切削深度对单晶γ-TiAl合金力学性能的影响（英文）

通过分子动力学模拟方法建立了单晶γ-TiAl合金的纳米切削模型和拉伸力学模型,研究了不同的切削深度对工件力学性能的影响。首先详细分析了切削过程中晶格转变和微观缺陷演化之间的关系;然后系统探讨了不同的切削深度对工件应力-应变曲线、位错形核位置和断口位置的影响。研究结果表明:在纳米切削过程中,晶格转变数量随着切削深度的增加而增加,并且与微观缺陷演化具有一致性;在一定切削深度范围内,切削后工件的屈服应力和弹性模量会有所提高。另外,切削深度对工件的位错形核位置和断口位置有较大的影响,切削后工件位错形核于工件的亚表面,而未经切削的工件其位错形核于边界处;工件的断口位置随着切削深度的增加向拉伸端靠近。     

纳米切削初始温度对单晶铜微观结构的影响

纳米切削会造成工件的内部微观缺陷,这种缺陷会引起残余应力的变化进而影响工件的表面质量,而这种缺陷结构与切削层初始温度有密切联系。为降低工件纳米切削加工制造中的缺陷,采用分子动力学的方法,构建了含有切削层的单晶铜纳米切削模型。首先,通过分析工件结构体积及微观缺陷的变化确定了切削层的适用初始温度;其次,分析了切削层初始温度对切削力的影响,并在不同初始温度和切削力作用下对单晶铜位错和晶格等微观结构的变化进行了分析;最后,通过实验对仿真结果进行了间接验证。结果表明：单晶铜切削层初始温度的可选范围为293~400 K;在此范围内,随着切削层初始温度的升高,切削力大小变化显著,但波动平稳,晶格结构的转变速度也随之增快;当切削层初始温度设为360~390 K范围内时,单晶铜工件的表层微观缺陷相对较少,由此可预测单晶铜工件在此初始温度范围内加工得到的表面质量较高。     

加工参数对单晶γ-TiAl表面质量和亚表层损伤的影响机理

为研究加工工艺参数对纳米切削单晶γ-TiAl合金表面质量和亚表层损伤的影响机理,以分子动力学（molecular dynamics, MD）为基础理论,采用非刚性金刚石刀具建立三维纳米切削模型,通过研究切屑体积、表面粗糙度、静水压分布、位错密度、位错演化、相变原子数,详细分析不同切削速度和切削深度对表面和亚表面结构的影响。结果发现:随着切削速度的增加,切屑体积增大,加工效率提升,且存在切削速度为100 m/s的临界值。表面粗糙度先减小后增大,同样存在切削速度为100 m/s的临界值。位错的复杂程度降低,位错密度减小,塑性变形程度增加;随着切削深度的增加,切屑体积增大,加工效率提升,表面粗糙度、位错密度以及塑性变形程度显著增加。在切削过程中,发现位错主要分布在刀具前方和下方,在刀具前方45°方向存在V形位错和梯杆位错以及位错间的相互反应,且切削完成后残留下空位和原子团簇等稳定缺陷。      

单晶Cu材料纳米切削特性的分子动力学模拟

建立了单晶Cu纳米切削的三维分子动力学模型,研究了不同切削厚度下纳米切削过程中工件缺陷结构和应力分布的规律.纳米切削过程中,在刀具的前方和下方形成变形区并伴随缺陷的产生,缺陷以堆垛层错和部分位错为主.在纳米尺度下,工件存在很大的表面应力,随着切削的进行,工件变形区主要受压应力作用,已加工表面主要受拉应力作用.随着位错在晶体中产生、繁殖及相互作用,工件先后经过弹性变形——塑性变形——加工硬化——完全屈服4个变形阶段,随后进入新的循环变形.结果表明:工件应力-位移曲线呈周期性变化;切削厚度较小时,工件内部没有明显的层错产生,随着切削厚度的增大,工件表面和亚表层缺陷增加;切削厚度越大,对应应力分量值越小.     

金刚石刀具微纳米切削单晶镍亚表面损伤

采用分子动力学软件Lammps研究金刚石刀具微纳米切削单晶镍的微观动态过程，分析不同切削方向和不同切削深度下单晶镍微纳米切削过程中缺陷的类型、切削力和损伤的关系以及位错线的演化规律。结果表明：刀具的挤压和剪切作用使单晶镍工件产生高压相变区和非晶区，其亚表层存在原子团簇和位错滑移。沿[100]晶向切削，切削力最小，且位错损伤层厚度最小为2.15 nm；沿[111]晶向切削，表面层的质量最好，但损伤层厚度最大为3.75 nm。切削过程中，位错线的总长度整体呈上升趋势，[110]方向去除的原子区域最大，位错线长度最大。切削深度越大，晶体内部的位错滑移和非晶化越严重。     

体心立方金属钨Ⅱ型微观裂纹的多尺度模拟研究

本文采取多尺度准连续介质计算模拟方法(quasi-continuum method, QC),对纳米量级体心立方(body-centered-cubic, BCC)金属钨Ⅱ型裂纹尖端缺陷生成和破坏过程进行计算模拟,得到系统的载荷位移曲线,以及加载过程中裂纹尖端原子位移图像。凭借QC方法的原子精确和较高的计算效率,共观察到了裂纹尖端五次全位错形核和发射现象。模拟结果表明,宏观载荷位移曲线各突降点对应的微观本质是裂纹尖端位错的形核和发射;位错的运动具有不连续性和周期性等特点;位错数量不断增加和快速运动最终导致Ⅱ型裂纹开裂和破坏。根据模拟结果,定量化统计得到全位错位置和加载位移的关系曲线,说明了位错的运动规律：全位错会在裂纹尖端稳定位置形核,并且后续会有不连续的周期性发射;新位错的形核会导致原位错的发射,并且随着全位错数量的增加,位错整体运动速度加快。最后,根据不稳定层错能理论和微观尺度的力平衡方程,对位错形核的初始位置做了理论计算,并对位错运动规律进行机理分析,得到的理论结果与模拟结果相一致,验证了模拟结果的正确性。     

Al薄膜纳米压痕过程的多尺度模拟

采用多尺度准连续介质法分别模拟无缺陷和具有初始缺陷两种状态下,单晶Al薄膜纳米压痕初始塑性变形过程,得到载荷-位移响应曲线和应变能-位移变化曲线.研究了初始缺陷对纳米压痕过程中位错形核与发射、Peierls应力以及位错发射.临界载荷的影响.结果表明,在整个纳米压痕过程中出现了多次位错形核与发射现象,初始缺陷对第1和第3对位错的形核与发射影响较小,而对第2对位错的形核与发射具有明显的推迟作用,并伴随有裂纹扩展现象;由于初始缺陷引起薄膜材料内部严重的晶格畸变,导致系统应变能和位错运动的Peierls应力增加;裂纹扩展前,发射第2对位错需要的临界载荷增加,裂纹失稳后,位错发射需要的临界载荷下降.模拟获得的纳米硬度和Peierls应力与实验结果吻合.     

单晶铜纳米加工过程中热效应及缺陷结构的原子尺度模拟(英文)

基于建立的新型三维仿真模型,采用分子动力学方法模拟单晶铜(100)表面纳米加工过程,研究材料的去除机理和纳米加工过程中系统的温度分布与演化规律。仿真结果表明:系统的温度分布呈同心型,切屑温度最高,并且在金刚石刀具中存在较大的温度梯度。采用中心对称参数法区分工件中材料缺陷结构的形成与扩展。位错和点缺陷是纳米加工过程中工件内部的主要缺陷结构。工件中的残余缺陷结构对于工件材料的物理属性和已加工表面质量具有重要影响。位错的成核与扩展、缺陷结构的类型均与纳米加工过程中系统的温度有关。加工区域温度升高有利于位错从工件表面释放,使工件内部位错结构进一步分解为点缺陷。采用相对高的加工速度时,工件中残留缺陷结构较少,有利于获得高质量的加工表面。     

钨合金超声椭圆振动切削表面完整性研究

目的 研究钨合金超声椭圆振动切削表面完整性的变化规律,为实现钨合金高表面完整性加工提供理论基础.方法 设计单因素试验,采用单晶金刚石刀具开展钨合金超声椭圆振动切削试验,并与普通切削进行对比,研究不同切削深度下超声椭圆振动对工件表面形貌、表面粗糙度、微观组织、位错密度、显微硬度以及表面残余应力的影响.结果 普通切削或超声椭圆振动切削后,工件表面的位错密度、显微硬度以及残余应力均随着切削深度的增加而增大,且亚表面的晶粒都发生了一定程度的塑性变形,并出现了晶粒细化.与普通切削相比,超声椭圆振动切削可以有效抑制加工过程中鳞刺和犁沟的产生,改善表面粗糙度;工件表面会产生更高的硬化程度、残余压应力和位错密度,位错密度的量级在108 mm–2;亚表面的变质层厚度更小.结论 相比于普通切削,超声椭圆振动切削可以降低表面粗糙度,增大表面残余压应力,提高工件表面完整性.     

纵向旋转切削加工对环形零件畸变的影响

通过旋转试验和有限元分析介绍了工件在切削加工过程中产生的畸变情况，分析了工件的装夹方式、切削速度、切削深度和进刀量对100Cr6钢环圆度的影响。通过去应力退火释放冷加工诱发的残余应力后工件的圆度与切削参数有关。另外测试了被试验环的表面残余应力，其表面残余应力与装夹方式有关。将测量的装夹力作为计算参数输入，通过有限元分析方法测试了装夹方式对工件变形的影响。协同测量结果示出了装夹方式影响工件变形的一个主要因素，表面残余应力与工件的径向变形有关，最大的拉伸应力位于夹口位置。旋转切削试验结果表明，提高切削速度圆度会稍有增加；随着切削深度的加大，圆度呈下降趋势，尽管切削力增加了；进给量的增加会导致更高的切削力，因此圆度值也增加；常规的去应力退火可使被加工环的圆度值增加。     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Rheology Feature of Simple Metal Melt

The rheology feature of Sb, Bi melt and alloys was studied using coaxial cylinder high-temperature viscometer. The results showed that the curve of torsion-rotational speed for Sb melt presents a linear relation in all measured temperature ranges, whereas for the Bi melt, the curve presents obvious non-Newtonian feature within the low temperature range and at relative high shear stress. The rheology feature of Sb80Bi20 and Sb20Bi80 alloy melts was well correlated with that of Sb and Bi, respectively. It is considered that the rheology behavior of Sb melt plays a crucial role in Sb80Bi20 alloy and that of Bi melt plays a crucial role in Sb20Bi80 alloy.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a newly developed austenitic heat resistant steel(named as T8 alloy) for ultra-supercritical applications have been studied. Results show that the main phases in the alloy after solution treatment are γ and primary MX. Subsequent aging treatment causes the precipitation of M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries and a small number of nanoscale MX inside the grains. In addition, with increasing the aging temperature and time, the morphology of M_(23)C_6 carbides changes from semi-continuous chain to continuous network.Compared with a commercial HR3C alloy, T8 alloy has comparable tensile strength, but higher stress rupture strength. The dominant cracking mechanism of the alloy during tensile test at room temperature is transgranular, while at high temperature, intergranular cracking becomes the main cracking mode, which may be caused by the precipitation of continuous M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Typical intergranular cracking is the dominant cracking mode of the alloy at all stress rupture tests.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

The 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014held in Qingdao China

Organized by Suppliers China Co., Ltd and co-organized by the National Technical Committee 54 on Foundry of Standardization Administration of China, the 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014 （hereinafter referred to as FSC 2014） was successfully held on Sep. 23rd in Grand Regency Hotel, Qingdao. More than 500 delegates from home and abroad attended this conference, including over 130 purchasers from 20 countries and 380 domestic and foreign suppliers.     

Secondary Recrystallization Behaviors of Grain-Oriented 6.5 wt% Silicon Steel Sheets Produced by Rolling and Nitriding Processes

By rolling and nitriding processes, 0.23- to 0.3-mm-thick grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel sheets were produced. The core losses of grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel at frequencies ranging from 400 Hz to 20 k Hz were lower than that of the grain-oriented 3 wt% silicon steel with the same thickness by 16.6–35.8%. The secondary recrystallization behavior was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results show that the secondary recrystallization in high-silicon steel sheets develops more completely as the nitrogen content increases after nitriding, secondary recrystallized grain sizes become larger, and the sharpness of Goss texture increases. Because more {110}116 grains in the subsurface and the central layer of the sheets have a lot of 20°–45° high-energy boundaries in addition to Goss grains, {110}116 can be the main component through selective growth during secondary recrystallization when the inhibitor quantity is not enough and inhibitor intensity is weaker. The increases in nitrogen content can increase the inhibitor intensity and hinder abnormal growth of a mount of {110}116 grains and therefore enhance the sharpness of Goss texture.     

Laser Cladded TiCN Coatings on the Surface of Titanium

Laser cladded coatings of TiCN were produced on the surface of titanium. To obtain the optimal techniques, several conditions were tested by varying the laser scanning rate. The choice of shielding gas was also studied. The cladded coatings were then evaluated from the surface mechanics point of view based on their microhardness. The microstructure of some interesting samples was investigated by optical micrographs (OM). The results showed that under the condition of fixed pulse frequency and pulse width, the laser scanning rate and the shielding gas are the main factors influencing the components of coatings. TiCN coatings were decompounded and oxidized during the cladding process in the condition of no shielding gas of N2. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the composite coatings composed of TiCN, TiC, Ti2N, and TiO2 were produced using appropriate techniques. The results indicated that the best condition in terms of the surface microhardness is obtained when the scanning rate is 1.5mm / s, the pulse frequency is 15Hz, the pulse width is 3.0ms, and N2 is chosen as the shielding gas. The microhardness of the composite coatings is about 1331kg · mm - 2, which is about 4 times that of the substrate. The optical micrographs indicated that the cladding zone is made up of TiCN, TiO2, and some interdendritic Ti, but the diffusion zone mainly consists of the dendrites phase, and the cladded depth is about 80?滋m, which is more than 2 times that of the laser nitrided sample. There were no microcracks or air bubbles in the cladded sample, which was cladded using the above optimal techniques.     

Effect of Short-Time Aging on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of a Novel Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2002

The effect of short-time aging in the temperature range between 400 and 1000 °C on the pitting corrosion behavior and mechanical property of a novel lean duplex stainless steel(LDSS) 2002 was investigated through the potentiostatic critical pitting temperature(CPT) tests and the Charpy impact tests. Both the pitting corrosion resistance and the toughness of aged specimens degraded due to the precipitation of detrimental secondary phases and the most significant reduction of CPT and impact energy emerged at 650 °C concurrently. The CPT of LDSS 2002 specimen aged at 650 °C decreased by 28 °C, and the impact energy dropped from 69 to 29 J/cm~2 compared with the solution-annealed sample. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the main precipitates in LDSS 2002 were Cr_2N and M_(23)C_6 along the ferrite–austenite grain boundaries.     

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正The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology,including mineral processing,extraction metallurgy,metallic materials and heat treatments,metal working,physical metallurgy,powder metallurgy,with the emphasis