高强铝合金可变转速回填式搅拌摩擦点焊温度场及接头组织性能调控

针对7B04-T74铝合金,采用可变转速回填式搅拌摩擦点焊(variable rotation speed-refill friction stir spot welding, V-RFSSW)新方法开展了数值仿真及试验研究. 结果表明,V-RFSSW温度场围绕搅拌头轴线呈圆形对称分布,焊点高温区域集中在搅拌套空腔内部. 与扎入阶段转速相同的常规回填式搅拌摩擦点焊(refill friction stir spot welding, RFSSW)相比,V-RFSSW新方法既可在扎入阶段使材料充分塑化,以保证焊点成形,同时,通过降低回填阶段搅拌头转速降低焊接峰值温度及高温停留时间,抑制组分液化的发生,避免了共晶相的生成. V-RFSSW与常规RFSSW接头显微硬度均呈“W”形分布,且扎入阶段转速相同的情况下V-RFSSW接头搅拌区平均硬度更高. 在拉剪载荷下两种接头均以“纽扣”形式发生断裂,其中V-RFSSW接头拉剪失效载荷为8835 N,高于RFSSW接头的8162 N.     

工艺参数对钛/铝异种合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊连接质量的影响

采用回填式搅拌摩擦点焊工艺(Refill friction stir spot welding,FSpW)对厚度均为2 mm的5A02-O铝合金和TC4钛合金板材进行焊接。通过改变停留时间和回填速度,探究不同工艺参数对接头微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在选定工艺范围内,焊点成型良好,搅拌区晶粒细小,热影响区晶粒长大但有限,搅拌套作用区界面原子扩散距离比搅拌针作用区更大,停留时间6 s获得的焊点界面原子扩散距离和金属间化合物(IMC)厚度在1 μm左右。随着回填速度提高,接头承载载荷总体呈现上升趋势,但仍有数值波动,回填速度为30 mm/min,停留时间为6s获得接头拉剪载荷最低为4861 N,回填速度为90 mm/min,停留时间为6 s获得接头拉剪载荷最高为6617 N,拉剪后宏观断面较为平整,断裂模式为剪切断裂,微观断口由韧窝组成。     

5083-O铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头的成形与力学性能研究

以2 mm厚5083-O铝合金为研究对象,研究了搅拌头转速对回填式搅拌摩擦点焊(Refill friction stir spot welding,RFSSW)接头成形及力学性能的影响。结果表明,当焊接工艺参数不合理时,接头会出现孔洞和未充分回填等缺陷。焊核区不存在明显的软化现象,且上板硬度稍高。随着转速的增加,接头的拉剪载荷先上升后下降;最大拉剪载荷在转速为2500 r/min时取得,其值为7.92 k N。     

阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针对2A12-T4铝合金 FSLW接头力学性能的影响

搅拌针上螺纹分布情况会对搅拌摩擦焊接头内部材料流动行为产生重要影响,进而影响接头成形及力学性能. 采用锥形螺纹搅拌针和阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针进行2A12-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊试验,对比分析了两种搅拌针下搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头横截面形貌、显微组织、拉剪性能及接头断裂位置. 结果表明,两种搅拌针下接头横截面形貌均呈现“碗状”. 然而,在阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针焊接下搭接界面后退侧出现特有的“括号”形貌. 相对于锥形螺纹搅拌针,阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针下的接头热力影响区与热影响区晶粒分布相差不大,但焊核区晶粒细化程度更加明显;接头在焊接速度80 mm/min下可获得最大拉剪性能,其值为10.39 kN. 阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针下接头界面后退侧出现的“括号”形貌阻碍了裂纹向焊核区进一步扩展,断裂模式表现为拉伸断裂.     

DP600/AZ31无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊塑性金属流动特性及断裂行为

在最优焊接参数下,对1 mm DP600镀锌钢板和3 mm AZ31镁板进行无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊试验,焊后对接头分别进行横切、纵切及层切,采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析焊接接头显微组织和断口形貌.结果表明,镁钢间的混合主要发生在搅拌针作用区域,形成"机械互锁"的组织形貌,有利于增加两种材料的有效接触,形成复相强化;轴肩作用区镁钢间搅拌不明显,界面较平滑,镁钢界面形成了金属化合物以及氧化镁,降低了接头的塑性和韧性.对DP600/AZ31无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊焊接接头进行拉伸试验,发现焊接接头从搭接界面上断裂,断口呈"脉状花样",为延性断裂.     

界面互锁复合Zn层对厚板铝/镁FSW界面组织及力学性能的影响

对于铝/镁搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头，当母材厚度过大时，容易沿界面形成较厚的脆硬金属间化合物(IMCs)，导致接头成形极其困难。本研究创新地采用界面互锁复合Zn层，研究了厚板铝/镁FSW接头界面IMCs演变和接头性能变化规律，为后续实现铝/镁FSW接头的高强度连接提供了理论及实践依据。结果表明，斜对接接头镁侧界面上部生成了平均厚度为69.7μm的低熔点共晶层(Mg+Al₁₂Mg₁₇)，中部和下部生成了平均厚度为42.7和21.2μm的IMCs，该IMCs层由Al₁₂Mg_{1 7}和Al₃Mg₂组成。相比于斜对接接头，当采用界面互锁复合Zn层时，界面局部位置生成了Al-Mg-Zn相(Al₅Mg₁₁Zn₄)和Mg-Zn相(Mg Zn₂、Mg₂Zn₃)替代了原有的Al-Mg IMCs，最小IMCs厚度仅为3.9μm。拉伸结果表明，接头抗拉...     

Q235钢镀锌层对钢/铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊接头性能的影响

通过在Q235钢板上电镀不同厚度的锌层,研究镀锌层厚度对钢/铝合金异种金属搅拌摩擦点焊接头性能的影响。利用拉剪试验、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等分析手段对钢/铝合金异种金属搅拌摩擦点焊接头性能进行了分析。结果表明,镀锌层厚度在8~12μm的Q235镀锌钢与6061铝合金形成的点焊接头拉剪力较高。     

镁/铝异种金属填充式摩擦点焊接头特性

采用填充式摩擦点焊技术对镁/铝异种金属进行工艺试验,并对点焊接头的力学性能和微观组织进行分析.结果表明,当采用合理的搭接接头设计和工艺参数进行镁/铝异种金属摩擦点焊时,可获得表面平整、抗剪切能力强的焊点,其焊点剪切力可达1865 N.组织分析发现,在焊核与镁母材之间的竖直界面处易出现少量的孔洞、微裂纹等缺陷,接头的断裂正发生在该区;而在镁/铝之间的水平界面结合良好,存在一定厚度的界面层组织,且该界面层组织的硬度要比两侧母材的硬度明显高很多,这与摩擦点焊过程中脆硬相的金属间化合物的形成有关.     

镁/铝层状复合板材搅拌摩擦焊焊接行为

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)方法对爆炸焊方法制备的镁/铝层状复合板进行焊接，对不同焊接速度条件下焊接接头的微观组织、物相以及力学性能进行分析。结果表明：镁/铝层状复合板的搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头界面连接效果良好，热机械影响区和热影响区界线不明显，搅拌区内镁、铝交替分布呈条带状，在搅拌区、热机械影响区和热影响区形成了Al₃Mg₂和Mg₁₇Al₁₂金属间化合物，焊接缺陷主要为界面处金属没有及时填充形成的隧道孔洞；焊接接头横截面硬度呈“W”形分布，搅拌区的硬度从铝侧→界面→镁侧逐渐降低；FSW焊接接头的抗拉强度最大可达94.5 MPa，伸长率为6.7%，断裂机理为金属间化合物的脆性断裂和金属基体镁/铝的韧性断裂。     

汽车用镁/钢异种金属冷金属过渡点焊工艺特性

采用冷金属过渡的方法对AZ31B变形镁合金和镀锌钢板进行搭接点焊试验,运用正交试验法优化工艺参数,同时利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和万能拉伸试验机对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行研究.结果表明,运用冷金属过渡方法能够获得成形美观和性能良好的焊接接头;工艺参数显著性顺序为镀锌钢板孔径大小、送丝速度、点焊时间;接头为典型的点熔钎焊接头,由钎焊结合区和熔焊结合区组成;接头的抗拉剪载荷可达3.12 kN,远大于相同尺寸下镁镁点焊试样的抗拉剪载荷,接头的断裂方式为剪切型断裂和撕裂型断裂.     

Effects of pin diameter on microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints

Abstract

The effects of pin diameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints were investigated using microstructural observations, tensile tests and microhardness tests. The results showed that with an increase in the pin diameter, the height and width of the curved interface in the friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints increased because of the strong effect of stirring and high temperature obtained when large sized pins were adopted. An increase in the pin diameter led to the coarsening of α-Mg grains in the stir zone, thermomechanical affected zone and heat affected zone because of heat generation, resulting in the decrease in microhardness of stir zone, thermomechanical affected zone and heat affected zone. The tensile shear force of the friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints increased with the increase in pin diameter because the height and width of the curved interface dominated the failure of the specimens.     

2519铝合金角接结构的搅拌摩擦焊

利用自行研制的搅拌摩擦焊机采用一种搅拌摩擦焊外侧角接的新方法对厚度为22 mm的2519铝合金进行了角接焊接试验,并对焊缝的微观组织、硬度等进行了分析.分析了搅拌针断裂原因及得出其断裂方式为剪切断裂.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊外侧角接焊接的方法能够有效地进行角接焊接;合理的焊接工艺和搅拌针形状是焊接的关键;旋转频率在30～4...     

纯铝1060/镀锌钢电阻点钎焊工艺及接头性能

采用电阻点钎焊进行了纯铝1060与SGCC热镀锌钢板的搭接试验,研究了接头界面组织,并测试了接头力学性能. 结果表明,试验所用铝硅（Al-Si）合金钎料润湿良好,焊后接头焊缝界面处产生了具有双层结构且厚度不均的金属间化合物,厚度小于10 μm;焊接电流为7.8 kA时,接头抗拉剪载荷达到峰值,约为4.72 kN,在相同工艺参数下,电阻点钎焊接头的抗拉剪载荷明显高于点焊接头;接头断裂大都发生在铝板侧,且主要在热影响区处而不在焊点处,说明点钎焊接头质量良好,但由于焊缝铝侧界面局部存在“未钎合”缺陷,焊缝界面会产生拉应力且在金属间化合物的应力作用下易产生裂纹.     

DP600/AZ31无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊塑性金属流动特性及断裂行为研究

在最优焊接参数下,对1 mm DP600镀锌钢板和3 mm AZ31镁板进行无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊试验,焊后对接头分别进行横切、纵切及层切,采用扫描电镜（SEM）分析焊接接头显微组织和断口形貌.结果表明,镁钢间的混合主要发生在搅拌针作用区域,形成“机械互锁”的组织形貌,有利于增加两种材料的有效接触,形成复相强化;轴肩作用区镁钢间搅拌不明显,界面较平滑,镁钢界面形成了金属化合物以及氧化镁,降低了接头的塑性和韧性.对DP600/AZ31无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊焊接接头进行拉伸试验,发现焊接接头从搭接界面上断裂,断口呈“脉状花样”,为延性断裂.     

Interfacial characterization of resistance spot welded joint of steel and aluminum alloy

The dissimilar material resistance spot welding of galvanized high strength steel and aluminum alloy had been conducted. The welded joint exhibited a thin reaction layer composed of Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13 phases at steel/aluminum interface. The welded joint presented a tensile shear load of 3.3 kN with an aluminum alloy nugget diameter of 5.7 ram. The interfucial failure mode was observed for the tensile shear specimen and fracture occurred at reaction layer and aluminum alloy fusion zone beside the interface. The reaction layer with compounds was the main reason for reduction of the welded joint mechanical property.     

Effects of processing parameters on the friction stir spot joining of Al5083-O aluminum alloy to DP590 steel

Two dissimilar materials, aluminum alloy Al5083-O and advanced high strength steel DP590, were successfully joined by using friction stir spot joining (FSSJ). Satisfactory joint strengths were obtained at a rotational speed of 300 rpm and a plunge depth of 0.7 mm. Resulting joints were welded without a non-welded zone. This may be attributed to the enhanced smooth material flow owing to sufficient stirring effect and tool down force between the upper Al5083-O side and the lower DP590 side. The maximum tensile shear strength was 6.5 kN, which was higher than the joint strength required by the conventional method of resistance spot welding. The main fracture mode was plug fracture in the tensile shear test of joints. An intermetallic compound (IMC) layer with <6 μm thickness was formed at the joint interface, which meets the allowance value of <10 μm for the dissimilar material Al-Fe joints. Thus, the use of FSSJ to weld the dissimilar materials Al5083-O and DP590 resulted in mechanically and metallurgically sound joints.     

镁铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊综述

铝镁合金搅拌摩擦焊中峰值温度超过Al12Mg17和Al3Mg2形成的共晶温度,两种金属间化合物的形成不可避免。通过将镁合金置于前进侧、搅拌针偏向镁合金,采用液氮或水下搅拌摩擦焊,加入中间层过渡金属等方法可降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中的热输入,有效减少焊核区金属间化合物的数量。采用锥形螺纹搅拌针对接、配合直径约为3.5倍板厚的内凹型轴肩可提供适当的热输入,促进材料塑性流动,增加两种材料相互交融的程度,提高接头抗拉强度;超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术可破坏脆性界面层进而提高接头强度。     

Q235钢板与6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺

通过对Q235钢板和6082铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接,并用正交试验对搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数进行优化. 结果表明,焊接过程中,将钢板放在返回侧,铝板放在前进侧[1],离搅拌针较近的钢侧金属发生软化,并且在轴肩横向切应力作用下形成短"钉子",最终在搅拌针的旋转作用下填充到搅拌针后方形成的空腔内,当下压量为0.2 mm时,比较容易得到优质的焊缝;搅拌针旋转速度为260 r/min,焊接速度为16 mm/min,针头偏向铝侧0.2 mm时,所得焊缝的抗拉强度为141.204 MPa,断裂发生在铝侧焊核区与热力影响区的交界处;钢侧热机影响区的硬度比母材高,而铝侧热机影响区比母材低.     

A Novel Friction Stir Spot Riveting of Al/Cu Dissimilar Materials

In order to eliminate the disadvantages of the keyhole in conventional friction stir spot welding joint and attain the high-strength lap joint of Al/Cu dissimilar metals,a novel welding technique,named as friction stir spot riveting(FSSR),was proposed.A pinless tool and an extra filling stud were employed.The Al/Cu spot joints without keyhole defect were achieved by the FSSR.A Cu anchor-like structure was formed,which greatly increased the mechanical interlocking between the upper Al sheet and lower Cu sheet.The thin intermetallic compounds containing CuAl2 and CuAl at the Al/Cu interface strength-ened the joining interface between the Al sheet and the Cu stud.Increasing rotating velocity increased frictional heat and plastic deformation and then eliminated the interfacial joining defects.The FSSR joint with the maximum tensile shear load of 3.50 kN was achieved at a rotating velocity of 1800 rpm and a dwell time of 20 s,whose fracture path passed through the softened region of upper Al sheet.In summary,the novel FSSR technique has the advantages of strong mechanical interlock-ing and metallurgical bonding between dissimilar materials,thereby attaining the high-strength spot joint.     

镁铝异种金属搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头组织与性能分析

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对异种金属铝合金5083和镁合金AZ31进行了搭接焊试验.对接头的力学性能、组织形貌及断口形貌进行了观察和分析.结果表明,在铝板置于上层、搅拌针长度小于铝板板厚的情况下,使用合适的工艺参数,这两种轻合金可以获得抗剪性能良好、界面结合紧密、无缺陷的搭接接头,从而使镁板和铝板通过由一定金属间化合物组成的界面区过渡层形成了良好的连接;接头都断裂于界面结合处,铝侧是由塑性撕裂导致的"小坑"组成,而镁侧主要为河流状花样;在界面中心区出现了明显的硬度升高现象.