添加剂Pr2O3和Er2O3对电沉积Ni-S合金电极性能的影响

以氧化镨、氧化铒为添加剂,在泡沫镍基体上电沉积制备Ni-S镀层电极。对镀层的表面形貌、镀层结构、电沉积行为及镀层的电化学性能进行研究。结果表明：电镀液中添加稀土氧化物后电沉积过程的阴极极化增强,沉积层晶粒细化,比表面积增大,因而电极的析氢过电位降低;其中,添加Pr203的Ni-S镀层在250mA／cm2下碱性水电解时过电位降低达37mV,且该镀层电极在碱性介质下具有较高的析氢活性和耐腐蚀性能,在100h水电解实验中表现出较强的稳定性。     

不锈钢表面镀铝-热氧化处理制备氧化铝膜及其性能

采用无机熔融盐电镀铝、热浸镀铝工艺联合的方法在钢基材表面制备了一层平整、连续的铝镀层,研究了铝镀层在不同氧化时间下的氧化行为。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)对氧化层的形貌和成分进行分析,并考察了氧化层的硬度和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:将无机熔融盐电镀铝法和热浸镀铝法相结合可获得良好的铝镀层;铝镀层在900℃下热处理20 h后,可获得连续致密的Al2O3膜;Al2O3层有效提高了钢基材的表面硬度和耐腐蚀性能。     

无氰电镀液中超声电沉积耐腐蚀纳米晶铜镀层

通过超声辅助电沉积法,在无氰络合电镀液中以高阴极电流密度在钕铁硼磁体上电沉积获得纳米晶铜防护镀层,研究了不同超声波频率下的镀层形貌、晶粒尺寸、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,随着超声波频率的增加,络合电镀液体系的铜电沉积有效阴极电流密度显著增加,相应的阴极电流效率也提高,从而获得致密的纳米晶铜镀层。在阴极电流密度为4.0 A·dm^-2和超声波频率为40 kHz的条件下,能够获得平均晶粒尺寸为18.8 nm的铜镀层。超声辅助电沉积法还能促进烧结钕铁硼基体盲孔内的铜沉积,从而改善基体与镀层之间的结合力。在同样的镀层厚度下,烧结钕铁硼表面所沉积镀层的耐腐蚀性随超声波频率的提高而优化。     

脉冲电沉积Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层晶体结构的变化

用直流电镀法制备了纯Ni镀层和Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层,并采用双脉冲电镀电源制备了Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层.通过扫描电镜观察了镀层的表面微观形貌,用X射线衍射仪分析了镀层的微观晶体结构,探讨了Al2O3微粒对镀层的沉积和生长过程的影响.结果表明,纳米Al2O3颗粒的加入使镍镀层的晶体择优取向发生改变,晶粒细化.双脉冲电镀电源的引入使晶格点阵常数变大,晶格畸变增大,进一步细化了镀层的晶粒.     

镀银铜棒的制备与表面形貌的研究

采用无氰电镀银的工艺在纯铜基体上沉积具有纳米尺寸晶粒结构的银层。在不同的电流密度和电镀时间工艺下制备出一系列镀银试样。利用SEM、EDS和XRD对镀层的表面形貌和晶体结构进行分析。结果表明:优化后的电流密度为0.10 A/dm~2、电镀时间为40 min。在该参数下,所制备的镀层光亮、晶粒圆润均匀,(220)晶面为最优取向晶体面。     

电沉积法制备组分调制Zn－Ni合金多层镀层

研究了Zn－Ni合金镀液中主盐的组成、电镀工艺参数对Zn－Ni合金镀层中的含镍量及镀层性能的影响，结果表明，电流密度是影响Zn－Ni合金镀层中含镍量的主要因素.在电沉积过程中，利用计算机控制电流输出的电镀电源，通过调整施镀电流密度，制备出了由2种组成不同的Zn－Ni合金薄层交替叠加而形成的Zn－Ni合金多层镀层.SEM表面及断面显微分析结果表明：Zn－Ni合金多层镀层表面无缺陷，断面呈清晰的层状结构.      

稀土铈对锌-铁合金镀层耐蚀性的影响

研究了铈盐对电沉积锌-铁合金镀层耐蚀性的影响,通过失重法、浸泡实验、电化学腐蚀参数的测量,得出在镀液中添加一定量的铈盐能显著改善镀层的耐蚀性能.扫描电镜测定镀层表面形貌的结果表明,定量铈盐参与下,可获得更加致密的镀层,这正是提高镀层耐蚀性的原因.     

电沉积方式对Cu—nanoAl2O3复合镀层组织结构和显微硬度的影响

用直流和单脉冲电镀法制备了Cu—nanoAl2O3复合镀层。通过扫描电镜观察了镀层的表面形貌,用X射线衍射仪分析了镀层的微观晶体结构,分别研究了影响直流和单脉冲纳米复合镀层显微硬度的各种因素。结果表明,与直流电镀方法相比,脉冲电镀方法使镀层晶粒尺寸变小,在T=24℃,Al2O3、粒子添加量25g／L、搅拌速度240r／min、阴极平均电流密度4A／dm^3条件下,直流电沉积Cu—nano Al2O3复合镀层硬度最大,在直流电镀工艺条件基础上选择频率为200Hz、工作比为0．3的单脉冲工艺条件制备的复合镀层硬度最大。     

电泳-电沉积Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层及其结合强度分析

为提高纳米复合镀层中的纳米粒子含量,采用电泳-电沉积技术在铜基体上制备了Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层.首先用电泳沉积工艺在基体上均匀沉积出粒径为20 nm的Al2O3涂层,然后在Al2O3涂层中电沉积金属镍,得到Al2O3体积分数高达55.6%的纳米复合镀层.对镀层表面形貌及镀层与基体的结合强度进行了测试与分析.结果表明,相比于纯镍镀层,采用电泳-电沉积法所制备纳米复合镀层的组织致密均匀,晶粒明显细化,镀层与基体的结合强度有所提高.     

温度对柔性摩擦辅助电沉积镍镀层组织结构的影响

为提高镀层质量,采用新型的柔性摩擦辅助电沉积技术在不含任何添加剂的Watts镀液中制备了镍镀层。利用SEM、AFM、XRD、TEM以及硬度计等手段分别对镀层的形貌、生长取向、结构和硬度进行了表征,并与无柔性介质摩擦作用下的电沉积镍进行了比较。结果表明:在20~50℃的温度范围内,柔性摩擦辅助电沉积镍镀层组织结构得到改善。电沉积镍镀层均为面心立方结构,随着镀液温度的升高,柔性摩擦辅助电沉积镍镀层的择优取向由(220)晶面向(111)晶面转变,表面逐渐变得平整致密,硬度(HV)从4550 MPa增加到4750 MPa后趋于平稳。当温度为50℃时,柔性摩擦辅助电沉积镍镀层的平均晶粒尺寸为91.6 nm,远小于电沉积镍的平均晶粒尺寸153.7 nm。     

Corrosion of type 316L stainless steel in molten LiCl–KCl salt

Pyrochemical reprocessing in molten chloride salt medium has been considered as one of the best options for the reprocessing of spent metallic fuels. The AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) is envisaged as a candidate material for the fabrication of components for various unit operations like salt preparation vessel, electro‐refiner and cathode processor, on which ceramic coatings with metallic bond coat will be applied by the thermal plasma spraying. The unit operation like electro‐refining is carried out in the molten lithium chloride–potassium chloride (LiCl–KCl) eutectic salt at 773 K in argon atmosphere. The corrosion behaviour of the container vessel in molten chloride salts is therefore important, hence corrosion tests were carried out in a molten salt test assembly under argon gas atmosphere. The present paper discusses the corrosion behaviour of 316L SS in the molten LiCl–KCl eutectic salt at 873 K. The 316L SS samples were immersed in the molten LiCl–KCl eutectic for 25, 100 and 250 h, while 316L SS with yttria stabilized zirconia coating was exposed for 1000 h. The exposed samples were examined by optical and scanning electron microscope for corrosion attack. The X‐ray mappings of the cross‐section of the degraded layer onto the 316L SS indicated that the mechanism of corrosion corresponds to the selective diffusion of Cr to the surface with the formation of voids below, and the formation of chromium compounds at the surface. The results of the present study indicated that the yttria stabilized zirconia coating onto the 316L SS exhibits a better corrosion resistance in molten chloride salt than with uncoated 316L SS.     

碳钢和铁-铬-镍基合金在相变储能材料用熔融共晶氯化钠和氯化镁中的腐蚀行为

研究了3种铁-铬-镍基合金(Fe-Cr-Ni)和一种碳钢试样在520℃熔融共晶NaCl-MgCl2盐中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,碳钢试样晶界处Fe原子优先变为亚铁离子(Fe2+)和铁离子(Fe3+),发生了严重的沿晶腐蚀,但表面形成了厚而致密的MgO壳,对试样起到了一定的保护作用。3种Fe-Cr-Ni基试样表面也形成了MgO壳,但因铬元素优先被腐蚀,试样表面形成了疏松的富Ni骨架状微观组织结构,MgO壳或颗粒极易剥落,未能起到有效的保护作用;Cr含量越高,腐蚀越严重。对于太阳能储能技术,在廉价的铁基合金中添加镍元素作为熔融氯化盐相变储热介质的容器或者管道材料,具有良好发展前景。     

Al—Mn合金镀层的研究

在２００℃共融的氯化物熔盐中,以ＭｎＣｌ２作为添加剂,电沉积出Ｍｎ含量为１８％～４０％的Ａｌ－Ｍｎ合金镀层。结果表明,当合金镀层中Ｍｎ含量超过３１％时,具有单一的非晶态镀层,单相非晶态镀层的耐蚀性、硬度等性能均优于双相镀层。Ｔｉ和Ｃｅ的加入,促进了Ａｌ－Ｍｎ金属玻璃的形成,使Ｍｎ含量较低的单相非晶体Ａｌ－Ｍｎ合金电沉积成为可能,提高了Ａｌ－Ｍｎ合金镀层的耐蚀性和硬度,使其点蚀电位提高了２００ｍＶ,     

腐蚀产物MgO对Fe基合金在固态和熔融NaCl-MgCl2 中高温耐蚀性能的影响

熔融氯化盐是下一代聚光式太阳能热发电站（第3代CSP）候选传热和储热介质,含MgCl₂的熔融氯化盐对金属传热管道和储热容器腐蚀后在其表面形成MgO,MgO对管道耐腐蚀性能影响尚不清楚。通过对比碳钢和3种Fe-Cr-Ni合金在固态（345 ℃）和熔融NaCl-MgCl₂（445和545 ℃）中的腐蚀行为,分析了MgO对4种试样在不同温度下的腐蚀行为机理。结果表明,在固态NaCl-MgCl₂中,碳钢表面MgO壳致密且连续,可以保护试样免受腐蚀。在熔融NaCl-MgCl₂中,4种试样表面也生成了致密的MgO壳,但它因热应力作用而开裂和剥落,熔融盐沿着氧化膜裂纹渗入MgO/基体界面,发生化学-电化学联合腐蚀反应,不能保护试样免受该熔盐腐蚀。     

Fe-14Cr-Mn合金在不同温度熔融共晶NaCl-MgCl2中腐蚀行为及机理研究

熔融共晶NaCl-MgCl₂作为太阳能中高温相变储热介质,运行状态下其温度常在熔点附近波动。但不同温度下该熔融盐对金属容器材料腐蚀行为不清楚。以Fe-14Cr-Mn合金为例,采用浸盐法研究了718K、768K和818K熔融共晶NaCl-MgCl₂对该合金的腐蚀行为,探讨了腐蚀机理。结果表明：腐蚀速率随温度增加略微增加,三种温度下试样腐蚀动力学曲线服从线性规律(斜率约k=-4.806E-4)。腐蚀初期,试样表面形成泡状腐蚀产物,腐蚀80h后形成腐蚀坑洞,主要是Fe、Fe-Cr和MgO,也检测到含微量Fe和Ni的Mg-Fe-Ni的氧化物。腐蚀机理主要是MgCl₂吸潮后以H₂O形式引入的氧原子和溶解在熔融盐中的微量氧作为阴极去极化剂,合金元素Cr和Mn与Cl_-反应生成的氯化物,氯化物吸附水分子,形成具有低熔点的含水氯化物(如CrCl₃.6 (H₂O) 和MnCl₂.n (H₂O))逃逸腐蚀体系。另外,在熔岩表面形成了由MgCl₂. (H₂O) ₆, NaCl 和 MgO组成的盐壳,而在熔融盐内部,NaCl与NaMgCl₃共存。本研究为研发耐熔融NaCl-MgCl₂腐蚀的新合金奠定了基础。     

熔盐环境下热障涂层的等温热腐蚀行为研究

采用电子束物理气相沉积（EB-PVD）在镍基高温合金表面制备了YSZ/NiCoCrAlY双层结构热障涂层,研究了其在熔盐环境下的等温热腐蚀行为。结果表明,涂层在加热过程中发生相变引起体积收缩,导致涂层内部产生微裂纹。熔盐填充涂层内微裂纹和柱状晶间隙,降低了涂层的应变容限,引起涂层内应力升高。同时,熔盐促使热生长氧化层（TGO）碱性溶解,产生疏松多孔的氧化物层,导致TGO层加速增厚。在热应力作用下,疏松层氧化物破碎,最终导致涂层剥落。     

Corrosion inhibitors in PEO-coatings on aluminum alloys

The corrosion properties of coatings obtained by plasma-electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in silicate and borate electrolytes on AMg-5 and D17 aluminum alloys are studied. An increase in PEO-coating thickness on AMg-5 alloy obtained in borate electrolyte does not provide an increase in their corrosion resistance in chloride media. The greatest contribution to increasing the corrosion resistance of such coatings is made by filling them with corrosion inhibitors. Additional hydrophobization by low molecular fluoroplast increases the protective action of such inhibited coatings.     

Resistance of Nanostructured Environmental Barrier Coatings to the Movement of Molten Salts

Corrosion of components in a recovery boiler is a major problem faced by the pulp and paper industry. The superheater tubes become severely corroded due to the presence of sulfidic gases in the boiler and molten salts which are deposited on the surface of the tubes. As a result, the boiler must be decommissioned for expensive maintenance and repairs. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings have been shown to provide corrosion resistance when applied on gas turbines operating at high temperatures. Air plasma-sprayed YSZ environmental barrier coatings on Type 309 stainless steel were exposed to three different corrosive environments: Test A??600?°C, salt vapors, flue gases, 168?h; Test B??600?°C, molten salt, air, 168?h; and Test C??600?°C, molten salt, flue gases, 168?h. Two different types of YSZ coatings??conventional YSZ and nanostructured YSZ??were tested to study their resistance to corrosion and molten salt penetration. The performances of both types of coatings were evaluated, and a comparative study was conducted. It was found that the nanostructured YSZ samples protected the stainless steel substrate better than their conventional counterparts. This superior performance was attributed to the presence of semi-molten nano-agglomerates present in the coating microstructure, which acted as collection points for the penetrating molten salts.     

Chromate-free conversion coatings on 1370 aluminum alloy

Formation and protective properties of conversion coatings on 1370 aluminum alloy that were obtained in an IFKhANAL-3 alkaline conversion solution are studied. The subsequent filling of the coatings in an inhibitor solution is shown to produce coatings that are resistant to pitting corrosion in chloride environments. Results of corrosion experiments reveal good protective properties of the coatings that are no worse than conventional chromate coatings.     

Protection of aluminum alloy AD31 from corrosion by adsorption layers of trialkoxysilanes and stearic acid

The effectiveness of protection of technical aluminum AD31 by its hydrophobization and superhydrophobization (SHP) with ethanol solutions of trialkoxysilanes and stearic acid was evaluated. The stability of SHP coatings in distilled water and chloride solution was studied. The thickness of the formed SHP layers is determined by the ellipsometric method. Polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and corrosion tests have shown that SHP coatings have a protective ability in 3% NaCl and under the impact of salt spray.