100 ℃下的冲击吸收能量,并观察了冲击断口附近的显微组织,进而讨论了逆转变奥氏体含量及稳定性对试验钢低温冲击断裂过程的影响。结果表明:逆转变奥氏体对试验钢低温韧性的影响具有两面性,一方面能够通过相变缓解裂纹尖端的应力集中,改善钢的低温韧性,另一方面,当其稳定性较低时易于在应力作用下大量发生马氏体相变,导致钢低温韧性降低。冲击断口附近产生明显塑性变形的区域都较小,表明在冲击断裂过程中难以通过大范围的TRIP效应实现韧化。     

G18NiMoCr3-6铸钢的热处理工艺

研究了不同热处理工艺对G18Ni Mo Cr3-6铸钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:G18Ni Mo Cr3-6钢经900℃奥氏体化正火后,显微组织为粒状贝氏体,试验铸钢具有最高的强度,但冲击韧性和塑性最低;经900℃奥氏体化正火、630℃回火后,显微组织转变为铁素铁+颗粒状碳化物,试验铸钢强度降低,塑性最高,韧性较好;经900℃奥氏体化淬火、630℃回火后,显微组织为回火索氏体,试验铸钢强度、塑性居中,韧性最高。综合比较,G18Ni Mo Cr3-6铸钢经900℃奥氏体化正火、630℃回火处理后,强塑积最高,综合力学性能最优。     

焊后热处理对Q235钢熔覆层组织和耐磨性的影响

利用药芯焊丝对Q235钢进行堆焊,堆焊后分别采取直接空冷和焊后450℃×3h回火处理,并对回火前后熔合线两侧的热影响区和熔覆层进行了显微组织、显微硬度梯度以及熔覆层的耐磨性能试验。试验结果表明:焊后空冷条件下,靠近熔合线的热影响区存在大量的魏氏组织,熔覆层为粗大的片状马氏体和大量残余奥氏体,且基体与熔覆层显微硬度梯度较大;堆焊后经回火处理,热影响区的魏氏组织基本消失,熔覆层组织转变为回火屈氏体+少量残余奥氏体,硬度较高,耐磨性较好,相比焊后空冷熔覆层的耐磨性提高约24%,同时基体与熔覆层间的最大显微硬度梯度值减小了约70HV。     

30CrMnSiNi2A超高强钢HAZ后热韧化抗裂机理的探讨

本文用插销法研究了预热和后热对30CrMn SiNi2A 超高强钢HAZ 冷裂倾向和强韧性的影响规律。试验结果表明,250℃预热.260℃后热1h,插销临界启裂应力σ_(cr)>σ_s。用焊接热模拟试件测试了不同焊接热循环下的断裂韧性K_(IC),发现最优焊接热循环和插销试验时的最佳工艺相吻合。用透射电镜观察了HAZ 组织的精细结构,观察了残余奥氏体的分布形态,并测定了残余奥氏体的含量。发现250℃预热,260℃后热1h。可得到含9.8%残余奥氏体的、以位错板条马氏体为主带有少量下贝氏体的显微组织。残余奥氏体以薄膜状的形态分布于马氏体板条间,它既韧化了组织又阻碍了氢的扩散,对防止冷裂纹的产生是有益的。试验结果为后热工艺的制定和解释后热韧化抗裂的本质提供了理论依据。     

固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢FCAW接头组织及力学性能的影响

利用气体保护药芯焊丝焊接2205双相不锈钢,并对焊接接头进行固溶处理。采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对焊接接头的显微组织和断口形貌进行了观察与分析,并测试了焊接接头的冲击韧性和显微硬度。结果表明,未经处理的焊接接头熔合区较宽,主要为基体铁素体组织,并且晶粒粗大。热影响区的铁素体和奥氏体边界有少量析出相χ相,铁素体内部有颗粒物析出;焊缝区铁素体内部有σ相和γ_2相析出。1 050℃固溶处理后焊接接头析出相和颗粒物消失,奥氏体组织含量提高,冲击断口等轴韧窝增多,韧性增加,硬度值降低。     

镍基焊接材料熔滴特性及焊态熔敷金属与低温钢力学性能匹配

以真空冶炼+电渣重熔二步法制取镍合金焊芯,设计高碱度药皮形成复层梯度型熔渣,并研制出ENiCrMo-6深冷镍合金专用焊条.对研制焊条熔敷金属和采用ENiCrMo-6型异质材料焊接9Ni钢接头的力学性能进行试验.借助Acuteye高速摄像技术研究熔滴过渡及熔池流动特性,采用JSM-6360LV型扫描电子显微镜分析复层熔渣结构.对焊缝和热影响区进行观察和分析以从不同角度探讨低温断裂行为.结果表明,针对液态镍合金熔滴过渡颗粒粗大、流动性差、焊缝成形困难问题,通过药皮设计形成复层梯度型熔渣可有效解决焊缝成形.焊缝组织中,抑制奥氏体柱状晶粗化、减小超低温条件下的塑性损伤是保证低温韧性的重要条件.采用ENiCrMo-6型焊条焊接9Ni钢,其焊态热影响区过热对板条马氏体和逆变奥氏体相的影响并不显著.通常情况下,焊接加热不致严重降低过热区中板条马氏体间残留逆变奥氏体相,从而对过热薄弱区低温韧性具有组织保证作用.     

Nb含量和热输入量对X80管线钢焊接粗晶区的影响

以工业含铌X80管线钢为对象,研究了不同Nb含量条件下,焊接热影响区粗晶区中的原奥氏体晶粒和析出的状态;通过对焊接热影响区中粗晶区的热模拟实验,研究了不同热输入下,高Nb管线钢焊接粗晶区的晶粒粗化、显微组织演变、及大角晶界分布等情况。结果表明,高Nb钢的粗晶区范围更窄,粗晶区内的晶粒尺寸更小;经过双道焊的热循环后,高Nb钢粗晶区的析出尺寸更小,没有对韧性有害的大尺寸析出。此外,原奥氏体晶粒的粗化,以及显微组织中大角晶界密度的下降,明显降低了高Nb管线钢焊接粗晶区的韧性。     

Ni9钢焊接热影响区低温韧性的研究

采用焊接热模拟技术、-196℃示波冲击试验、金相显微分析、透射电镜分析技术考察了Ni9钢焊接热影响区粗晶区（CGHAZ）的低温韧性及其与焊接热循环的关系。结果表明，焊接热循环次数以及二次焊接热循环的峰值温度是影响其CGHAZ低温韧性的主要工艺因素；二次热循环在适当的峰值温度作用下促使钢原焊接粗晶区组织分解，并在晶界位置获得部分富Ni回转奥氏体，是原焊接粗晶区低温韧性得以改善和提高的组织成因。     

贝氏体区热处理对马氏体基体冷轧TRIP钢组织与性能的影响

对低碳硅锰试验钢进行水淬和随后的两相区退火与贝氏体区等温处理。利用光镜对热处理后的显微组织进行观察分析，通过拉伸试验测试了热处理后的力学性能，并采用X-ray衍射分析方法检测了拉伸前后残余奥氏体含量的变化。结果表明，热处理后的显微组织是铁素体、贝氏体与残余奥氏体的复合组织，随着贝氏体区等温温度的提高和等温时间的延长，残余奥氏体的体积百分数存在一极大值，在400℃等温5min时残余奥氏体的相对含量最多，此时具有最大的强度、塑性和强塑积。     

回火焊道热处理对X80管线钢热影响区组织性能的影响

采用焊接热模拟技术和显微分析方法.研究了回火焊道热处理对X80级管线钢焊接热影响区韧性的影响规律.结果表明,预备回火焊道处理可消除临界粗晶热影响区局部脆化现象.当预备回火温度为1000℃时,X80管线钢临界粗晶热影响区的韧度高于粗晶区的韧度,消除了局部脆化现象:补充回火焊道处理也可消除临界粗晶热影响区的局部脆化现象.当补充回火温度为650℃时.韧化效果最好.     

BWELDY960Q钢焊接热模拟热影响区组织与性能

采用焊接热模拟技术模拟BWELDY960Q钢焊接热影响区,在不同峰值温度条件下,研究热影响区各区域组织与性能的变化规律. 结果表明,热影响区各微区组织形态不同,粗晶区的组织为板条状马氏体,细晶区的组织为细晶板条马氏体,不完全重结晶区的组织为马氏体、索氏体和铁素体的混合组织,回火区组织为回火索氏体. 峰值温度达到1 200 ℃时,热影响区原始奥氏体晶粒已经开始粗化,并越接近熔合区,晶粒粗化现象越显著. 粗晶区冲击韧性较低,韧性损失为母材的82.17%,不完全重结晶区的冲击韧性损失为母材的46.53%. 模拟焊接热影响区组织比实际焊接热影响区组织更粗大.     

镍基合金异质熔焊9Ni钢接头组织和性能及纳米压痕分析

采用对接焊方法,以NiCrMo-6焊条作为填充材料,对板厚9 mm的9Ni钢母材进行了焊接试验.通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)等方法对熔焊接头组织进行观察分析.采用纳米压痕技术对熔焊接头中母材(BM)、粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)、熔合区(FB)和焊缝中心区域(WM)各微区之间的微观组织与力学性能的关系进行表征.辅以接头原位拉伸试验,确定焊接薄弱区.结果表明,焊缝柱状组织中,Fe-Cr,Ni-Cr-Fe等主要析出相在奥氏体基体上弥散分布,热影响区组织以粗板条马氏体及贝氏体为主,板条间逆变奥氏体相已基本消失.纳米压痕试验结果显示,熔焊接头具有突出的抗塑性流变变形能力,粗晶热影响区强度最高,而熔合区强度最低.拉伸断口观察试验进一步显示熔合线区域受撕裂应力影响易发生断裂,为接头薄弱区.     

不同退火条件下304L不锈钢埋弧焊接头组织及性能分析

采用埋弧焊方法,进行了304L不锈钢厚板的对接试验研究.通过对焊接接头处的组织观察,并结合焊接接头的-196 ℃冲击韧性以及不同退火条件下残余应力测试,分析了埋弧焊304L不锈钢焊接接头组织和性能. 结果表明,热影响区组织为奥氏体,焊缝区则为奥氏体与少量的铁素体的复相组织;采用残余应力盲孔释放测量方法对焊接接头进行测试,随着退火温度的升高,焊缝及热影响区的残余应力得到进一步的释放;冲击试验中,热影响区-196 ℃冲击吸收能量随退火温度的升高急剧下降,焊缝区-196 ℃冲击吸收能量则呈平稳下降趋势.     

Zr-Ti复合脱氧对低合金高强度钢CGHAZ组织和韧性的影响

对Zr-Ti复合脱氧低合金高强度30mm厚钢板采用气体保护焊进行多层多道焊接,利用光学显微镜,扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析对焊接热影响区组织进行了观察与分析．结果表明,该区域存在大量微米、亚微米级的复合铬、钛氧化物夹杂,呈细小弥散分布,没有发现条状MnS夹杂物的存在．夹杂物粒子在晶界和晶内析出,钉扎奥氏体品界,有效抑制了奥氏体晶粒长大,晶粒粗化不明显．在粗晶区奥氏体晶粒内部优先形成的针状铁素体,能有效分割奥氏体晶粒,细化组织．焊接热影响区粗晶区的力学性能测试表明,Zr-Ti复合脱氧技术使焊件具有良好的低温冲击韧性．     

低合金高强钢大热输入焊接热影响区组织性能

利用MMS-200热力模拟试验机研究了610 MPa级低合金高强度钢不同热输入焊接热影响区粗晶区(coarse grain high affected zone,CGHAZ)的组织和性能.结果表明,随着热输入的增加,试验钢CGHAZ组织逐渐粗大,低温冲击吸收功下降,但在80～100kJ/cm的大热输入冲击下,热影响区仍...     

On the Microstructural Strengthening and Toughening of Heat-Affected Zone in a Low-Carbon High-Strength Cu-Bearing Steel

In this article, the influence of simulated thermal cycles for the heat-aff ected zone(HAZ) on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties in a low-carbon high-strength Cu-bearing steel was investigated by microstructural characterization and mechanical tests. The results showed that the microstructure of the coarse-grained heat-aff ected zone(CGHAZ) and the fine-grained heat-aff ected zone(FGHAZ) was mainly comprised of lath martensite, and a mixed microstructure consisting of intercritical ferrite, tempered martensite and retained austenite occurred in the intercritically heat-aff ected zone(ICHAZ) and the subcritically heat-aff ected zone(SCHAZ). Also, 8–11% retained austenite and more or less Cu precipitates were observed in the simulated HAZs except for CGHAZ. Charpy impact test indicated that the optimum toughness was obtained in FGHAZ, which was not only associated with grain refinement, but also correlated with deformation-induced transformation of the retained austenite, variant confi guration as interleaved type and a relatively weak variant selection. The toughness of ICHAZ and SCHAZ exhibited a slight downtrend due to the presence of Cu precipitates. The CGHAZ has the lowest toughness in the simulated HAZs, which was attributed to grain coarsening and heavy variant selection. In addition, the contribution of Cu precipitates to yield strength in simulated HAZs was estimated based on Russell–Brown model. It demonstrated an inverse variation trend to toughness.     

Welding of aluminum alloy door units for large SUVs using a compound laser method

A study was made on the relation between CTOD value and M–A constituent for the single-heat-cycled weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) of YS 320–360 N/mm² class thermomechanical control process steels with increased heat input. It was found that the M–A constituent disappeared and lost its deterioration effect on the HAZ CTOD toughness when the heat input exceeded about 15 kJ/mm, although this boundary heat input depended on the steel chemistry. On the other hand, the austenite grain size increased monotonically with increasing the heat input. But the austenite grain size could not be the controlling factor of the HAZ toughness, and its effect deferred between base metals. However, the HAZ toughness was related to the fracture facet size for the large heat input conditions. This fracture facet size, which represents the fracture toughness, is considered to be a measure of the uniformity of the transformed microstructure from austenite in the HAZ.     

大线能量焊接船体钢的研究

大线能量焊接时由于高温停留时间长、相变冷却速度慢,焊接热影响区奥氏体晶粒急剧长大,得到侧板条铁素体为主的组织,韧性恶化。降低钢中的C含量及碳当量(Ceq)、细化焊接热影响区奥氏体晶粒尺寸以及改善焊接热影响区的组织是发展大线能量焊接用钢的主要技术措施。"氧化物冶金"技术利用钢中细小的氧化物,通过促进晶内针状铁素体形核明显改善焊接热影响区的组织,成为大线能量焊接用钢最有效的技术途径。实验结果表明:Ti-Mg复合处理明显细化钢中氧化物颗粒尺寸,促进了晶内针状铁素体形核,在100～200kJ/cm的大线能量焊接条件下粗晶热影响区得到针状铁素体为主的组织,-20℃冲击功达到350J。     

Evaluation of cryogenic fracture toughness in SMA-welded 9% Ni steels through modified CTOD test

As the first step of the study for the safety performance of LNG storage tank based on the concept of fitness-for-purpose, the change of cryogenic toughness within the X-grooved weld HAZ (heat-affected zone) of SMA (shielded metal arc)-welded QLT (quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering)-processed 9% Ni steels, was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. In general, CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) test is widely used to determine the fracture toughness of steel weldments. But there is no standard or draft for evaluating the toughness of thick weldment with X-groove such as in this case. Therefore, in this study, modified CTOD testing method for fatigue precracking. calculation of CTOD, examination of fractured specimen was proposed and used. And the results of modified test were compared with those of conventional CTOD test and Charpy V-notch impact test. In addition, the relationship between the fracture toughness and microstructure was analyzed by OM, SEM and XRD. The cryogenic toughness in HAZ decreased as the evaluated region approached the fusion line from base metal. The decrease in toughness was apparently caused by the reduction of the retained austenite content and the absence of grain refinement effect in the coarse-grained zone in HAZ. The austenite reduction resulted from the decrease in nucleation sites for α’γ reverse transformation due to the increase in fraction of coarse-grained zone within HAZ. More complex thermal cycles in the mixed zone of weld metal and base metal caused the poor stability of retained austenite in the zone by the redistribution of alloying element in retained austenite. Due to this reason, the toughness drop with decreasing test temperature in F.L. (fusion line)-F.L.+3 mm was larger than that in F.L.+5 mm and F.L.+7 mm.