Crack opening due to deformation twin shear at grain boundaries in near-γ TiAl

Microcrack nucleation has been observed at apparent deformation twin interactions with grain boundaries in a duplex near-gamma TiAl specimen deformed to surface tensile strain of about 1.4%. To prove that these microcracks are a result of twins and not dislocation slip bands, detailed characterization of the surface topography and crystallography associated with the microcracks was conducted and analyzed. Electron backscatter diffraction patterns were used in conjunction with selected area channeling patterns to determine the crystallography near the observed microcracks. Transmission electron microscopy of a selected twin, extracted using a focused ion beam, and atomic force microscopy were used to show that the observed microcracks could only have been caused by local strain heterogeneities caused by twin interactions with grain boundaries and not by dislocation slip bands.     

Cu双晶的循环形变行为与疲劳裂纹萌生：Ⅱ.疲劳裂纹萌生与早期扩展

用扫描电镜观察了受应变疲劳载荷作用的Ｃｕ双晶物的表面形貌，发现晶界是疲劳形变双晶是有利的裂纺萌生地点，在滑移带撞击晶界的地方，特别是在几条粗滑移带共同撞击晶界的地方观察到许多疲劳微裂纹；并且发现与平行晶界双晶相比，垂直晶界双晶有有利于疲劳裂纹沿晶界作早期扩展。     

Features of fracture surface in a fully lamellar TiAl-base alloy

The deformation mechanisms associated with different fracture surface appearances of a fatigue tested lamellar TiAl-based alloy have been studied in detail by focussed ion beam and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that linear markings within translamellar plates correspond to twins and/or slip bands. The markings in interlamellar region are associated with the crack propagation from a lamellar boundary to another. The fan-like region with linear markings belongs to a γ grain and the markings are related to twins. Intralamellar crack propagation is associated with twin–twin interaction within a γ lamella.     

全层状TiAl基合金断裂机理原位观察

通过对裂纹与晶内片层和晶界的交互作用的原位观察,研究了全层状组织TiAl基合金的断裂机制。结果表明：裂纹萌发和扩展方式不仅依赖于片层与拉伸轴的相对取向,还受晶界取向的制约。当片层与拉伸轴成较大角度时,沿片层裂纹扩展是通过主裂纹与沿片层微裂纹的连接及剪切的过程;而当拉伸轴近乎平行片层时,跨片层裂纹依靠对界面分离和跨片层微裂纹这两种形式的微裂纹的连接进行扩展的,纵向交叉晶界有利于断裂韧性的提高,而横向晶界则不利于材料断裂韧性。     

Stress corrosion cracking under low stress: Continuous or discontinuous cracks?

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional crack morphologies of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) were studied by serial-sectioning and synchrotron-based X-ray computed tomography. Discontinuous surface cracks were actually continuous inside the specimen, which matched typical river-like fractographs and finite element simulations. A low stress SCC model was created, where a main crack continuously grew along the main propagation direction (MPD) due to anodic dissolution; then, discontinuous secondary microcracks emanated from MPD, angularly extending to the two sides of MPD. Finally, some of the secondary microcracks reached the sample surface, resulting in the formation of discontinuous surface cracks.     

晶界特征分布对哈氏合金力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射、透射电镜等手段对Hastelloy X(HX)合金的晶界特征分布、拉伸断口形貌及位错分布等进行研究。结果表明,HX合金室温拉伸断口由局部裂纹、微孔和大量的韧窝构成,微孔的形成与材料内部第二相颗粒分布有关。组织为晶内共格孪晶型的材料开裂是裂纹源扩展引起的,而组织为非共格孪晶型的样品是微孔聚集导致的开裂。分析表明,不同晶界特征分布的样品室温力学性能的差异,主要是晶粒尺寸和一次碳化物分布作用的结果。     

In-situ deformation of TiAl PST crystals in TEM

The deformation process of TiAl polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals was in-situ observed in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) with a tensile holder. Microcracks, resulted from different reasons, were observed to nucleate at several different sites. In many cases microcracks were observed to nucleate on lamellar boundaries and on the boundary between the deformation twin and the matrix. The intersecting parts of two deformation twins within the same TiAl lamella have been found to be favorite nucleation sites of microcracks. Microcracks were also observed to nucleate on the domain boundary of two TiAl domains coexisting in a TiAl lamella and at the triple point among TiAl domain boundary and lamellar boundary. It has revealed that cracks tend to propagate along the lamellar boundaries when the angle between tensile axis and lamellar boundaries is about 78°. When crack propagation was hindered, one or more microcracks nucleated ahead of the main crack. Then the microcracks grew up, connected each other and connected with the main crack through shear rupture of the ledgement between them.     

On the twinning occurrence in bulk semiconductor crystal growth

Based on known theories of twinning in semiconductor crystal growth, a new model is proposed to study the occurrence of twins during the solidification of photovoltaic multicrystalline silicon ingots. It is expected that twins will appear on facets existing at the grain boundary–solid–liquid triple line. Necessary conditions for the existence of facets are derived and it is shown that twinning remains a function of the probability of nucleation of twinned nuclei. It is demonstrated that this probability is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observation for cases where the grain orientation is such that an angle of 132° occurs between a facet and a grain boundary. However, full validation of the model requires accurate values of interfacial energies at the melting point, which are currently lacking.     

IN SITU OBSERVATION OF DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE FOR SUPERALLOY GH169 UNDER COMBINED FATIGUE-CREEP ACTION

In Situ observation of deformation and fracture for superalloy GH169 under combinedfatigue-creep action is made by using high temperature metalloscope,it is shown that underthe test conditions the deformution takes place by merely of slipping,twinning and grainhoundary sliding,and the mode of failure depends on the microstructure of specimen.lntergranular cracks arise.from W-type voids produced by the stress concentration at triplepoint which could not be relaxed by the interior deformation of grains and the localdeformathm region along grain bounaries.And the crack propagation mechanism is thenucleation,growth and linkage of carities at the grain boundaries.Transgranular cracks formfrom deformatiom damages within the grain,and its propagation mechanism is shear rupturealong the slip phme.     

Discontinuous surface cracks during stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel single crystal

Single crystal 321 stainless steel stress corrosion cracking was studied in a 42 wt.% MgCl₂ solution. Cracks propagated macroscopically in the maximum tensile stress plane regardless of the notch orientation with respect to the applied tensile load direction. Some stress corrosion cracks nucleated discontinuously at the intersection of the two slip bands. Most cracks, however, were not related to the slip bands. Cleavage-like fracture was observed, and the river-markings exhibited microshear facets along the {1 1 1} plane. Interaction between the main crack and the discontinuous microcracks increased the calculated stress intensity factor by 17 times and promoted crack coalescence, resulting in mechanical fracture of the ligaments between the cracks.     

工业纯镁内部疲劳微裂纹的热扩散性愈合

采用单向对称拉压低周疲劳疗法在具有等轴晶的工业纯镁试样中引入了微米级的内部裂纹,裂纹主要位于晶内和穿晶位置,宽度为0.5-15μm,长宽比分布在10-35之间,在623K对疲劳试样进行2,4和6.5h的真空退火处理,SEM观察表明：晶内疲劳微裂纹纵剖面二维形态发生了主要由表面扩散控制的形态变化,由初始的扁椭圆形演化成多个球洞定向排列的形态;穿晶疲劳微裂纹纵剖面二维形态则在表面和晶界扩散的耦合作用下首先在晶界处分隔成两部分,并在晶界上留下了一个空洞,在退火处理的后期阶段,空洞收缩消失,引起空洞间距的增大并引起试样密度少量恢复。     

充氚不锈钢焊缝微观组织

用电子显微镜研究了不锈钢电子束、激光束焊缝试样在高温气相充氢氚后断裂的微观行为及显微组织,并用材料试验机测试了其断裂强度.结果表明;不锈钢焊缝试样充氢氚后断裂强度值略有下降,断口组织中出现了明显的氢脆断裂特征:氢脆撕裂岭、准解理断裂形态、沿晶断裂形态和氢致二次裂纹.TEM研究表明,气态氚有与晶界初生析出物交互作用形成氚蚀裂纹趋势;裂纹萌生在形变带和晶界处.     

6016铝合金包边开裂组织性能研究

针对6016铝合金板材在实际生产中出现的包边开裂问题,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜对包边开裂过程中的组织演变进行了分析,探究了包边产生开裂的原因。结果表明:在未变形区域,晶粒均为再结晶晶粒,其中,表面晶粒分布较为均匀,横、纵截面表层晶粒尺寸较心部晶粒大,且存在异常长大的晶粒,对包边性能会产生不利的影响;在包边开裂处,外拉伸面和内部压缩处萌生裂纹,且还存在粗滑移带,这主要是由局部化高应变导致的,微裂纹的存在是晶界脱粘的结果;在裂纹表面发现大量的韧窝,裂纹处存在粗大的第二相,经能谱分析为富铁相,裂纹的形成和扩展与富铁相有关,细化富铁相有利于提高包边性能。     

基于拘束的X80钢裂纹扩展阻力曲线构建

对于管道中的裂纹,由于其裂纹尖端拘束水平低,使用单边缺口弯曲试样、紧凑拉伸试样所测得的裂纹扩展阻力曲线对管道进行断裂评估,得到的结果趋于保守. 文中采用裂纹深度不同的单边缺口拉伸试样,探讨了裂纹深度对裂纹扩展阻力曲线的影响. 采用有限元分析,计算了裂纹深度不同的单边缺口试样的裂纹尖端拘束水平. 最后,基于裂纹尖端的拘束水平,所构建的裂纹扩展阻力曲线能更加准确地表征管道中裂纹的扩展阻力曲线.     

制备工艺对GH4169合金组织结构与蠕变行为的影响

通过对等温锻造和热连轧工艺制备的GH4169合金进行蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究制备工艺对GH4169合金组织结构及蠕变行为的影响.结果表明:在热连轧期间,合金发生孪晶变形和位错滑移;与等温锻造相比,热连轧合金中的高密度位错具有形变强化的作用,可提高合金的蠕变抗力.在蠕变期间,等温锻造合金仅发生孪晶变形,而热连轧合金的变形机制是孪晶和位错滑移,其中,合金在热连轧期间形成的高密度位错可诱发蠕变位错发生单取向或多取向滑移,可减缓应力集中,抑制或延缓裂纹在晶界处萌生是使该合金具有较长蠕变寿命的主要原因.蠕变后期,裂纹在与应力轴垂直的晶界处萌生,并沿晶界扩展、发生解理断裂是2种工艺制备合金的蠕变断裂机制.     

Effect of prior corrosion on short crack behavior in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Two thicknesses of dogbone shaped 2024-T3 aluminum alloy specimens were notched and corroded prior to constant amplitude fatigue loading. The purpose of the subject research was to examine and characterize the effects of various levels of prior corrosion on the growth rate of short fatigue cracks. The specimens were notched and exposed to a corrosive environment per one of three defined protocols prior to experimentation. The notch was manually introduced at one edge of the test section of the specimen, which was later corroded to create a more natural site for crack origination. Fatigue crack nucleation was monitored and subsequent crack growth recorded, with results presented in the form of da/dN vs. ΔK curves.     

后处理对选区激光熔化成形K536合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

采用选区激光熔化技术成形K536合金并对其进行后处理,分别分析了沉积态、退火态、退火+固溶态、退火+固溶+热等静压态合金试样的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:沉积态试样横、纵向截面均产生微裂纹;退火态试样的横向截面组织为等轴晶,纵向晶粒形态为柱状晶,且晶粒尺寸波动较大,形成了交替分布的细晶区和粗晶区;退火+固溶态试样发生部分再结晶,在再结晶部分可以观察到孪晶的存在,且出现明显的等轴晶组织,晶粒大小不均匀,晶界析出物呈长条状形态;经热等静压处理后试样的晶粒明显增大,沉积态产生的裂纹基本愈合,且高温持久性能指标达到ASTM标准要求,其晶内析出的碳化物分布均匀,晶界处的碳化物呈链状分布。     

Deformation twins in nanocrystalline body-centered cubic Mo as predicted by molecular dynamics simulations

This work studies deformation twins in nanocrystalline body-centered cubic Mo, including the nucleation and growth mechanisms as well as their effects on ductility, through molecular dynamics simulations. The deformation processes of nanocrystalline Mo are simulated using a columnar grain model with three different orientations. The deformation mechanisms identified, including dislocation slip, grain-boundary-mediated plasticity, deformation twins and martensitic transformation, are in agreement with previous studies. In 〈1 1 0〉 columnar grains, the deformation is dominated by twinning, which nucleates primarily from the grain boundaries by successive emission of twinning partials and thickens by jog nucleation in the grain interiors. Upon arrest by a grain boundary, the twin may either produce continuous plastic strain across the grain boundary by activating compatible twinning/slip systems or result in intergranular failure in the absence of compatible twinning/slip systems in the neighboring grain. Multiple twinning systems can be activated in the same grain, and the competition between them favors those capable of producing continuous deformation across the grain boundary.     

Crack initiation model for sensitized 304 stainless steel in high temperature water

To investigate the initiation behavior of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for sensitized Type 304 stainless steel in high temperature water, a constant load SCC test method combined with in situ crack observation technique was employed. The in situ crack observation system allowed us to detect small cracks of at least 100 μm. As a result, a fracture time decreased with an increase in an applied stress. The first cracks were observed at most 3 h before the specimen was fractured under all the stress conditions. After that, many cracks were initiated in a short time to fracture. The fracture was caused by coalescence of multiple cracks rather than by growth of some primary cracks. The simulation model for surface crack initiation was newly developed using a Monte Carlo method, which was based on damage mechanics and stress analysis around the existing cracks. The simulation could represent the empirical results of changes in the crack distribution and the cumulative number of cracks during the SCC tests. It was concluded, therefore, that the crack initiation process should be considered in simulating the life prediction of the material in this SCC system.     

Impact of surface condition on sulphide stress corrosion cracking of 316L stainless steel

The effect of surface condition on crack initiation in 316L stainless steel during laboratory testing in sour (H₂S) environments for oil and gas applications has been investigated using the four-point bend test method. The main focus was on the effect of the degree of surface damage introduced during specimen machining and the influence of heat tinting to simulate the welding process. Detailed mapping of the surface of the four-point bend specimens before and after the tests revealed a greater tendency for pits to form at pre-existing mechanical defects than at inclusions. Perhaps surprisingly, pitting was initiated more readily on the finer ground surface. The effect of heat tinting was (i) to increase the pit density and (ii) to facilitate cracking, shifting the material from the pass to the failure domain. In all cases cracks initiated at pitting sites. A clear time dependence was observed in both the evolution of pitting and the transition from pit to crack during the four-point bend test, implying that the standard 30 day test duration may not always be sufficiently conservative. Characterisation of pitting and cracking in the specimens using electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) and focused ion beam (FIB) milling revealed evidence of de-alloying local to the crack. The origin of the cracks could not be identified precisely but initiation in the thinned region of the metal caused by undercutting or intense localised dissolution along slip bands could both be important. Comparison of residual stress measurement using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and hole-drilling techniques demonstrated that near-surface residual stress measurement in austenitic stainless steels using XRD should be treated with caution due to the presence of a heavily deformed nanocrystalline layer on the surface arising from the machining process.