Sn做助剂机械合金化+热处理制备Ti_3AlC_2

以3Ti/Al/2C/0.1Sn粉体为原料,进行机械合金化,并对粉体产物进行热处理,制备高含量Ti3AlC2材料,并分析了产物的微观形貌。机械合金化3Ti/Al/2C粉体,可合成TiC、Ti3AlC2和Ti2AlC混合粉体产物。添加适量Sn可消除产物中的Ti2AlC,明显促进Ti3AlC2合成。对粉体产物进行热处理,可以提高产物Ti3AlC2含量。热处理温度过低或过高都不利于Ti3AlC2含量的提高。随着热处理温度的提高,晶粒长大明显,烧结倾向加剧,研磨困难。在900℃可以获得质量分数为95.2%的Ti3AlC2。热处理产物颗粒比较细小,可做复合材料的原料。     

放电等离子烧结热处理合成Ti_3SiC_2粉体

采用机械合金化合成TiC和Ti_3SiC_2混合粉体,用放电等离子烧结(SPS)系统对该粉体进行热处理,以合成高纯Ti_3SiC_2粉体.结果表明,采用SPS无压热处理可以促进机械合金化粉体在较低温度转变成高纯Ti_3SiC_2粉体材料.随热处理温度(700～1000℃)的升高,产物中Ti_3SiC_2的含量相应增加,当热处理温度为900 1000℃时,产物中Ti_3SiC_2纯度可达98wt%.     

高纯度Ti3SiC2粉体的制备及真空热处理

以3Ti/S i/2C/0.2A l粉体为原料通过机械合金化制备了Ti3S iC2粉体,用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对机械合金化粉体和热处理粉体进行相分析和颗粒形貌观察,研究了真空热处理温度对机械合金化制备Ti3S iC2粉体纯度的影响。结果表明,3Ti/S i/2C粉体球磨10 h可获得由TiC、Ti3S iC2、TiS i2组成的混合粉体,粉体中的Ti3S iC2含量最高可达到83wt%。在热处理温度为700~1000℃内Ti3S iC2粉末粉体含量随温度的提高而增加,当热处理温度为1000℃时,其含量可达到98wt%以上。     

机械合金化＋热处理制备高纯Ti3SiC2粉体

以3Ti/Si/2C/0.2Al粉体为原料,采用机械合金化和真空热处理的方法合成了高纯度的Ti3SiC2粉体,并分析了粉体颗粒的外观形貌.结果表明,对3Ti/Si/2C/0.2A1粉体机械合金化4 h,可以生成Ti3SiC2和TiC的混合粉体.采用真空碳管炉对机械合金化粉体产物进行热处理,可以显著提高粉体中Ti3SiC2含量.热处理温度对粉体Ti3SiC2含量有很大的影响,过高或过低都不利于提高粉体中Ti3SiC3含量.在1150℃保温2 h得到的粉体产物Ti3SiC2含量最高,达到97.1 v01%.热处理产物粉体颗粒比较细小,适合做复合材料的原料.     

机械合金化制备Ti3AlC2陶瓷材料的研究

采用Ti,Al和C元素粉末为反应物原料,通过机械合金化法成功地制备出高含量三元碳化合物Ti3AlC2陶瓷粉体.按Ti3AlC2化学计量比为起始反应原料配比(Ti∶Al∶C=3∶1∶2)的元素混合粉末,经3 h的机械合金化后,Ti、Al和C单质混合粉末发生化学反应,生成以Ti3AlC2为主晶相,并含有少量TiC的混合粉体和小块体;粉体中Ti3AlC2的含量达到83%(质量分数,下同).产物合成的原因是在Ti-Al-C体系中发生了一种机械诱发自蔓延反应.     

放电等离子烧结可加工Ti2AlC陶瓷的研究

以自蔓延高温合成（SHS）的Ti2AlC粉体为原料，利用放电等离子烧结技术（SPS）研究了Ti2AlC陶瓷的烧结制备。结果表明：烧结温度1250℃，压力20MPa，真空烧结，保温5min，可获得相对密度98．6％，维氏硬度为4．3GPa的致密烧结块体；烧结样品的维氏硬度随烧结温度升高而增大，但高于1250℃后随温度升高反而减小，SPS方法烧结Ti2AlC陶瓷的最佳温度为1250℃，当烧结温度≥1350℃时Ti2AlC分解；SEM分析表明，SPS技术烧结制备的Ti2AlC陶瓷片层尺寸随烧结温度的升高而增大。     

热处理对Ti_3AlC_2陶瓷块体材料组织的影响

对Ti3AlC2块体材料在1050~1450℃进行真空热处理,分析了该材料在热处理前后的物相组成和显微组织形貌。结果表明:经1050℃热处理后出现了新相Al3Ti到1250℃时该相消失;从1050~1250℃随温度升高Ti3AlC2含量逐渐增加,TiCx含量逐渐减少;经1250℃热处理之后,材料密度增加到4.01 g/cm3,Ti3AlC2含量增加到94.2%,Ti3AlC2晶粒长15~20μm、厚约2μm;从1250~1450℃随温度升高Ti3AlC2含量逐渐减少,TiCx含量逐渐增加,经1450℃热处理之后Ti3AlC2含量减为74.8%。因此,1250℃为Ti3AlC2块体材料最佳热处理温度。     

热压烧结燃烧合成Ti3AlC2粉体的研究

以燃烧合成Ti3AlC2粉体为原料，研究了不同热压温度下Ti3AlC2粉体的热压烧结过程。实验结果表明，热压烧结Ti3AlC2粉体可得到Ti3AlC2致密块体陶瓷，Ti3AlC2粉体的热压烧结活性比直接使用Ti、Al（或Al4C3）和C为原料热压烧结的活性高，热压烧结温度以1400-1500℃之间为佳：烧结温度为1450℃，压力25MPa，Ar保护，保温2h的条件下，烧结Ti3AlC2粉体可得理论相对密度为99．05％，维氏硬度2．8GPa，抗弯强度426．02MPa，断裂韧性10．08MPa·m^1/2的烧结块体；烧结样品的密度和断裂韧性随烧结温度升高而增大，抗弯强度在高于1400℃时随热压温度升高而降低。     

无压烧结合成高纯Ti3AlC2粉末材料

利用TiC粉、Ti粉和Al粉为原料,以摩尔比为TiCAlTi=21.21混合,通过无压烧结的方法合成高纯的Ti3AlC2粉末材料.研究了在不同的烧结温度(1200℃～1500℃)分别保温15 min,以及在1300℃下保温不同时间的烧结结果.最终得出结论,在1300℃～1400℃保温15 min后可以得到高纯度的Ti3AlC2材料,Ti3AlC2含量高达96.76ω/%.另外,由于1500℃时合成的样品中晶粒已经很大,使得其在做粉末X-射线衍射时很容易产生织构,使Ti3AlC2的{002}峰异常增强.     

原位TiB2/Fe3Al基纳米复合材料的合成及其晶粒生长动力学(Ⅱ)——热处理过程中机械合金化Fe-Al-Ti-B四元粉体的结构演变与晶粒生长动力学

研究了机械合金化合成的Fe-Al-Ti-B四元粉体在800-1100℃等温热处理过程中的结构演变及晶粒生长动力学,讨论了晶粒生长机制。研究表明,采用机械合金化加后续热处理工艺可以合成原位TiB2/Fe3Al基纳米复合材料粉体。球磨80h的Fe-Al-Ti-B四元粉体在热处理过程中Fe(Al,Ti,B)分解形成纳米晶DO3-Fe3Al及TiB2两个组成相。随热处理温度的升高,Fe3Al晶粒生长由主要受晶界扩散控制过渡到主要受晶格扩散控制。在热处理过程中,Fe3Al晶粒生长的动力学方程为:K=1.5×10-5exp(-578.7×103/RT),晶粒生长受到明显的抑制,原位TiB2/Fe3Al基纳米复合材料粉体的热稳定性高。     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.