不锈钢在扭转/拉伸复合载荷下近门槛值的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

研究了带环状预裂纹的奥氏体不锈钢圆棒试样在循环扭转／拉伸复合载荷下，门槛值附近的疲劳裂纹扩展行为，分析了复合加载时不同载荷比对裂纹扩展的影响，对裂纹扩展的初始阶段进行了详细研究，用应力强度因子表征了裂纹扩展开始的门槛值．提出了椭圆方程表达的疲劳裂纹扩展开始的门槛值模型，该方程可在裂纹尖端位移准则的基础上导出．疲劳裂纹扩展停止的门槛值条件也可用椭圆方程表达．     

用控制柔度法研究高温低循环疲劳裂纹扩展规律

本文采用控制柔度的方法对GH36合金做600℃空气介质条件下的低循环疲劳裂纹扩展速率测定试验,以弹塑性断裂力学参量J积分为控制参数进行整理,得出 da/dN=1.26×10.(-4)(△J)~(1.96)的关系式,数据处理给出了在循环加载条件下J积分(AJ_t,△J_e,△J_p)对引伸仪标距点位移δ的变化规律。分析了应力强度因子△K作为裂纹扩展控制变量的适用性和局限性。断口分析表明,在疲劳—蠕变交互作用下的积累损伤使断口形貌由穿晶条纹机制变为以蠕变特征为主的沿晶机制。     

INVESTIGATION ON LCF CRACK GROWTH RATE WITH CONTROLLING DEFLECTION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

本文采用控制柔度的方法对GH36合金做600℃空气介质条件下的低循环疲劳裂纹扩展速率测定试验,以弹塑性断裂力学参量J积分为控制参数进行整理,得出 da/dN=1.26×10.(-4)(△J)~(1.96)的关系式,数据处理给出了在循环加载条件下J积分(AJ_t,△J_e,△J_p)对引伸仪标距点位移δ的变化规律。分析了应力强度因子△K作为裂纹扩展控制变量的适用性和局限性。断口分析表明,在疲劳—蠕变交互作用下的积累损伤使断口形貌由穿晶条纹机制变为以蠕变特征为主的沿晶机制。     

双轴加载条件下疲劳裂纹扩展的研究

在双轴加载条件下对Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展进行了研究。载荷范围从0.08σ_s到0.71σ_3,包括比例加载和非比例加载。基于对Von Mises理论的讨论,提出一个新的力学参数。双轴加载条件下的弹塑性参数P成功地描述了双轴比例加载和非比例加载下的疲劳裂纹扩展。     

方波加载对20CrMo钢焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

利用拉-拉疲劳法和金属磁记忆检测法研究了20CrMo钢焊缝在方波加载方式下疲劳裂纹扩展与自发射磁信号的相关性,用扫描电镜对疲劳断口特征进行了研究.结果表明,裂纹到达焊缝中心前,随着疲劳寿命的增加,焊缝处的自发射磁信号也随着增加,疲劳裂纹扩展速率先增加后减小,当裂纹越过焊缝后,随着疲劳寿命的增加,焊缝处的自发射磁信号开始减小,疲劳裂纹的扩展速率却迅速增加.在焊接接头的不同区域,疲劳裂纹扩展速率也不相同,其中热影响区扩展速度较快,而在其它区域扩展速率相对较慢.断口扫描分析表明方波加载方式下的疲劳断口为类解理断裂.     

循环载荷幅值对7075-T7451铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

在不同幅值循环载荷条件下对7075-T7451铝合金紧凑拉伸(CT)试样进行拉伸疲劳试验,对其疲劳裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子幅值ΔK进行了研究,并用扫描电子显微镜观测试样的断口形貌。结果表明：随着循环载荷幅值的增大,试样的疲劳寿命缩短,裂纹的扩展速率增大;试样宏观断口形貌的裂纹稳态扩展区域减小,而瞬时断裂区域增大。稳态扩展区主要以疲劳条带扩展机制为主,且疲劳条带间距随循环载荷幅值的增大而增大;瞬断区的断口形貌以韧窝断裂为主,韧窝尺寸随循环载荷幅值的增大而减小。     

小幅载荷在A537钢疲劳裂纹扩展过程中作用的研究

采用Ａ５３７钢单边缺口试样，研究了以不同方式叠加在主载荷△Ｐ上的小幅载荷在疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的作用，并采用激光散斑技术测量了循环加载过程中的裂纹闭合效应。结果表明：３０％△Ｐ以下的小幅载荷叠加在主载荷底部时，对由主载荷引起的裂纹扩展速率ｄａ／ｄＮ几乎没有影响，３０％△Ｐ以上的小幅载荷可使裂纹扩展速率增加。叠加在主载荷顶部的各小幅载荷均可使裂纹扩展速率加大。通过对加载条件下裂纹闭合效应的测量，并结合裂尖的应力应变状态的变化进行分析认为：小幅载荷对裂纹扩展速率的影响受裂纹闭合程度的制约，其损伤作用只体现在裂尖材料产生不可逆塑性形变的外加载荷范围内。     

SiC维纤增强钛基复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率

用箔-纤维-箔法制备SiC纤维增强Ti-6Al-4V复合材料,研究复合材料在加载频率f=10Hz、应力比R=0.1、最大应力σmax=300MPa条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da/dN),并采用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳破坏断口进行观察和分析。结果显示,在该加载条件下,复合材料第Ⅱ阶段疲劳裂纹扩展速率符合高斯函数。断口观察表明,复合材料的基体在裂纹稳态扩展区出现明显的疲劳条带,复合材料的疲劳损伤可以分为纤维断裂、基体开裂和纤维/基体界面脱粘等多种形式。     

不同疲劳载荷下工业纯钛再结晶热处理对疲劳裂纹扩展行为影响

本文开展热处理后工业纯钛TA2不同载荷水平下疲劳裂纹扩展实验,考虑裂尖塑性变形程度,研究疲劳裂纹扩展规律以及热处理状态对疲劳裂纹扩展不同阶段的适应性。结果表明,不同疲劳载荷下热处理对疲劳扩展速率产生不同的影响。A类加载热处理后的疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降是由于近门槛区有效载荷的降低,以及近门槛值的提高。B类加载下热处理对有效载荷以及裂尖塑性变形几乎没有什么影响。C类与D类加载下热处理后裂尖塑性变形受到限制,而导致疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降。     

高强度钢压剪疲劳裂纹扩展的实验研究

滚珠轴承接触点附近的高压剪应力是引起轴承疲劳破坏的原因。为获得高强度钢在压剪疲劳加载下的断裂性态,通过轴向裂纹薄壁圆筒的压剪疲劳加载试验,研究了这类材料的疲劳破坏规律。结果表明,复合疲劳加载时门槛值对压应力分量并不敏感,但对扩散速率和临界扩展角却有明显影响。裂纹扩展速率随压应力增加而提高,裂纹较快达到失稳;裂纹扩散角则随压应力增加而减小,疲劳裂纹将向有利于Ⅰ型断裂的方向扩展。这表明轴承滚道内,任何平行于压应力的缺陷、微裂纹都将是十分危险的。     

Effect of Compressive Mode I on the Mixed Mode I/II Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of 42CrMo4

Subsurface cracks in mechanical contact loading components are subjected to mixed mode I/II, so it is necessary to evaluate the fatigue behavior of materials under mixed mode loading. For this purpose, fatigue crack propagation tests are performed with compact tension shear specimens for several stress intensity factor (SIF) ratios of mode I and mode II. The effect of compressive mode I loading on mixed mode I/II crack growth rate and fracture surface is investigated. Tests are carried out for the pure mode I, pure mode II, and two different mixed mode loading angles. On the basis of the experimental results, mixed mode crack growth rate parameters are proposed according to Tanaka and Richard with Paris’ law. Results show neither Richard’s nor Tanaka’s equivalent SIFs are very useful because these SIFs depend strongly on the loading angle, but Richard’s equivalent SIF formula is more suitable than Tanaka’s formula. The compressive mode I causes the crack closure, and the friction force between the crack surfaces resists against the crack growth. In compressive loading with 45° angle, da/dN increases as K _eq decreases.     

Sub critical crack growth in hydrogen assisted cracking of cold drawn eutectoid steel

The fracture behaviour of eutectoid cold drawn steel wires under constant load in hydrogen charged condition was evaluated. Hydrogen charging was obtained by dipping steel wires in ammonium thiocyanate solution. Sub-critical crack growth was monitored by means of Acoustic emission (AE) technique. Fractographic analysis revealed a mixed mode crack propagation (mode I and mode II) characterized by a multi-terrace appearance of the surface fracture. A modification of the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of the steel was also evidenced by micro hardness measurements. A simplified stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion model was used to interpret experimental observations and to estimate a theoretical crack propagation rate. Such a value was in accordance with that obtained from the analysis of AE data.     

焊趾裂纹在疲劳载荷下的扩展

本文的目的在于研究疲劳载荷下的焊趾裂纹扩展规律,并通过它来分析有限长度焊趾裂纹前沿的应力强度因子分布。试验采用LY—12R 铝合金制成几种焊趾裂纹的模拟试样。用疲劳勾线法求出前沿各点的裂纹扩展速率并与平板表面裂纹试样进行了对比.认为:中心加载焊趾裂纹在长度方向的扩展速率高于中心加载平板表面裂纹;偏心加载焊趾裂纹在长度方向的扩展速率高于中心加载扩展速率。随着相对偏心的提高,裂纹沿长度方向的扩展速率亦增加;表面残余压应力可以有效地抑制焊趾裂纹在长度方向的扩展速率.     

STUDIES OF FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION AND MICROFRACTUREGRAPHY IN HIGH STRENGTH STEELS

本文用宏观和微观方法测量了几种高强度钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,用金相和断口复型法观察了疲劳断口的微观形态以及与显微组织的关系。结果表明,宏观与微观测量的结果基本一致;疲劳裂纹扩展速率随平均应力的增加而增加;18CrMn2MoBA钢显微组织中的颗粒相(M+A)可以降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率。     

Torsional Fatigue Cracking and Fracture Behaviors of Cold-Drawn Copper:Effects of Microstructure and Axial Stress

The fatigue cracking and fracture behavior of cold-drawn copper subjected to cyclic torsional loading were investigated in this study.It was found that with increasing stress amplitude,the fracture mode of cold-drawn copper gradually changes from a shear fracture on transverse maximum shear stress plane to a mixed shear mode on both transverse and longitudinal shear planes and finally turns to the shear fracture on multiple longitudinal shear planes.Combining the cracking morphology and the relationship between torsional fatigue cracking and the grain boundaries,the fracture mechanism of cold-drawn copper under cyclic torsional loading was analyzed and proposed by considering the effects of the microstructure and axial stress caused by torsion.Because of the promotion of the grain boundary distribution on longitudinal crack propagation and the inhibition of axial stress on transverse crack grown,the tendency of crack propagation along the longitudinal direction increases with increasing stress levels.     

Effects of the Electron Beam Welding Process on the Microstructure,Tensile, Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Nickel Alloy Nimonic 80A

The purpose of this study was to evaluate rotary bending high-cycle fatigue properties and crack growth of Nimonic 80A-based metal and electron beam-welded joints. All the tests were performed at room temperature. Fracture surfaces under high-cycle fatigue and fatigue crack growth were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties were also evaluated in order to understand the effects on the fatigue results obtained. It was found that the tensile properties, hardness and high-cycle fatigue properties of the welded joint are lower than the base metal. The fracture surface of the high-cycle fatigue shows that fatigue crack initiated from the surface under the high stress amplitude and from the subsurface under the low stress amplitude. The effect of the welding process on the statistical fatigue data was studied with a special focus on probabilistic life prediction and probabilistic lifetime limits. The fatigue crack growth rate versus stress intensity factor range data were obtained from the fatigue crack growth tests. From the results, it was evident that the fatigue crack growth rates of the welded are higher than the base metal. The mechanisms and fracture modes of fatigue crack growth of welded specimens were found to be related to the stress intensity factor range ΔK. In addition, the effective fatigue crack propagation thresholds and mismatch of welded joints were described and discussed.     

MICROFRACTOGRAPHY OF NEAR-THRESHOLD FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN DUAL-PHASE STEELS

SEM microfractography of near-threshold fatigue crack propagation were carried out in thedual-phase steels of 3 martensite morphologies and 6 volume fractions of martensite (V_m).All of them are featured by cyclic cleavage characteristics in near-threshold region,i.e.,main-ly controlled by mode Ⅱ stress.In the higher ΔK regions,the fracture surfaces are character-ized by mixed modes including cyclic cleavage facets,two types of secondary cracks andstriations,etc..The roughness-induced crack closure of fracture surface is attributedprimarily to extreme high fatigue crack growth threshold values.     

喷丸对H13钢单边带缺口试样疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

喷丸工艺通过改变试件的表面形貌、微观组织及残余应力等表面完整性可以影响裂纹的萌生和扩展;对于存在缺陷的试件,喷丸的作用机制和影响结果有所不同。采用白光干涉仪、SEM、XRD及显微硬度计等对单边带缺口的H13钢薄板试样喷丸前后的表面完整性进行了测定。并借助原位SEM开展了系列裂纹扩展试验,分析了喷丸对试样疲劳寿命、裂纹扩展速率以及疲劳断口特征的影响。研究结果表明,虽然残余压应力诱发裂纹闭合,但由于喷丸后表面粗糙度的大幅提高增强了缺口效应,表面加工硬化使得韧性有所降低,以及残余应力在加载过程中发生松弛等因素,喷丸后单边带缺口试样的裂纹萌生过程缩短,疲劳寿命降低,且裂纹扩展速率的变化较小。喷丸前后疲劳断口形貌均为准解理特征,喷丸后断口近表面处的撕裂棱特征消失。     

Thermomechanical and isothermal fatigue behaviour of type 316 stainless steel base metal,weld metal,and joint

Abstract

In phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) in the temperature range 573–973 K (300–700°C) and isothermal fatigue behaviour at 973 K in air were studied for type 316 stainless steel using smooth cylindrical specimens machined from base metal, weld metal, and the weld joint (cross-weld). In all joint specimens, fatigue failure occurred in the weld metal region. The lifetimes of weld metal and joint specimens were almost equal and were always inferior to those of base metal specimens. In the base metal, the effect of strain rate on the isothermal fatigue life was not very significant. Although TMF lifetimes were always a little shorter than the isothermal fatigue lifetimes in base metal, the difference was small for the same mechanical strain range and similar strain rate. This may be because the fracture mode for both types of loading was of a similar mixed type. Conversely, a dramatic reduction in lifetime was observed in weld metal and joint specimens under TMF in comparison with isothermal fatigue. This was attributed to the additional damage caused by many independent subsurface cracks at σ phase boundaries and linkage of these cracks with the surface crack, leading to rapid crack propagation. The δ ferrite in the weld metal completely transformed to σ phase in both the isothermal fatigue and TMF tests.