热喷涂Ni基复合涂层重熔处理的研究现状

热喷涂Ni基复合涂层因具有耐磨、耐腐蚀及耐高温等特点,被广泛应用于机械零件的表面修复和保护。但是,热喷涂层为典型的层状结构,具有微缺陷含量较高、与基体结合强度低等特点,难以适应苛刻的工作环境,其应用和发展受限。重熔处理可以消除热喷涂层的层状结构,消除或部分消除孔隙、裂纹等微缺陷,使涂层与基体形成冶金结合,提高涂层的使用性能。本文首先介绍了几种适用Ni基复合涂层的重熔技术(即激光重熔、火焰重熔、感应重熔等),随后介绍了重熔处理对Ni基复合涂层表面完整性(即微缺陷、结合强度和硬度)的影响,接着分析了重熔处理对Ni基复合涂层两种服役性能(即耐磨性、耐腐蚀性能)的影响,最后总结了目前在关于Ni基复合涂层重熔技术研究中存在的问题,进而探讨了相应的解决方案,并指出挖掘新的表面重熔技术和对不同的材料体系进行针对性研究是未来重点发展的方向。     

激光复合热喷涂技术制备陶瓷基涂层研究现状

当下我国航空航天、轨道交通、海洋钻探等先进制造业取得了迅猛发展,装备关键零部件面临高温、重载、强蚀等极端复杂的表界面问题,迫切需要开发新型表面涂层技术和先进材料体系解决工业界面临的困境。激光复合热喷涂技术具有热喷涂和激光熔覆2种工艺的优点,在制备低缺陷–强结合–高性能陶瓷基复合涂层方面具有独特优势,可以显著提升装备零部件表面的耐磨、耐蚀和抗氧化等性能。首先从涂层的组织形貌、腐蚀、抗氧化及抗热震性能方面阐述了激光重熔对等离子喷涂YSZ陶瓷涂层的影响机制。其次梳理了激光重熔工艺对等离子喷涂Al₂O₃基陶瓷涂层在显微结构、硬度、耐磨和抗热震性能方面的研究成果;总结了激光重熔对以Co-WC和NiCr-Cr₃C₂为典型材料体系的陶瓷/金属复合涂层结构和性能的影响;总结了激光重熔/原位辅助冷喷涂陶瓷基涂层(B4C/Ti+Al等)和原位辅助等离子喷涂陶瓷基涂层(WC基等)的组织和性能特点。最后指出,探寻更多涂层材料体系、研发激光复合热喷涂新技术和实现成形工艺自主智能优化等是激光复合热喷涂陶瓷基涂层技术未来的重点发...     

热喷涂Fe基非晶涂层耐腐蚀性与孔隙率研究进展

热喷涂Fe基非晶合金涂层的综合性能优异,特别是在耐磨、耐腐蚀方面具有传统晶体材料无可比拟的优势,因而广泛应用于材料表面的防护领域。然而热喷涂涂层为典型的层状结构,涂层内部会存在一定量的孔隙,致使涂层耐腐蚀性能下降。首先介绍了热喷涂Fe基非晶涂层的腐蚀机理及其影响因素,总结了热喷涂涂层孔隙产生的机制、分类和影响因素。接着重点介绍了孔隙与热喷涂Fe基非晶涂层耐腐蚀性之间关系的研究进展。最后,通过对热喷涂涂层的形成过程与孔隙形成机理进行分析,粒子铺展变形能力差是显著影响涂层形成时粒子相互嵌套叠加和变形能力的主要原因。所以,Fe基非晶涂层可以从改变喷涂粉末成分和粒度、第二项粒子加入及喷涂工艺参数优化等措施,来改善粒子铺展变形能力,提高致密度。采用激光快速表面重熔技术对涂层微表层进行快速重熔处理,同样可以达到降低涂层孔隙率、提高涂层耐腐蚀性的目的。     

热处理对中频感应重熔NiCrBSi涂层抽油光杆性能的影响

采用火焰热喷涂-中频感应重熔技术在20CrMo抽油光杆基体表面制备NiCrBSi涂层并进行热处理,采用扫描电镜、显微硬度计、X射线应力测试仪、万能试验机和疲劳试验机等仪器,研究了热处理工艺对涂层光杆组织、硬度、表面应力、力学性能和疲劳性能等方面的影响。结果表明,中频感应重熔NiCrBSi涂层的制备和热处理对光杆基材表层组织、硬度和表面应力影响较大,热处理温度对涂层的硬度影响不显著;涂层制备和热处理会显著降低杆体的疲劳性能,重熔处理工艺的抗拉强度最大但塑性指标很差,并在疲劳试验中出现典型脆性断口,高温热处理工艺可以使涂层光杆获得较好的拉伸力学性能;普通20CrMo抽油光杆以磨损、腐蚀和疲劳断裂为主要失效原因,而NiCrBSi涂层/20CrMo光杆疲劳性能的显著降低可能成为其失效的主要原因。     

等离子喷涂典型耐磨涂层材料体系与性能现状研究

等离子喷涂作为重要的热喷涂技术之一,在零件表面强化处理与再制造损伤修复领域具有广泛的应用.由于不同机械零部件工作环境(温度、转速、腐蚀环境、润滑状况等)、基体材质及运动形式等因素存在较大的差异,因而通常需根据其具体服役工况选择最优的表面强化涂层,以满足零件表面摩擦学性能需求,提升机械装备的综合服役性能.基于此,对国内外采用等离子喷涂技术所制备的典型耐磨涂层的材料体系及涂层性能进行了详细地综述,系统介绍了组织成分、物相结构、力学性能、服役工况等因素对典型涂层(包括金属基涂层、陶瓷基涂层及多相复合涂层等)摩擦学性能的影响机理.结果表明,涂层的摩擦学性能受到涂层自身特性相关的内因(包括孔隙率、力学性能、组织成分等)和服役工况相关的外因(包括载荷、频率、润滑状态、工作介质等)的影响;典型金属基耐磨涂层包括Fe基、Ni基和Mo基涂层等,通过表面处理、后处理和工艺优化等手段,可显著改善涂层的摩擦学性能;采取不同的喷涂方式因颗粒熔化程度差异,使陶瓷基涂层产生不同的磨损程度;针对纳米、微米结构的陶瓷基涂层进行对比分析,发现纳米涂层通过吸收应力而降低磨损;复合涂层通过添加润滑相能够降低其摩擦因数、减轻涂层磨损,其中相较于单一润滑相,多组润滑相能通过发挥协同润滑效果,使涂层在不同温度区间下保持良好的耐磨性.最后,对等离子喷涂涂层耐磨性能的提升和优化方向进行了展望.     

涂层厚度对火焰热喷涂件拉压疲劳性能的影响

为了研究不同涂层厚度对热喷涂件疲劳性能的影响,应用火焰热喷涂技术在40Cr基体上制备出不同厚度的Ni60A自熔性粉末合金涂层.采用XRD、SEM、EDX等分析手段分析涂层表面的物相与断口微观组织结构.用电液伺服高频疲劳试验机测试喷涂试样及基体试样的疲劳寿命.结果表明:对所设计试样而言,其合理的涂层厚度为0.25 mm;在2 min时间长度的重熔保温后,Ni60A涂层表面主要由Cr7C3、Ni、Cr3Ni5Si2、CrB、Ni3B等相组成;涂层厚度合理时,涂层表面及界面相对于涂层中间部分承受较大的轴向拉压载荷,热喷涂件的拉压疲劳寿命在合理的重熔条件下,高于基体试样的疲劳寿命;当涂层厚度大于0.25 mm时,热喷涂件的拉压疲劳寿命随厚度的增加而呈现总体下降的趋势,热喷涂件的拉压疲劳寿命与涂层中非金属颗粒及孔隙的数量及平均大小密切相关.     

激光重熔轨迹对Fe基Ni/WC喷涂层摩擦学性能的影响

为探究激光重熔轨迹对喷涂Fe基Ni/WC金属陶瓷涂层摩擦学性能的影响,利用火焰喷涂设备在45钢基体表面制备Fe基Ni/WC金属陶瓷涂层,分别采用矩形、平行、圆形3种扫描轨迹对涂层表面进行激光重熔。利用SEM、EDS、XRD等分别测定涂层显微组织、微区组织成分、物相结构和残余应力。利用MMG-10型摩擦磨损试验机进行常温干摩擦磨损实验。结果表明:圆形扫描轨迹下的重熔层组织结构为晶粒更为细小的等轴晶,增大了裂纹源形成和扩展的阻力。重熔层主要为α(Fe,Ni)、M_(23)C_6和WC、W2C等硬质相颗粒,起到弥散强化和固溶强化的作用,进而提高重熔层硬度。圆形轨迹重熔层较其他两种轨迹表现出更好的摩擦性能,硬质相颗粒镶嵌在软质基体中,起到强韧结合的作用。圆形轨迹下的磨损量较矩形轨迹降低了58.3%,残余应力降低了14.5%;硬质相和氧化膜的协同作用使得重熔表面变得光滑,从而降低摩擦因数。     

重熔时间对热喷焊件疲劳寿命及磨损性能的影响

采用粉末火焰喷焊技术制备了以40Cr为基体,Ni60A镍基自熔性合金粉末为涂层材料的试样,利用疲劳试验机及摩擦磨损试验机研究了经不同重熔时间处理后试样的弯扭疲劳寿命及耐磨损性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、显微硬度计及非接触三维表面轮廓仪对涂层的磨损形貌、组织成分、表面硬度进行了分析.结果表明:合理的重熔时间长度为10 min.当重熔时间合理时,热喷焊件弯扭疲劳性能最强、涂层表面硬度最高、耐磨损能力最强.当重熔时间长度不合理时,涂层中Cr元素的偏析、SiO2颗粒物的生成等因素均显著影响了涂层的微观组织结构,降低了涂层件的疲劳寿命及耐磨损能力.     

热喷涂Ni60和Ni25涂层组织及性能研究

为了研究热喷涂涂层的组织结构和工艺性能,以45钢为基材、Ni60和Ni25为涂层材料分别制备出Ni60和Ni25喷涂层。对涂层表层组织及横截面组织进行金相观察,可以很直观地看出,热喷涂层表面呈现熔融平铺状的颗粒,横截面组织形态为层状结构,颗粒之间相互堆叠,且涂层组织致密;对Ni60和Ni25涂层进行一系列的测试,如硬度测试、结合强度测试、耐热疲劳试验以及耐磨性试验。结果表明,热喷涂Ni60和Ni25涂层具有硬度高,耐磨性好,与基体结合牢固等优良性能。     

热喷涂 Mo 及 Mo 基复合涂层研究进展

热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层因熔点高、硬度高、耐磨损、耐腐蚀及高温性能稳定等诸多特点,而广泛应用于机械零件生产及表面修复。随着以资源有效利用和机械产品再制造为一体的可持续发展战略不断推进,此类涂层将拥有更为广阔的应用前景。首先介绍了国内外在热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层方面的研究发展和应用现状;随后依据热喷涂技术的发展历程,分别总结论述了不同热喷涂技术,即火焰喷涂(普通火焰喷涂、高速火焰喷涂)、等离子喷涂(普通等离子喷涂、超音速等离子喷涂、微束等离子喷涂、低压等离子喷涂)及电热爆炸喷涂中,Mo及Mo基复合涂层的制备工艺、涂层性能特点及存在的问题;接着指出了热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层在新概念武器、航空航天等高科技领域的应用前景。最后,就进一步拓展Mo及Mo基复合涂层在贫油减摩、高温高速耐磨、高温耐腐蚀及氧化等复杂环境下的应用范围,结合热喷涂技术的研究热点及发展方向,指出了未来热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层在材料组分设计和工艺优化研究中应重点关注的方面。     

Dry coatings and ecodesign: Part. 2 — Tribological performances

The goal of this study is to find an industrial alternative application to hard chromium plating. The first part presents the appropriate environmental and chemical behaviour of NiCrBSi alloy and AISI 316L stainless steel coated by thermal spraying and laser cladding. This paper will concern the wear resistance of these dry coatings. However, stainless steel has awful performance in friction contacts, and this material cannot be suggested as a substitute solution to hard chromium coating for applications where the wear resistance is an important issue. Therefore the tribological pin-on-disc tests will only concern the NiCrBSi coatings. Consequently in the second part, tribological characterizations were carried out in order to determine the alternative potential of NiCrBSi coatings compared to electrolytic hard chromium plating, in applications to resist wear. The coatings are sprayed by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) and laser cladding (with a diode laser). Especially, the dry coated samples present a good tribological behaviour, whereas the wear mechanisms are different between APS and laser cladding coated samples. Laser cladding allows the manufacture of denser coatings, thus the mechanical properties are increased while the wear rate was reduced. At the same time, APS coated samples show a lower value of shear strength in comparison with laser cladding. That is the reason why fatigue is the main wear mechanism, and this process is called splat delamination.     

纳米Al2O3-40％TlO2复相陶瓷颗粒增强镍基合金复合涂层的摩擦学性能

运用等离子喷涂技术在7005铝合金表面制备Al2O3-40%TiO2纳米结构颗粒增强镍基合金复合涂层,分析其微观结构,研究其在不同载荷和速度条件下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：复合涂层主要由γ-Ni、α-Al2O3、γ-Al2O3和金红石型-TiO2等相组成,其摩擦因数和磨损失重较镍基合金涂层显著降低。在轻载3 N 时,复合涂层磨损表面的接触应力较低,主要发生微观切削磨损;当载荷上升至6~12 N时,接触应力高于磨损表面的弹性极限应力,复合涂层的磨损机理变为多次塑变磨损、微观脆性断裂磨损和磨粒磨损。随着速度的增大,磨损表面的接触温度逐渐升高,复合涂层以多次塑变磨损、疲劳磨损和粘着磨损为主。     

The effect of Mo content in plasma-sprayed Mo-NiCrBSi coating on the tribological behavior

NiCrBSi is a material popularly used as a hard thermal sprayed coating. The coating performs well as a wear resistant coating under low stress. At higher stress in metal-to-metal sliding wear condition, however, the NiCrBSi starts to experience surface deformation, which will inevitably lead to seizure as the stress increases. In order to improve the tribological properties of the NiCrBSi plasma-sprayed coating, Mo is added to the coating to reduce the friction between the coating and other metal contacting surface, thus, improving its dry sliding wear resistance. In this study, various amounts of Mo were mixed with NiCrBSi at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 wt.%. The powders were sprayed using an air plasma spraying technique onto stainless steel samples to form coatings, which were ground to achieve flat surfaces and a thickness of 350-400 μm. The mechanical properties of the coatings were determined. The coating samples were then tested using a reciprocation ball-on-flat tribometer. It was found that as the Mo/NiCrBSi ratio increases, the wear mechanism changes. Coatings containing 75%Mo and 25%NiCrBSi exhibit the highest wear depths corresponding to the cracking of the thin NiCrBSi splats. On the other hand, coatings containing 25%Mo and 75%NiCrBSi possess the lowest wear depths with no surface cracks. The presence of Mo covering the coating surface hinders the metal seizure between NiCrBSi and steel counter surface.     

H13钢等离子堆焊Ni60A/Cr3C2覆层的磨损及热疲劳性能

采用等离子堆焊技术在H13钢基体表面上制备了Ni60A/Cr₃C₂堆焊覆层,研究了覆层的磨损行为和热疲劳性能。在600 ℃下销盘试验的结果表明,镍基碳化铬复合覆层的耐磨性是Ni60A堆焊覆层的2.8倍和基材H13钢的11.6倍。镍基覆层可以显著降低H13钢的摩擦因数,加入碳化铬则会削弱覆层的摩擦性能。随着磨损的进行,主要磨损机理从氧化磨损演变为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。在800 ℃到室温下的热疲劳测试结果表明,镍基碳化铬复合覆层在48个热循环后疲劳裂纹达到200 μm,早于镍基覆层的62次。这说明高温氧化促进热疲劳裂纹的产生。碳化铬增强相从镍基上剥离,导致镍基复合覆层热疲劳性能下降。     

Tribological behavior and mechanism of NiCrBSi–Y2O3 composite coatings

The NiCrBSi–Y₂O₃ composite coatings were prepared on the surface of 45 carbon steel by plasma spray, the microstructure and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. The results show that the NiCrBSi–Y₂O₃ composite coatings are mainly composed of γ-Ni, CrB, Cr₇C₃ and Y₂O₃. With addition of Y₂O₃, hard phases such as CrB, Cr₇C₃ emerge in composite coating, and the density of the composite coatings also increases. The NiCrBSi–0.5Y₂O₃ composite coating presents excellent tribological properties. Its friction coefficient is 0.175, which is about 37% of that of the pure NiCrBSi coating. The mass wear loss is 1.2 mg, which is reduced by 43% compared with the pure NiCrBSi coating. When the loads are 6–10 N, the NiCrBSi–0.5Y₂O₃ composite coating suffers from slight wear and the wear mechanisms are mainly adhesive wear accompany with slight micro-cutting wear and micro-fracture wear. As the load increases to 12 N, the wear mechanisms are adhesive wear and severe micro-cutting wear.     

A study of high-velocity combustion wire molybdenum coatings

In this paper, coatings manufactured using the high-velocity combustion wire (HVCW) spray process have been studied. Molybdenum coatings were prepared in this study, and wavelength dispersive x-ray analysis (WDX) investigations were carried out to ascertain the oxygen content of the coating and its distribution. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the coating was also carried out to determine the phases present in the coating. Based on the above data, the authors explain the HVCW-sprayed molybdenum coating microstructure properties. These coatings were also sprayed using a modified aircap design. The parameters varied for the molybdenum coatings by HVCW and were (1) the distance of the substrate from the spray gun and (2) the wire feed rate of the gun. The wear test and coefficient of friction measurements were also carried out for the coatings. Air plasma spraying of Mo-25% NiCrBSi coatings was carried out, and these coatings were further checked for wear friction properties.     

激光熔覆NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层 结构及空间摩擦学性能

目的 提高钛及钛合金的空间摩擦学性能,拓展钛及钛合金在空间技术领域的应用范围。方法 用激光熔覆技术在纯钛基材表面制备了NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层。用X-射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和高分辨透射电镜分析涂层的物相组成、显微组织结构和晶体结构。用空间摩擦学实验系统对NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照三种模拟空间环境以及大气环境下的摩擦学性能进行系统的研究。采用扫描电镜和能量色散光谱仪对摩擦测试后NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层的磨痕形貌和对偶不锈钢钢球的磨痕形貌及元素面分布进行分析。深入探讨NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层在三种模拟空间环境及大气环境下的磨损机理。结果 在纯钛基材表面通过激光熔覆制备的NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层主要物相组成为NiTi、Ni3Ti、Cr2Ni3、Cr3Si、TiB2、Cr-Ni-Ti-Fe、Ag相,显微结构主要为等轴晶和枝状晶组织。复合涂层具有较高的显微硬度,涂层截面平均显微硬度约为830HV0.2,约是钛基材硬度的4.4倍。复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照模拟空间环境下的摩擦系数和磨损率均小于大气环境下的值。在三种模拟空间环境下,相对于纯钛基材,复合涂层的磨损率约小2个数量级。复合涂层在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照模拟空间环境下的磨损机理为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,在大气环境下的磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损。结论 NiCrBSi/Ag复合涂层可以显著提高纯钛基材在真空、原子氧和紫外辐照三种模拟空间环境以及大气环境下的摩擦学性能。     

内燃机活塞环陶瓷涂层研制

活塞环是汽车发动机的关键零件.为适应汽车发动机发展的需要, 必须解决活塞环摩擦、磨损方面的问题.从活塞环苛刻的工况出发,研究了适合活塞环表面强化工艺,分析了等离子喷涂工艺表面处理技术特点,探讨了喷涂陶瓷涂层活塞环的摩擦磨损机理,试验结果表明,喷涂陶瓷涂层活塞环失效的主要原因是脆性剥落和疲劳磨损.     

掺杂镍对镁合金表面冷喷涂锌基涂层性能的影响

目的研究镍添加对冷喷涂锌基涂层耐蚀性的影响,为镁合金提供有效的防护涂层。方法采用低压冷喷涂技术在镁合金基体表面分别制备锌基和锌/镍基复合涂层,通过微观观察、摩擦磨损实验、电化学极化法和电化学阻抗谱测试及全浸泡腐蚀试验,研究镁合金表面冷喷涂涂层的结构、摩擦磨损行为和耐蚀性。结果镁合金表面冷喷涂锌基涂层后,其硬度和耐磨性得到显著提高,掺镍后的锌/镍基涂层具有更高的硬度和耐磨性。锌基和锌/镍基涂层均能为镁合金提供腐蚀防护,锌/镍基涂层比锌基涂层具有更好的耐蚀性。相对镁合金来说,锌基涂层和锌/镍基涂层的自腐蚀电位分别正移了260 mV和560 mV;长期腐蚀后锌/镍基涂层形成了更致密的腐蚀产物膜,腐蚀电阻显著高于锌基涂层。结论冷喷涂锌基和锌/镍复合涂层均能对镁合金提供防护作用,掺杂镍后的锌/镍基复合涂层具有更高的硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性。