Effects of mo addition on intergranular cracking behavior of 2.25CrW (P23) weld metal at elevated temperatures

A P23 weld metal showed a severe intergranular cracking at elevated temperatures. This reaction results from the strong segregation of impurities at the grain boundary carbide interfaces and the decrease in the bulk content of W which arises from the partitioning of W into carbides. Meanwhile, the other P23Mo weld metal containing 0.5 wt.% Mo showed a considerable ductility under the same conditions. The primary reasons for this result are the intrinsic grain boundary strengthening effect of Mo and the suppression of both the Fe₂W Laves phase formation and the partitioning of W into carbides.     

THE INFLUENCE OF C ON THE OXIDATION AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF Fe-Cr-Mn ALLOY AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

A kinetic oxidation test and an isothermal oxidation test of Fe-Cr-Mn alloys containing0.50％ to 2.69％ C were carried out at 800 and 660℃ in atmosphere.A high temperatureabrasive wear test of the alloys was also done in a self-made wear tester.A study of themorphology of the oxide film and the element distribution in the subsurface indicated that:(1) with increasing C content of the alloys the amount of eutectic carbide increased andthe Mu content in the matrix participating in the oxidation process decreased,resultingin an increase of the oxidation resistance of the alloys:(2) The high temperature wearresistance of the alloys was closely related to the bulk hardness of the alloy and theamount of eutectic carbide.The increase in hardness of the alloys increased the hightemperature wear resisance.However,it must be emphasized that the wear resistanteffect of the carbides depends strongly on the support provided by the matrix.     

Correlation of microstructure with the wear resistance and fracture toughness of white cast iron alloys

The objective of this investigation was to set down (on the basis of the results obtained by the examination of white cast iron alloys with different contents of alloying elements) a correlation between chemical composition and microstructure, on one hand, and the properties relevant for this group of materials, i.e., wear resistance and fracture toughness, on the other. Experimental results indicate that the volume fraction of the eutectic carbide phase (M₃C or M₇C₃) have an important influence on the wear resistance of white iron alloys under low-stress abrasion conditions. Besides, the martensitic or martensite-austenitic matrix microstructure more adequately reinforced the eutectic carbides, minimizing cracking and removal during wear, than did the austenitic matrix. The secondary carbides which precipitate in the matrix regions of high chromium iron also influence the abrasion behaviour. The results of fracture toughness tests show that the dynamic fracture toughness in white irons is determined mainly by the properties of the matrix. The high chromium iron containing 1.19 wt% V in the as-cast condition, showed the greater fracture toughness when compared to other experimental alloys. The higher toughness was attributed to strengthening during fracture, since very fine secondary carbide particles were present mainly in an austenitic matrix.     

La、Ce对球铁球化率、白口和缩松倾向的影响

能否抑制碳化物形成与球化剂和孕育剂的成核性能相关。成核性能可以理解为由于加入变质剂而形成的核心数量以及核心的效力。球化剂和孕育剂的加入也会影响球铁凝固时的缩松倾向。一些球化剂和孕育剂能较好地防止缩松，而有些球化剂和孕育剂则促进缩松的形成。已经发现，使用不同的稀土元素对这种情况有明显影响。与使用含铈或含混合稀土的球化剂相比，使用加有纯镧的硅铁镁合金作为包内处理球化剂时，球铁的工艺性能得到令人惊奇的改善。成核性能明显改善，因而采用三明治法和盖包法进行球化处理时的白口和缩松倾向减小。     

粉末冶金碳化物强化铌合金组织演变及其力学行为

采用机械球磨与热压烧结相结合的粉末冶金法对不同球磨时间Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金的粉末变形行为,微观组织结构和力学行为进行研究。结果表明:随着球磨时间的增加,Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C复合粉末中的块状金属颗粒首先变形为片状后在碰撞挤压作用下破碎成絮状,TiC粉末均匀的分布于片状金属粉末表面;Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金由Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C两相构成,各合金碳化物体积分数均为11%左右,Ti元素主要分布于Nbss晶界和碳化物内,Al、Cr、V元素主要分布于Nbss晶粒内,Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C相尺寸均随球磨时间增加而尺寸减小;Nbss晶粒细化及强化相碳化物弥散化导致合金的室温压缩力学性能和塑性变形能力显著提高,压缩变形后合金Nbss与碳化物具有良好的界面结合能力,但是碳化物内部存在明显的近似平行分布的裂纹;数据对比表明,粉末冶金法制备Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金的力学性能优于电弧熔炼法。     

CREEP DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF DZ40M DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED COBALT-BASE SUPERALLOY AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

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The Effect of Rare Earth Elements on the Growth of Eutectic Carbides in White Cast Irons containing Chromium

Abstract

The paper describes a zone melting apparatus capable of providing unidirectional solidification with a steep temperature gradient. This was used to obtain plane front solidification in specimens of commercial chromium-containing white irons of near- eutectic composition. As a result, the modifying effect of rare earth (RE) elements could be maintained without pronounced fading because the time the alloys are held in the liquid state is relatively short due to the use of zone melting. The apparatus was used to investigate the growth of eutectic carbides in low-chromium (4% Cr) and high-chromium (20% Cr) white irons, and to determine the effect of RE elements on this growth. As the content of RE elements in low-chromium white irons was increased, the leading phase of the eutectic growth was changed from carbide to austenite, whilst many plate-like carbides were transformed into lath- and rod-like forms because the austenite bridged over the carbide edge in the growth process. The higher the content of RE elements, the greater the proportion of lath- and rod-like carbides. However, in the case of high-chromium white irons without the presence of RE elements, the austenite grew ahead of the carbides. The leading phase and the morphology of the carbides were not changed by the addition of RE elements.     

Anomalous diffusion phase transformations in steels upon severe cold deformation

Results are presented of the investigation of nonequilibrium diffusion phase transformations in steels and alloys upon severe cold deformation (processes of dissolution of intermetallic compounds, carbides, nitrides, and oxides in the steel matrix), which are explained by the generation and migration of numerous dislocations and point defects (vacancies and interstitial atoms) of deformation origin.     

Microstructure and wear resistance of highchromium cast iron containing niobium

In the paper, the effect of niobium addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of high chromium cast iron has been studied. The results show that the microstructure of the heattreated alloys is composed of M7C3 and M23C6 types primary carbide, eutectic carbide, secondary carbide and a matrix of martensite and retained austenite. NbC particles appear both inside and on the edge of the primary carbides. The hardness of the studied alloys maintains around 66 HRC, not significantly affected by the Nb content within the selected range of 0.48%-0.74%. The impact toughness of the alloys increases with increasing niobium content. The wear resistance of the specimens presents little variation in spite of the increase of Nb content under a light load of 40 N. However, when heavier loads of 70 and 100 N are applied, the wear resistance increases with increasing Nb content.     

Structural and phase changes in carbides of the high-speed steel upon heat treatment

The effect of austenitizing temperature on structural and phase changes in carbides of the tungsten–molybdenum high-speed steel has been studied. The results of metallographic analysis and energy dispersive microanalysis have been discussed. It has been shown that an increase in austenitizing temperature from 1180 to 1260°C causes structural transformations in carbide particles of eutectic origin crushed upon hot plastic deformation, which are related to their dissolution and coalescence, and changes in the phase composition of the carbides themselves.     

Laser-Deposited In Situ TiC-Reinforced Nickel Matrix Composites: 3D Microstructure and Tribological Properties

A new class of Ni-Ti-C-based metal-matrix composites has been developed using the laser-engineered net shaping? process. These composites consist of an in situ formed and homogeneously distributed titanium carbide (TiC) phase reinforcing the nickel matrix. Additionally, by tailoring the Ti/C ratio in these composites, an additional graphitic phase can also be engineered into the microstructure. Serial-sectioning, followed by three-dimensional reconstruction of the microstructure in these composites, reveals homogeneously distributed primary and eutectic titanium carbide precipitates as well as a graphitic phase encompassing the primary carbides within the nickel matrix. The morphology and spatial distribution of these phases in three dimensions reveals that the eutectic carbides form a network linked by primary carbides or graphitic nodules at the nodes, which suggests interesting insights into the sequence of phase evolution. These three-phase Ni-TiC-C composites exhibit excellent tribological properties, in terms of an extremely low coefficient of friction while maintaining a relatively high hardness.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF Nb-(10,15)Al-20V ALLOYS

Compression tests at room and high temperature and creep tests at high temperature have been performed on B2 Nb15Al20V and Nb10Al20V alloys. At room temperature,in the as-cast state, both alloys exhibited significant ductility in compression. The dislocations showed good mobility. Dislocation clusters also triggered the formation of pseudotwins, which resulted in serrated yielding. In steady state creep, deformation occurred by a combination of dislocation glide and climb, giving a homogeneous miphase structure with a few dislocations in the A15 phase but no dislocations in the A2 phase.     

In-situ observation of hardmetal deformation processes by transmission electron microscopy. Part I: Deformation caused by bending loads

WC-based hardmetals have a unique combination of different properties including high hardness, fracture toughness, abrasion resistance, strength, fatigue resistance, etc. Such properties are achieved due to extraordinary features of tungsten carbide, which is characterized by a certain degree of plastic deformation before failure when loading. The major objective of this work is to examine hardmetal deformation processes leading to the formation and movement of crystallographic defects in a hardmetal lamella as a result of its in-situ bending directly in a transmission electron microscope. The deformation is found to result in the formation of different crystal lattice defects in the Co-based binder and WC grains. Mainly dislocations form in the tungsten carbide grains. The dislocations start moving when increasing the applied bending load. The deformation of the binder phase is found to result in the formation of mainly lamellae and stacking faults in the Co crystal lattice. As a result of the formation, interaction and movement of the crystal lattice defects in the WC phase and binder phase a significant rate of plastic deformation of the hardmetal lamella was achieved under bending loads without its breakage.     

Effect of carbide volume fraction on the oxidation of austenitic Fe‐Cr‐C alloys

A series of Fe‐15Cr‐(2‐3)Mo alloys (compositions in weight percent) was produced with different carbon concentrations, to control the distribution of chromium between matrix metal and M₂₃C₆ precipitates. The alloys were oxidized in the austenitic state at 850°C in pure oxygen, with and without a pre‐oxidation treatment at low oxygen potential, where no iron oxide could form. Protective, chromia‐rich scaling took place if the chromium concentration at the metal‐scale interface was high enough. This concentration was controlled by the original alloy matrix chromium concentration, and whether or not a high diffusivity ferrite zone developed at the surface by decarburization. Ferrite zone formation was assisted by pre‐oxidation at low oxygen potentials. The value of the carbides as suppliers of additional chromium was demonstrated by comparison with the oxidation performance of carbide‐free alloys of corresponding matrix chromium levels. However, because dissolution of the coarse carbides could be slow, alloys with high volume fractions of large carbides were unsuccessful.     

High temperature oxidation behavior of chromium‐rich alloys containing high carbides fractions. Part I: Nickel‐base alloys

Six wear‐resistant alloys based on nickel, containing 30 wt.% Cr and from 2.5 to 5.0 wt.% C, were elaborated by foundry and subjected to oxidation by air at 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C, for evaluating the oxidation behavior of hard bulk alloys. Their microstructures are rich in chromium carbides, eutectic, or pro‐eutectic, and they also contain graphite for the highest carbon contents of interest. All the studied alloys obviously display a chromia‐forming behavior, despite the initial low chromium content in the matrix. During oxidation, carbides disappear over an increasing distance from the oxidation front, with the consequence of the enrichment of the neighbor matrix in chromium. The minimal chromium content on the surface after oxidation decreases when the alloy is richer in carbon and increases with the oxidation temperature. The carbide‐free zone tends to be deeper when the oxidation temperature increases, and also when the alloy's carbon content increases, in contrast with low‐C Ni‐30Cr alloys previously studied. The disappearance of carbides means a carbon loss as gaseous oxidized species. This probably disturbs the oxide scales growing on the external surface and may influence the oxidation behavior of the alloys. When present, graphite does not deteriorate dramatically the oxidation resistance of the alloys. The hardness of the alloys are lowered by the exposures to high temperature and by the presence of graphite.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA62 based magnesium alloys with calcium addition

As-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-2Al-0.3Mn (ZA62) alloys with calcium addition were investigated.The as-cast microstructure of the base alloy ZA62 consists of the α-Mg matrix and eutectic phase Mg51Zn20.The Mg51Zn20 eutectic was gradually replaced by MgZn phase and Mg32(Al,Zn)49 phase when calcium is added into the base alloy.Further addition of calcium leads to the increase of grain boundary phases and formation of a new quaternary Mg-Zn-Al-Ca eutectic compound.In comparison with the base alloy,the increase of calcium addition to the base alloy results in the reduction of both strength and ductility at ambient temperature,but increase at elevated temperatures due to the thermal stability of Ca-containing phases.At elevated temperatures,the creep resistance of ZA62 based alloys containing calcium is significantly higher than that of AZ91 which is the most commonly used magnesium alloy.     

Formation mechanism of spheroidal carbide in ultra-low carbon ductile cast iron

The formation mechanism of the spheroidal carbide in the ultra-low carbon ductile cast iron fabricated by the metal mold casting technique was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the spheroidal carbide belonged to eutectic carbide and crystallized in the isolated eutectic liquid phase area. The formation process of the spheroidal carbide was related to the contact and the intersection between the primary dendrite and the secondary dendrite of austenite. The oxides of magnesium, rare earths and other elements can act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the spheroidal carbide. It was also found that the amount of the spheroidal carbide would increase with an increase in carbon content. The cooling rate has an important influence on the spheroidal carbide under the same chemical composition condition.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF Nb-（10, 15）A1-20V ALLOYS

Compression tests at room and high temperature and creep tests at high temperature have been performed on B2 Nb15A120V and Nb10A120V alloys. At room temperature, in the as-cast state, both alloys exhibited significant ductility in compression. The Burgers vectors of the dislocations were found to be 1/2(111) slipping on {112}. The dislocations showed good mobility. Dislocation clusters also triggered the formation of pseudotwins, which resulted in serrated yielding. In steady state creep, deformation occurred by a combination of dislocation glide and climb, giving a homogeneous microstructure. The dislocations in Nb10A120V were determined to be 1/2(111) slippingon {110} with some (100) segments. After creep at 1100℃, Nb15A120V showed a two phase structure with a few dislocations in the A15 phase but no dislocations in the A2 phase.     

Eutectic modification in a low-chromium white cast iron by a mixture of titanium,rare earths,and bismuth: Part II. effect on the wear behavior

In this work, we studied the wear behavior of a low-Cr white cast iron (WCI) modified with ferrotitanium-rare earths-bismuth (Fe-Ti-RE-Bi) up to 2%. These additions modified the eutectic carbide structure of the alloy from continuous ledeburite into a blocky, less interconnected carbide network. The modified structure was wear tested under pure sliding conditions against a hardened M2 steel counter-face using a load of 250 N. It was observed that wear resistance increased as the modifier admixture increased. The modified structure had smaller more isolated carbides than the WCI with no Fe-Ti-RE-Bi additions. It was observed that large carbides fracture during sliding, which destabilizes the structure and causes degradation in the wear behavior. A transition from abrasive to oxidative wear after 20 km sliding occurred for all alloys. In addition, the modified alloys exhibited higher values of hardness and fracture toughness. These results are discussed in terms of the modified eutectic carbide microstructure.     

Effect of Cu-Rich Phase Precipitation on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CoCrNiCux Medium-Entropy Alloys Prepared via Laser Directed Energy Deposition

CoCrNiCux (x=0.16,0.33,0.75,and 1) without macro-segregation medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) was prepared using laser directed energy deposition (LDED).The microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrNiCux alloys with increas-ing Cu content were investigated.The results indicate that a single matrix phase changes into a dual-phase structure and the tensile fracture behaviors convert from brittle to plastic pattern with increasing Cu content in CoCrNiCux alloys.In addi-tion,the tensile strength of CoCrNiCux alloys increased from 148 to 820 MPa,and the ductility increased from 1 to 11％with increasing Cu content.The nano-precipitated particles had a mean size of approximately 20 nm in the Cu-rich phase area,and a large number of neatly arranged misfit dislocations were observed at the interface between the two phases due to Cu-rich phase precipitation in the CoCrNiCu alloy.These misfit dislocations hinder the movement of dislocations during tensile deformation,as observed through transmission electron microscopy.This allows the CoCrNiCu alloy to reach the largest tensile strength and plasticity,and a new strengthening mechanism was achieved for the CoCrNiCu alloy.Moreover,twins were observed in the matrix phase after tensile fracture.Simultaneously,the dual-phase structure with different elastic moduli coordinated with each other during the deformation process,significantly improving the plasticity and strength of the CoCrNiCu alloy.