钛/铝激光熔钎焊接头原位 TEM 拉伸断裂行为

对于钛/铝异种金属熔钎焊接头,钛合金侧界面金属间化合物层的形态、厚度对接头力学性能存在显著影响.传统微观组织表征 + 宏观力学性能测试的方法无法直观获得纳米尺度下裂纹的萌生及扩展过程.基于此,采用原位TEM表征技术,对钛/铝熔钎焊接头界面金属间化合物层处的拉伸断裂行为展开研究,阐明界面金属间化合物层对接头力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,金属间化合物层物相主要以TiAl相和TiAl₃相为主,在原位TEM拉伸过程中,焊缝熔合区铝合金晶粒内部容易发生位错塞积,裂纹倾向于在位错塞积处萌生扩展.界面层不是拉伸试样的薄弱区,试样倾向于在焊缝熔合区或钛合金侧发生断裂.     

Al/Ti异种金属TIG熔钎焊接头的显微组织及力学性能

以AlMg3焊丝对5052铝合金和Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行TIG熔钎焊,获得了同时具有熔焊和钎焊双重特征的接头。采用 BSE、EDS、XRD以及万能拉伸试验机对铝/钛熔钎焊接头微观组织及力学性能进行了研究。试验结果表明：在焊接过程中将钨极中心向铝合金一侧偏离焊缝中心线0.8 mm时,铝/钛接头钎焊界面形成2~4 μm厚的锯齿状TiAl3反应层。在拉伸试验中,接头断裂发生在铝合金母材,最高抗拉强度达到185 MPa。     

钛/铝异种合金电弧熔钎焊接头界面特征及力学性能

采用AlSi5焊丝和交流TIG电弧实现了TC4钛合金和6056铝合金的熔钎焊连接,通过金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)和拉伸试验等方法评价了接头界面微观组织特征和力学性能.结果表明,当焊接电流为30,40和60 A时,界面反应层分别呈棒状、块状和锥状分布,过大的热输入使界面产生了粗大柱状金属间化合物层,冷却时在焊接内应力作用下产生了冷裂纹.金属间化合物主要为TiAl3相,Si元素偏聚其内形成过饱和固溶体.接头强度-焊接电流曲线出现了两次峰值强度.焊接电流为30 A时,熔钎焊接头平均抗拉强度为103 MPa.焊接电流为60 A时,电弧形态扩张使能量密度降低,接头强度出现第二次峰值.     

铝/钛异种金属冷金属过渡熔钎焊接头分析

以ER4043的铝焊丝对6061铝合金和TA2纯钛进行CMT熔钎焊,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)分析了焊接接头的微观组织特征,并通过拉伸试验对接头进行了力学性能的评定. 结果表明,焊接接头具有熔焊和钎焊双重性质:铝母材局部熔化,与熔化的焊丝金属混合后凝固形成焊缝;而没有熔化的钛母材通过Ti原子的扩散与焊缝金属形成金属间化合物结合层的钎焊界面. 钎焊界面处反应层可分为靠近钛板一侧的连续层Ti₃Al和向焊缝内部生长的锯齿状的反应层TiAl₃. 当钛板坡口角度为30°时,钎焊界面化合物生长均匀良好,接头会断裂在铝母材的热影响区,最高抗拉强度达到197.5 MPa.     

Al/Ti异种金属TIG熔钎焊接头界面行为及断裂行为

以TIG电弧为热源,Al Mg3焊丝为填充材料,采用BSE、EDS、XRD以及万能拉伸试验机对5052铝合金和Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的TIG熔钎焊接头界面行为及断裂行为进行了研究。结果表明:焊接电流显著影响铝/钛钎焊界面反应层的形态及厚度,进而对铝/钛焊接接头的力学性能产生显著影响。当焊接电流为75 A时,铝/钛钎焊界面形成锯齿状的Ti Al3反应层,在拉伸试验中,接头断裂发生在铝合金母材,最高抗拉强度达到185 MPa。     

TiAl/42CrMo感应钎焊接头力学性能及断裂特征

在Ar气保护条件下,采用Ag-Cu-Ni-Li钎料实现了TiAl基合金与42CrMo钢的感应钎焊.结果表明,在界面上有Ti3Al,AlCuTi,AlCu2Ti,Ag基固溶体、Ag-Cu共晶组织以及TiC等反应相生成.钎焊温度1 000 ℃、保温30 s,接头界面组织主要为Al-Cu-Ti的三元金属间化合物,拉伸测试中断裂发生在金属间化合物的内部;当钎焊温度890 ℃,保温时间30 s时,接头室温抗拉强度、高温(400 ℃)抗拉强度分别达到309 MPa,286 MPa,拉伸测试中裂纹源于焊缝中金属间化合物粒子与Ag基体固溶体相界处,扩展到两侧母材界面的脆性相处发生断裂.     

预镀层钛合金与铝合金电弧熔钎焊接头界面组织及力学性能分析

钛合金板坡口位置预先热浸镀纯铝镀层,采用TIG电弧熔钎焊的方法连接镀层钛合金与铝合金,对比分析了有镀层和无镀层条件下形成的接头界面组织及焊缝强度.结果表明,两种条件下界面处生成相同成分的金属间化合物TiAl₃,其中无镀层条件下Ti/Al界面反应层呈锯齿状,厚度4~6 μm,焊缝平均拉伸强度118 MPa,以脆性断裂为主;镀层条件下界面生成均匀稳定金属间化合物,厚度2 μm以下,焊缝平均拉伸强度205 MPa,以韧性断裂为主.镀层的引入减薄了金属间化合物反应层厚度,从根本上改变了接头的断裂的方式.     

铝／钛异种合金激光熔钎焊接头界面特性

以铝硅共晶合金为填充材料,采用激光熔钎焊的方法对铝／钛异种合金进行焊接,获得了同时具有熔焊和钎焊双重特征的焊接接头。由于激光局部加热并且有很高的冷却速度,发现在钛合金附近的钎焊界面形成了特殊的形态结构。结果表明,获得的钛合金钎焊区界面金属间化合物厚度很薄,仅在10μm以下。焊缝上部界面金属间化合物较厚,主要呈锯齿状;焊缝下部界面金属间化合物厚度不足1μm,呈薄层状。界面金属间化合物的主要成分为TiAl3,以Ti（SiAl1-x）3结构的置换固溶体形式存在。底部界面容易成为裂纹产生的源头,裂纹多沿界面附近焊缝中的共晶组织扩展,接头的平均抗拉强度为铝母材的85％左右。     

药芯焊丝焊接铝合金/不锈钢接头组织及性能分析

采用ZnAl15和AlSi12药芯焊丝成功实现了铝合金/不锈钢异种金属间的熔钎焊.结果表明,焊态下采用ZnAl15药芯焊丝所得接头抗拉强度达121 MPa;而AlSi12药芯焊丝所得接头抗拉强度最高可达162 MPa.接头经280℃保温30 min焊后热处理后,采用ZnAl15药芯焊丝所得接头抗拉强度为180 MPa,比焊态下接头抗拉强度高出将近一倍;采用AlSi12药芯焊丝所得接头强度可提高至166 MPa.对焊缝与钢之间的界面层进行成分分析发现,ZnAl15药芯焊丝所得接头界面层主要由Fe2Al5和FeAl3等脆性化合物及锌固溶体组成,而AlSi12药芯焊丝所得接头界面层由τ5-Al7.4Fe2Si三元相组成,两种焊丝所得接头界面层厚度均不超过10μm.     

Al-Mg焊丝的Ti6Al4V/5A05Al熔钎焊接接头的组织性能

为实现Ti/Al熔钎焊接头组织性能的优化,采用Al-Mg焊丝进行Ti6Al4V/5A05Al异种金属的熔化极氩弧熔钎焊。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等对Ti/Al界面组织结构和接头断口形貌进行了分析,采用万能力学试验机对接头的抗拉强度进行了测试。结果表明,采用Al-Mg焊丝配合合适的焊接工艺可实现钛与铝的可靠焊接,钛与焊缝之间通过形成一层厚度1～5μm的芽状TiAl_3反应层实现良好的钎焊结合;Ti/Al界面附近未发现未焊透、裂纹等微观缺陷。拉伸测试中大多数接头断裂于铝侧焊接热影响区中,接头最高抗拉强度达243 MPa。与Al-Si焊丝相比,采用Al-Mg焊丝时Ti/Al熔钎焊接头的抗拉强度获得了显著提高。     

铝硅镀层钢激光填丝焊接接头组织和性能

对铝硅镀层热成形钢进行激光填丝焊接试验,研究填充焊丝对焊接接头显微组织、力学性能及拉伸失效机制的影响. 结果表明,在激光自熔焊条件下,焊缝中平均Al元素含量为1.90%(质量分数),显微组织为马氏体和粗大的δ铁素体,焊接接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为1 340 MPa和1.80%,因δ铁素体与马氏体之间存在显著的硬度差(142 HV),拉伸时裂纹源于δ铁素体和马氏体之间的相界面. 在激光填丝焊条件下,焊缝平均Al元素含量降低至0.96%,由于填充焊丝对铝的稀释作用使得焊缝为全马氏体组织,焊接接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别提升至1 510 MPa和4.4%. 因填充焊丝同时对焊缝中的碳也有稀释作用,焊缝中马氏体硬度(491 HV)低于母材中马氏体(523 HV),拉伸时裂纹于马氏体内部萌生并扩展,最终断裂于焊缝.     

Analysis of intermetallic layer in dissimilar TIG welding–brazing butt joint of aluminium alloy to stainless steel

Abstract

Intermetallic layer of dissimilar tungsten inert gas welding–brazing butt joint of aluminium alloy/ stainless steel has been studied. A visible unequal thickness intermetallic layer has formed in welded seam/steel interface, and the thickness of the whole layer is <10 μm. The interface with Al–12Si filler metal consists of τ ₅-Al₈Fe₂Si layer in welded seam side and θ-(Al,Si)₁₃Fe₄ layer in steel side with the hardness values of 1025 and 835 HV respectively, while the interface with Al–6Cu filler metal consists of θ-Al₁₃(Fe,Cu)₄ layer with the hardness of 645 HV. The average tensile strength of the joint with Al–12Si filler metal is 100–120 MPa, and the fracture occurs at θ-(Al,Si)₁₃Fe₄ layer, while the joint with Al–6%Cu filler metal presents high crack resistance with tensile strength of 155–175 MPa, which reaches more than 50% of aluminium base metal strength.     

中间层材料对Ti/Al异种金属搅拌摩擦焊组织性能影响

以3mm厚2A14铝合金和TC4钛合金为试验材料,分别添加0.05mmZn和Ni箔片,研究了不同工艺参数下Zn和Ni对接头微观组织、力学性能的影响。试验结果表明：当添加中间层Zn时,在旋转速度为375r/min、焊接速度为75mm/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最大值237.3MPa,为铝合金母材拉伸强度的56.7%。同样参数下,添加中间层Ni后,能显著减少接头中脆性相TiAl₃,接头抗拉强度最大值提高到285.3MPa,达到铝合金母材抗拉强度的68％,接头断裂方式呈脆性+韧性混合型断裂。     

Al6061/TA2异种金属冷金属过渡焊接性分析

以AlSi₅ 焊丝对6061铝合金和TA2纯钛进行CMT熔钎焊,采用SEM,EDS分析焊接接头的微观组织特征,并通过拉伸试验对接头进行力学性能评定.结果表明,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形美观.所得到的焊接接头具有熔焊和钎焊两部分,其中局部熔化的铝母材与熔融的焊丝混合后形成焊缝,焊缝金属与微熔的钛母材形成三个钎焊界面.钎焊界面主要成分为TiAl₃金属间化合物,其厚度较薄.此外,界面附近还有一些随机分布的棒状的TiAl₃金属间化合物.焊接过程中,随着焊丝偏移量的增加,焊缝力学性能提高.参数优化后的接头抗拉强度较高,且断裂在铝热影响区.     

Effect of hot dip aluminising on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al joint by TIG arc welding brazing

Abstract

The joint of Al 5A06 and aluminised Ti–6Al–4V dissimilar alloys was achieved by means of tungsten inert gas arc welding brazing. The effect of aluminized coating on the spreading behaviour of filler metal on Ti substrate was studied. The spreadability of liquid filler metal on the Ti substrate was enhanced obviously due to the presence of aluminised coating. The interfacial reaction layer was characterised by a uniform lamellar layer of TiAl₃ intermetallic, with a thickness of 1 μm. Sound joints with well appearance were obtained, and the optimised tensile strength of the joint reached 216 MPa. The failure initiated from the interfacial layer at the root face and then propagated within the weld seam at the upper part of the joint. Capable welding parameters were broadened by the presence of aluminised coating for dissimilar metal joining of Ti/Al.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of tungsten inert gas welded–brazed Al/Ti joints

The tungsten inert gas welding–brazing process using Al-based filler metal has been developed for joining 5052 Al alloy to Ti–6Al–4V alloy in a butt configuration. The results indicated that heat input influenced the morphology and thickness of the interfacial reaction layer of Al/Ti joints, which played an important role in the mechanical properties of weldment. With the optimised tungsten electrode offset D of 1.0?mm from Al/Ti initial interface to Al side and welding current of 70?A, the thin cellular-shaped and club-shaped TiAl₃ reaction layers formed in the brazing zone, which contributed to suppressing crack initiation and propagation during tensile test. Eventually, the maximum tensile strength of 183?MPa was obtained and the optimised Al/Ti joint fractured at Al alloy base plate. Moreover, the power density characterisation and joining mechanism of Al/Ti joints were discussed.     

In Situ SEM Observations of Fracture Behavior of Laser Welded–Brazed Al/Steel Dissimilar Joint

Laser welding–brazing of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to DP590 dual-phase steel with Al-Si12 flux-cored filler wire was performed. The microstructure at the brazing interface was characterized. Fracture behavior was observed and analyzed by in situ scanning electron microscope. The microstructure of the brazing interface showed that inhomogeneous intermetallic compounds formed along the thickness direction, which had a great influence on the crack initiation and propagation. In the top region, the reaction layer at the interface consisted of scattered needle-like Fe(Al,Si)₃ and serration-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. In the middle region, the compound at the interface was only serration-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. In the bottom region, the interface was composed of lamellar-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. The cracks were first detected in the bottom region and propagated from bottom to top along the interface. At the bottom region, the crack initiated and propagated along the Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si/weld seam interface during the in situ tensile test. When the crack propagated into the middle region, a deflection of crack propagation appeared. The crack first propagated along the steel/Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si interface and then moved along the weld seam until the failure of the joint. The tensile strength of the joint was 146.5 MPa. Some micro-cracks were detected at Fe(Al,Si)₃ and the interface between the steel substrate and Fe(Al,Si)₃ in the top region while the interface was still connected.     

SiCp/Al复合材料与Fe36Ni合金超声波钎焊

利用超声波钎焊方法使用ZnAlSi钎料实现了Fe36Ni合金与45%SiC_p/2024Al和55%SiC_p/A356两种复合材料的连接,并得到由SiC颗粒增强的复合焊缝.通过扫描电镜、能谱等方法对焊缝的微观结构以及断口形貌进行了观察,对接头的压剪强度进行了测试,分析了Fe36Ni与两种复合材料钎焊接头微观组织和接头强度的差异.结果表明,在Fe36Ni与两种复合材料的钎缝中,钎料与两侧母材界面均形成良好的冶金结合,SiC颗粒均匀分布于焊缝中.Fe36Ni与45%SiC_p/2024Al的接头抗剪强度为110~145 MPa,Fe36Ni与55%SiC_p/A356的接头抗剪强度为75~85 MPa.Fe36Ni与45%SiC_p/2024Al的接头断裂位置为钎缝中,而Fe36Ni与55%SiC_p/A356的接头断裂位置位于Fe36Ni与钎料的界面上.     

铝合金/不锈钢预涂层钨极氩弧熔钎焊接头的特性

通过在不锈钢表面预涂钎剂层,采用铝硅共晶钎料实现铝合金/不锈钢TIG熔钎焊连接,获得具有熔焊与钎焊双重性质的对接接头,运用OM、SEM、EDS分析接头的微观组织及成分,通过拉伸实验评定接头的力学性能.结果表明:铝母材局部熔化,与液态钎料混合后凝固形成焊缝,焊缝组织主要由α(Al)基体和在晶界析出的Al-Si共晶相组成;不锈钢不发生熔化,液态钎料与不锈钢在界面反应形成不均匀分布的金属间化合物层,最大厚度不超过10 μm,界面上部金属间化合物较厚,呈锯齿状,主要相成分为α(τ5)-Al7.4Fe2Si;界面下部金属间化合物较薄,呈细须状,由α(τ5)-Al7.4Fe2Si+α(Al)混合相构成;接头的平均抗拉强度为90.6 MPa,焊缝/不锈钢界面下部为连接的薄弱环节,成为断裂的起始位置.