Anfälligkeit gewindeformender Schrauben aus korrosionsbeständigen Stählen gegenüber Spannungsrisskorrosion

Susceptibility of thread‐forming screws made from stainless steels with relation to stress corrosion cracking Thread‐forming screws, manufactured from martensitic and austenitic stainless steels, were tested concerning their susceptibility with relation to stress corrosion cracking. Based as closely on application usage as possible, testing comprised using the fasteners to clamp steel sheets of different material types at changing corrosion conditions according to DIN 50021‐SS and DIN 50018‐KWF 2,0S. During the exposure until 90% of the martensitic drilling screws had failed due to hydrogen‐induced stress corrosion cracking. Such fasteners represent a safety risk in building practice, even if corrosion resistance requirements are minimal. The screws made of austenitic materials bore the identical test conditions without cracking.     

Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Installationsteilen aus nichtrostenden austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stählen bei erhöhter Temperatur

Corrosion resistance of installation elements of stainless austenitic chromium-nickel steels at high temperatures The test results presented prove the statements made in DIN 50 929 Part 2. In accordance with DIN 50 930 Part 4, the corrosion probability for stainless steels increases when chloride containing water evaporates on warm material surfaces, whereby chloride ions concentrate. Under these conditions, ferritic chromium steels and austenitic chromium-nickel steels can suffer pitting corrosion, austenitic chromium-nickel steels also stress corrosion cracking. In the latter case, the corrosion cracks start from pits. The molybdenum-containing material no. 1.4571 withstands pitting and stress corrosion cracking in wet, chloride-containing environments at 90°C over some weeks. With increasing exposure time and at temperatures above 45°C, however, corrosion damage cannot be excluded. Then, according to DIN 50 929 Part 2, coating of the external surfaces of installation components, e.g., tubes, is required. The coating must be thick, free from pores and holidays, and resistant to heat and aging.     

The correlation between mechanical and electrochemical parameters of stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels

Extension measurements of exposed specimens of austenitic stainless steels in hot magnesium chloride solutions are interpreted with the potential-time curves. For austenitic stainless steels, it is very difficult to determine the yield point; it is necessary to study the stress-elongation curves at different elongation rates and to known the creep behaviour of the steels. In dead load stress corrosion tests the elongation-time curves allow the incubation time of stress corrosion cracks to be distinguished from the propagation time. The propagation time is more important than incubation time for the classification of the susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking, because the incubation time is more dependent on experimental procedure than is the propagation time. The stainless steel classification obtained was compared with a new test in which a load is applied and immediately taken off; after a rapid fall the potential-time behaviour provides information about the crack velocity.     

不同热处理态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀行为对比研究

目的 对比研究原始、固溶和敏化态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀（SCC）行为及机理。方法 将304和321奥氏体不锈钢经过热处理制备成固溶和敏化态试样,采用U形弯试样在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中浸泡的应力腐蚀试验方法对其进行研究,通过观察U形弯弧顶的腐蚀形貌和开裂时间,并结合腐蚀及裂纹的SEM照片和电化学测试结果进行分析。结果 原始和固溶状态304不锈钢U形弯试样在氯化铵溶液环境中开裂时间为25 d左右,断口形貌分别为穿晶断口和沿晶断口;敏化态试样18 d后发生开裂,断口形貌为穿晶和沿晶的混合断口。原始和固溶态321不锈钢U形弯试样在该环境中经过39 d均无应力腐蚀裂纹;敏化试样经30 d后产生宏观开裂。电化学测试结果显示,不同热处理态的304不锈钢在氯化铵溶液中均具有明显的点蚀敏感性,321不锈钢在该环境中耐点蚀和应力腐蚀的能力优于304不锈钢。结论 不同状态的304不锈钢在高温氯化铵环境中具有较强的应力腐蚀倾向,特别是敏化态试样;321不锈钢在该环境中的应力腐蚀敏感性相对较小,但敏化处理显著增加了其沿晶应力腐蚀倾向,而固溶态试样具有明显的沿晶腐蚀特征。     

Korrosionsverhalten nichtrostender ferritisch-austenitischer Stähle in Natronlauge

Corrosion performance of duplex steels in caustic solutions The corrosion performance of stainless ferritic-austenitic steels (DIN 1.4362, DIN 1.4462, Uranus 50 and Ferralium 255) was investigated in boiling sodium hydroxide solutions. It was found that these steels are corrosion resistant in NaOH solutions up to 30 mass-% with corrosion rates lower than 0.01 mm/a. The mass loss rate increases with increasing NaOH concentration, reaching a maximum in 60 mass-% NaOH solution. Small flow rates (e.g. 0.08 m/s; rotating disc) increase the corrosion rate by a factor of 6 with respect to stagnant conditions. However, further increase of flow rate yields no additional enhancement of the corrosion rate up to 1 m/s. Under conditions of free corrosion no stress corrosion cracking was observed at constant deflected samples or at tensile probes tested to failure under CERT-conditions in boiling 20–70% NaOH solutions. The corrosion attack is uniform in NaOH solutions up to 30 mass-%. In more concentrated NaOH solutions the dissolution rate of the austenitic phase is slightly higher than the ferritic phase. The corrosion products contain more nickel than the base material.     

A potentiokinetic reactivation method for predicting the I.C.C. and I.G.S.C.C. sensitivity of stainless steels and alloys

The present paper is a continuation of an earlier study dealing with a new method of electrochemical determination of the sensitivity to intercrystalline corrosion of stainless steel, based on reactivation from the passive state. This suggested test method was verified on austenitic chromenickel steels with increased carbon content and cold deformation. The ratio of charge during reactivation to that in the active region of the polarization curve (at increasing potential), expressed as a percentage, appears to give the optimum quantitative criterion of the tendency of steels to intercrystalline corrosion or intergranular stress corrosion cracking. The sensitivity of the method can be adjusted for the individual types of steels and alloys by changing the experimental conditions.     

Spannungsrißkorrosion nichtrostender austenitischer Chrom-Nickel-Stähle bei Raumtemperatur

Stress corrosion cracking of austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels at ambient temperature For the chloride-induced SCC with transgranular crack path in austenitic 18Cr10Ni stainless steel, a critical temperature between 45 and 50°C exists. This critical temperature, however, is valid only for the passive state of the steel in nearly neutral, chloride-containing aqueous environments. In the active state, SCC with transgranular crack mode can occur at temperatures down to ambient temperature. The active state is caused by highly acidic, high-chloride containing aqueous corrosive media. Adherent aqueous films with these properties can grow on the surface of structural components inside swimming-pools when the water is disinfected by addition of chlorine. Under these conditions, failure of austenitic CrNi and CrNiMo stainless steels by SCC with transgranular crack path at ambient temperature is possible and actually occurred. SCC with preferentially intergranular crack path can also occur at ambient temperature when austenitic stainless steels with a sensitized microstructure are used. Under these conditions, the corrosion attack is caused by non-specific aggressive environments, e.g., adherent aqueous films not containing chloride ions. The crack mode, intergranular or mixed, depends on the stress level.     

Stress-corrosion cracking of 15cr-15ni-2.2mo titanium-modified austenitic stainless steels

The stress- corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of two alloys of titanium- modified austenitic stainless steels with different TiJC ratios in the 20% cold worked condition was studied in 45% boiling magnesium chloride (BP427 K) using the constant- extension rate testing (CERT) technique. The SCC susceptibility of the two titanium-modified alloys was assessed using the ratios of the values of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and percent elongation in magnesium chloride and liquid paraffin, the susceptibility index (I), crack propagation rates (CPR), and stress ratios at different values of plastic strains. The results obtained on these alloys were compared with AISI type 316 stainless steel. It was observed that the two titaniummodified austenitic stainless steels had better SCC resistance than type 316 stainless steel, mainly due to their higher nickel content and, to a lesser extent, to the presence of titanium. Increasing the value of the TiJC ratio led to increased SCC resistance due to the availability of more free titanium in the solid solution. Fractography of the failed samples indicated failure by a combination of transgranular SCC and ductile fracture.     

In situ TEM study of stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel

A constant deflection device designed for use within a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to investigate the change in dislocation configuration ahead of a crack tip during stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of type 310 austenitic stainless steel in a boiling MgCl₂ solution, and the initiation of stress corrosion microcracking. Results showed that crack tip corrosion processes during SCC-enhanced dislocation emission, multiplication and motion. SCC microcracks initiated when the corrosion-enhanced dislocation emission and motion had fully develop.A passive film formed during corrosion of austenitic stainless steel in the boiling MgCl₂ solution generated a tensile stress. During SCC, the additive tensile stress generated at the metal/passive film interface assists the applied stress to enhance dislocation emission and motion.     

Studies on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Super 304H Austenitic Stainless Steel

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a common mode of failure encountered in boiler components especially in austenitic stainless steel tubes at high temperature and in chloride-rich water environment. Recently, a new type of austenitic stainless steels called Super304H stainless steel, containing 3% copper is being adopted for super critical boiler applications. The SCC behavior of this Super 304H stainless steel has not been widely reported in the literature. Many researchers have studied the SCC behavior of steels as per various standards. Among them, the ASTM standard G36 has been widely used for evaluation of SCC behavior of stainless steels. In this present work, the SCC behavior of austenitic Fe-Cr-Mn-Cu-N stainless steel, subjected to chloride environments at varying strain conditions as per ASTM standard G36 has been studied. The environments employed boiling solution of 45 wt.% of MgCl₂ at 155 °C, for various strain conditions. The study reveals that the crack width increases with increase in strain level in Super 304H stainless steels.     

Effect of nitrogen addition to shielding gas on residual stress of stainless steel weldments

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen additions to the shielding gas on the ferrite content and residual stress in austenitic stainless steels. Autogenous gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding was applied on austenitic stainless steels 304 and 310 to produce a bead on plate weld. The delta ferrite content of the weld metals was measured using a Ferritscope. The residual stress in the weldments was determined using the hole drilling strain gauge method. The present results indicated that the retained delta ferrite content in type 304 stainless steel weld metals decreased rapidly as nitrogen addition to the argon shielding gas was increased. The welding residual stress increased with increasing quantity of added nitrogen in the shielding gas. It was also found that the tensile residual stress zone in austenitic stainless steel weldments was extended as the quantity of added nitrogen gas in the argon shielding gas was increased.     

钝化膜应力导致不锈钢应力腐蚀

用恒位移载台，在透射电镜（TEM）中原位观察应力前后裂前方位错组态的变化以及微裂纹的形核和扩展，结果有明，310不锈钢在沸腾的25％MgCl2水溶液中应力腐蚀时腐蚀过程能促进位错发射，增殖和运动，当腐蚀促进的位错发射和运动达到临界状态时，应力腐蚀裂纹形核和扩展，测量表明，304不锈钢在沸腾MgCl2中自然腐蚀时表面钝化膜会产生一个附加拉应力，它可能是腐蚀促进位错发射和运动的原因。     

Corrosion‐technical properties of high‐strength stainless steels for the application in prestressed concrete structures

Experience with prestressed concrete over about half a century has indicated that the corrosion resistance of conventional prestressing steel does not always satisfy, especially the prestressing steels are susceptible to chloride attack (de‐icing salts) and hydrogen (hydrogen‐induced stress corrosion cracking). On the other hand corrosion agents, such as chloride, condensation water, can penetrate in the concrete and arrive at the surface of steels. Hence, corrosion damage of prestressing steels can happen and, in the extreme cases, the prestressed concrete structure collapsed resulting from the failure of the tendon. In this paper, consideration is made to use high‐strength stainless steels as prestressing tendon with bond in concrete. The high‐strength stainless steels of qualities 1.4301 (X5CrNi18‐10), 1.4401 (X5CrNiMo17‐12‐2), 1.4436 (X3CrNiMo17‐13‐3) and 1.4439 (X3CrNiMoN17‐13‐5) with sequence of increasing austenite stability were investigated. For application in prestressing tendon with bond in concrete the cold‐drawn high‐strength stainless steel of quality 1.4401 is an optimal proposition regarding its satisfactory resistance against pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in structure‐related corrosive conditions. The lower alloyed steel 1.4301 has an insufficient resistance against the chloride‐induced corrosion because of the lack of molybdenum and the content of deformation martensite due to the strong cold‐drawing of its unstable austenitic structure.     

The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of an austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution

In corrosion medium, metals can deform under tensile stress and form a new active surface with the anodic dissolution of the metals being accelerated. At the same time, the anodic dissolution may accelerate the deformation of the metals. The synergy can lead to crack nucleation and development and shorten the service life of the component. Austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution was in active dissolution condition when stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurred. It is reasonable to assume that the anodic dissolution play an important role, so it's necessary to study the synergy between anodic dissolution and deformation of austenitic stainless steels. The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in an acidic chloride solution was studied in this paper. The corrosion rate of the steel increased remarkably due to the deformation‐accelerated anodic and cathodic processes. The creep rate was increased while the yield strength was reduced by anodic dissolution. The analysis by thermal activation theory of deformation showed a linear relationship between the logarithm of creep rate and the logarithm of anodic current. Besides, the reciprocal of yield strength was also linearly dependent on the logarithm of anodic current. The theoretical deductions were in good agreement with experimental results.     

Controlling grain boundary energy to make austenitic stainless steels resistant to intergranular stress corrosion cracking

Intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking are the two localized corrosion mechanisms that are of concern to the typical applications of austenitic stainless steels in industries. Until recently, the common understanding was that a higher frequency of random boundaries increases the susceptibility, caused by a sensitization heat treatment or by operating temperatures, of austenitic stainless steels to both intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking. A recent study demonstrated that extreme randomization of grain boundaries leads to a considerable improvement of resistance to both sensitization and intergranular corrosion. This work is a continuation of Ref. 1 and relates the effects of grain boundary randomization to intergranular stress corrosion cracking: the results show a trend consistent with earlier observations on intergranular corrosion. It is shown that there is improvement in resistance to intergranular stress corrosion cracking with extreme randomization of grain boundaries.     

Elektrochemische Meßmethoden zur Untersuchung der Spannungs- und Schwingungsrißkorrosion

Electrochemical measuring methods for studying stress-corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue An apparatus is described for the investigation of local corrosion phenomena with simultaneous static and dynamic loading. The apparatus enables measurements to be made of potential variations in time, interdependance of current density and potential, and current density variation at constant potential. It is shown that stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in boiling Ca(NO₃)₂, solution and of soft iron in NaOH is a clear local corrosion process. Analogous results are obtained with austenitic stainless steel in an activating medium. Corrosion fatigue of passive austenitic steels can be produced in SO, saturated water or in ferroammonium sulphate solution. Between corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking there is a number of analogies but there are also differences. Stress corrosion cracking strongly depends from material composition but may be produced by almost any medium, while corrosion fatigue is possible in certain media only, but is not related with a particular metal composition.     

Maßnahmen gegen die chloridbedingte Spannungsrißkorrosion austenitischer Stähle

Measures against the chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking of austenitic steels The chlorid-induced stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels is much feared because it can cause as well extensive damage of apparatus fast and unexpectedly as loss of production. It is controlled by six parameters cooperating in a manner which is difficult to over-look. The greatest imponderabilities are due to the state of mechanical stress in the material. A testing method was developed which allows to recognize the danger surely and to use the metal-removing pickling as the most economic measure against stress corrosion cracking.     

In-service stress corrosion cracking of AISI 316L stainless steel in an H2S environment

Since publication of ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 in 2003 there has been much debate on the performance of austenitic stainless steels in oil and gas production environments, with researchers recommending relaxation of the ISO 15156 restrictions for this material. This paper describes a recent austenitic stainless steel stress corrosion cracking failure and discusses its implications for the current restrictions of the ISO standard and recently proposed relaxations of these restrictions.     

改性纳米SiC粉体强化铸造奥氏体不锈钢耐点蚀性能的研究

在生产条件下采用冲入法制备了改性纳米SiC粉体强化奥氏体不锈钢试样,用化学浸泡和电化学检测两种方法研究了纳米SiC粉体对不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响。结果表明,经改性纳米SiC粉体强化处理后的不锈钢组织明显细化,成分偏析引起的铁素体析出减少;当纳米SiC粉体加入量为0.1 mass%时,不锈钢的点蚀速率降低了 16%,电极电位提高了3倍。能谱分析表明,经强化处理,不锈钢中的Cr成分偏析减轻,有效改善了晶界等易发生点蚀部位的贫Cr现象。     

典型不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏化温度的研究

用电化学动电位再活化（EPR）法、硫酸—硫酸铜法及扫描电镜研究了典型的202、304奥氏体不锈钢与409、430铁素体不锈钢在不同敏化温度下晶间腐蚀的敏感性。结果表明,奥氏体与铁素体不锈钢敏感温度区间不同,奥氏体不锈钢诱发晶间腐蚀的敏感温度约为650℃,铁素体不锈钢诱发晶间腐蚀的敏感温度约为950℃。研究结果为正确地评判不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性及优化生产工艺提供了科学依据。