Ti6Al4V钛合金表面Zr-N合金化层的抗高温摩擦磨损性能

为了改善钛合金的高温耐磨性能,采用锆-氮离子共渗与异步渗(渗锆后再氮化处理)两种工艺技术分别在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备致密的锆-氮合金化改性层,对比研究了合金化层的组织结构特征和高温摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,两种工艺制备的Zr-N合金层表面均由ZrN相组成,异步渗改性层的内层则包含较厚的Zr-Ti固溶体,两种等离子表面合金化层均使钛合金表面硬度显著提高。同样温度和处理时间条件下,异步渗合金化层的厚度约为锆-氮共渗合金化层厚度的6倍,且氮化物层也较厚,原因归于前者处理过程中Zr与Ti之间良好固溶特性的充分发挥及ZrN相的扩散障作用的有效抑制。300℃高温下球盘摩擦磨损试验结果表明,由于锆-氮共渗合金化层深度较小,因而改善钛合金基材耐磨性能的效果相对较低。锆-氮异步渗处理则使Ti6Al4V钛合金耐磨性能显著提高,摩擦因数降低50%以上,比磨损率降低2个数量级,原因归于该类合金化层高的表面硬度、大的层深、良好的高温抗氧化性能及优异表面承载能力的有机匹配。     

钛合金表面辉光离子渗铝耐蚀性

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,在钛合金(Ti6Al4V)表面渗AI,形成均匀的钛铝合金扩散层.用显微硬度仪测量渗层的显微硬度,用SEM、XRD分析渗层的截面形貌和相结构,并在0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液和3.5%NaCl溶液中测试极化曲线方法.结果表明:经950℃,保温5 h后Ti6Al4V合金基材表面形成厚度约为20 ìm的钛铝合金扩散层,扩散层由金属间化合物Ti3Al和TiAl组成;合金表面显微硬度值达到8100 MPa;钛合金表面的耐蚀性能提高.     

Ti6Al4V钛合金表面Zr-N合金化层的抗高温摩擦磨损性能

为了改善钛合金的高温耐磨性能,采用锆-氮离子共渗与异步渗(渗锆后再氮化处理)两种工艺技术分别在Ti6A14V钛合金表面制备致密的锆-氮合金化改性层,对比研究了合金化层的组织结构特征和高温摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,两种工艺制各的Zr-N合金层表面均由ZrN相组成,异步渗改性层的内层则包含较厚的Zr-Ti固溶体,两种等离子表面合金化层均使钛合金表面硬度显著提高.同样温度和处理时间条件下,异步渗合金化层的厚度约为锆-氮共渗合金化层厚度的6倍,且氮化物层也较厚,原因归于前者处理过程中Zr与Ti之间良好固溶特性的充分发挥及ZrN相的扩散障作用的有效抑制.300℃高温下球盘摩擦磨损试验结果表明,由于锆-氮共渗合金化层深度较小,因而改善钛合金基材耐磨性能的效果相对较低.锆-氮异步渗处理则使Ti6A14V钛合金耐磨性能显著提高,摩擦因数降低50％以上,比磨损率降低2个数量级,原因归于该类合金化层高的表面硬度、大的层深、良好的高温抗氧化性能及优异表面承载能力的有机匹配.     

钛合金Ti6Al4V表面渗钼层的摩擦磨损性能

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术在钛合金Ti6Al4V表面进行合金化，形成均匀、致密、厚度为9．4μm的钛钼合金渗层。表面硬度提高3倍左右，达到1050Hκ。采用球盘磨损试验机考察了钛合金Ti6Al4V表面渗钼层和Ti6Al4V钛合金的摩擦性能，得出该合金表面渗Mo后虽然摩擦因数略微增大，但耐磨性提高100余倍；通过对磨损形貌的分析可知，表面渗Mo合金层磨损机制主要表现为粘着及少量微切削。     

钛合金双层辉光离子无碳氮共渗摩擦性能研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属原理改善钛合金Ti6Al4V的耐摩擦性.使用蜂窝状高纯度固体石墨作为源极,钛合金Ti6Al4V做阴极,一定比例的氩气、氮气作为载气.依靠辉光放电空心阴极效应,溅射出原子、离子状的碳元素,碳、氮元素混合形成等离子体,靠阴极负偏压把碳、氮吸引到Ti6Al4V的表面,依靠轰击和扩散在Ti6Al4V材料表面形成具有特殊物理、化学性能的合金层.X射线衍射检测显示渗层内形成了包含TiC,TiN的硬度相;辉光放电光谱(GDS)检测结果显示,在渗层内碳、氮元素分布呈梯度形式;硬度测试显示渗层硬度由表及里呈现梯度下降,表面硬度提高两倍以上;摩擦磨损检测表明Ti6Al4V材料经无氢碳氮共渗处理后,其粘着现象明显降低,摩擦系数降低一半多,耐磨性大大提高.     

钛合金双层辉光离子无氢碳氮共渗摩擦性能研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属原理改善钛合金Ti6Al4V的耐摩擦性。使用蜂窝状高纯度固体石墨作为源极，钛合金Ti6Al4V做阴极，一定比例的氩气、氮气作为载气。依靠辉光放电空心阴极效应，溅射出原子、离子状的碳元素，碳、氮元素混合形成等离子体，靠阴极负偏压把碳、氮吸引到Ti6Al4V的表面，依靠轰击和扩散在Ti6Al4V材料表面形成具有特殊物理、化学性能的合金层。X射线衍射检测显示渗层内形成了包含TiC，TiN的硬度相；辉光放电光谱（GDS）检测结果显示，在渗层内碳、氮元素分们呈梯度形式；硬度测试显示渗层硬度由表及里呈现梯度下降，表面硬度提高两倍以上；摩擦磨损检测表明Ti6Al4V材料经无氢碳氮共渗处理后，其粘着现象明显降低，摩擦系数降低一半多，耐磨性大大提高。     

钛合金表面离子渗钼及耐磨性研究

采用离子渗金属技术对Ti6Al4V(TC4)钛合金进行了离子渗钼,并用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、能谱分析、显微硬度和磨损试验等对渗层的组织、相组成、成分、显微硬度和磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明,TC4合金经离子渗Mo后,表面可形成MoTi相合金层,使材料的硬度有较大的提高,表面常温干摩擦的摩擦因数比基体的低,磨痕比基体的窄,表现出较好的耐磨性能。     

TC4合金等离子钼基合金化改性层摩擦磨损性能研究

利用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术在Ti6Al4V(TC4)上制备钼基改性层以提高材料的摩擦磨损性能。对改性层的组织结构元素分布和显微硬度进行了测试,并采用球-盘滑动磨损试验机对渗层进行摩擦磨损性能测试。结果表明:Ti6Al4V合金表面经过渗Mo、W-Mo及W-Mo-N共渗都可以形成致密、均匀的表面合金改性层;通过三种表面改性后,钛合金的表面硬度都有不同程度提高,其中W-Mo-N共渗表面硬度提高最大,达1504 HV。在较短滑动距离内,渗钼改性层摩擦系数最小,W-Mo-N共渗次之,W-Mo共渗最大。随着摩擦的深入,渗钼改性层摩擦系数很快升高,超过W-Mo改性层。渗钼改性层磨损表现为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,W-Mo和W-Mo-N共渗都降低了材料的粘着现象,W-Mo-N共渗最为显著。     

Ti6Al4V合金表面等电位空心阴极辉光放电W-Mo共渗层耐冲刷腐蚀性能

利用针状等电位空心阴极放电技术,在低于钛合金Ti6Al4V相变温度下,对其表面进行W-Mo共渗。利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、球-盘摩擦磨损试验仪等分析了改性层的表面及截面形貌、相组成、显微硬度;及在室温干摩擦条件下的耐磨性能;利用冲刷腐蚀试验机研究了W-Mo合金渗层在单相流和双相流冲刷腐蚀条件下,在Na Cl腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性能。结果表明:Ti6Al4V基体经过W-Mo共渗处理后,在其表面形成了厚度约为25.0μm的合金改性层。合金层由Al MoTi_2和Ti_xW_(1-x)相组成。改性层的显微硬度高达850 HV0.1,较基体(450 HV0.1)显著提高,改性层的平均摩擦系数也从基体的0.30降到0.14。W-Mo合金渗层良好的表面力学性能有效的保护了基体材料不受外力的冲刷,在单相流冲蚀下,W-Mo合金渗层的腐蚀速度只是基体Ti6Al4V的1/19;在双相流冲蚀条件下,只是基体Ti6Al4V的1/37。     

Ti6Al4V合金渗镀Mo-N表面改性层在不同腐蚀环境下的抗磨损行为研究

采用等离子渗镀技术在钛合金(Ti6Al4V)表面形成均匀致密的钼氮合金渗镀层.在3.5%NaCl溶液、0.5 mol/L 的H2SO4溶液、0.02 mol/L的Na3P04溶液和亨氏溶液中,对比研究了Ti6Al4V合金及其钼氮改性层的抗腐蚀磨损性能.20 000周次腐蚀环境下的微动磨损试验结果表明,渗镀的Mo-N改性层显著提高了Ti6Al4V合金的抗腐蚀磨损能力.电化学噪音测量结果证明,Mo-N改性层削弱了Ti6Al4V合金腐蚀和磨损相互耦合增幅的作用.     

The Tribological Performance of Surface Treated Ti6A14V as Sliding Against Si<Subscript>3</Subscript>N<Subscript>4</Subscript> Ball and 316L Stainless Steel Cylinder

Closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering was used to deposit diamond-like carbon (Ti-C:H) coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy and gas nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy. Four different specimens were prepared, namely untreated Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti6Al4V), gas nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy (N-Ti6Al4V), Ti-C:H-coated Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti-C:H/Ti6Al4V) and Ti-C:H-coated gas nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti-C:H/N-Ti6Al4V). The tribological properties of the four specimens were evaluated using a reciprocating wear tester sliding against a Si₃N₄ ball (point contact mode) and 316L stainless steel cylinder (line contact mode). The wear tests were performed in a 0.89 wt.% NaCl solution. The results showed that the nitriding treatment increased the surface roughness and hardness of the Ti6Al4V alloy and improved the wear resistance as a result. In addition, the Ti-C:H coating also improved the tribological performance of Ti6Al4V. For example, compared to the untreated Ti6Al4V sample, the Ti-C:H coating reduced the wear depth and friction coefficient by 340 times and 10 times, respectively, in the point contact wear mode, and 151 times and 9 times, respectively, in the line contact wear mode. It is thus inferred that diamond-like carbon coatings are of significant benefit in extending the service life of artificial biomedical implants.     

Triode plasma nitriding and PVD coating: A successful pre-treatment combination to improve the wear resistance of DLC coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have found great applicability in the automotive industry because of their low friction coefficient and high wear resistance. Nevertheless, their tribological performance can be greatly reduced on soft substrates such as titanium alloys. The hard DLC coating cannot usually follow elastic and plastic deformation of the substrate without failing. In order to overcome this property mismatch between hard coating and soft substrate, triode plasma nitriding was applied as a pre-treatment to improve the mechanical properties of the Ti6Al4V alloy and further enhance the load support for the DLC coating. DLC and multilayered TiN/DLC, CrN/DLC CrAlN/DLC coatings were deposited onto “standard” and plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V substrates. Triode plasma nitriding increased the load-bearing capacity of the coating/substrate system, as higher critical adhesion loads were recorded for DLC coatings on plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V substrates. This treatment also reduced the wear rate of the DLC coating/substrate. Further load support and lower wear rates were achieved by using TiN, CrN and CrAlN as intermediate layers on plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V substrates.     

稀土含量对Ti6Al4V钛合金等离子渗氮层组织和摩擦学性能的影响

目的研究稀土含量对Ti6Al4V钛合金表面等离子体渗氮层结构和性能的影响。方法运用等离子表面改性技术对Ti6Al4V(TC4)钛合金进行等离子渗氮处理,渗氮过程中通入不同含量的稀土作为催渗剂,以获得钛合金表面强化层。利用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察渗氮层组织,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析渗层相组成,用能谱仪(EDS)检测渗层的化学成分,用维氏显微硬度计测量渗层的显微硬度,用球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机和三维轮廓仪检测渗层的摩擦磨损性能。结果TC4钛合金表面等离子渗氮层结构包括表面化合物层(主要成分为δ-TiN)和扩散层(主要为N原子扩散形成的N-Ti固溶体),加入稀土可以促进N原子向基体的扩散,提高渗氮速度。渗层厚度增加,硬度和耐磨性能提高,扩散层使钛合金基体与化合物层之间的硬度梯度更加平缓。当稀土通入速率为60 mL/min时,渗层厚度可达155μm,表面硬度为1275HV0.05,摩擦系数降到0.27,磨损率明显降低。结论钛合金等离子渗氮过程中加入稀土可以有效提高渗速,改善渗氮层硬度,提高材料表面的耐磨性能。     

Improving tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy with duplex surface treatment

Ti-doped diamond like carbon films were deposited on both untreated and plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy using Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering (CFUMBS) method and their tribological properties were evaluated by conducting sliding wear conditions. The influence of the nitrided layer on tribological behavior of Ti-DLC films was studied by means of XRD, SEM, scratch tester, microhardness tester and pin-on-disc tribotester. The microhardness results pointed out that the duplex treatment dramatically increased the surface hardness and reduced the plastic deformation of the alloy. Wear tests showed that Ti-DLC coatings on both untreated and nitrided surfaces caused a reduction in the coefficient of friction. The reason of the reduction in the coefficient of friction was found to be the formation of transfer film between the sliding surfaces. Wear rates demonstrated that wear resistance of duplex treated (Ti-DLC coating after nitriding) Ti6Al4V alloy was significantly improved.     

Relation Between the Microstructure and Properties of Commercial Titanium Alloys and the Parameters of Gas Nitriding

Titanium alloys are unique materials with an excellent combination of properties. However, their applications are limited due to low surface hardness. In the present work gas nitriding is performed with the aim of improving the surface properties of commercial titanium alloys. Four widely used titanium alloys, namely, Ti – 6% Al – 4% V, Ti – 6% Al – 2% Sn – 4% Zr – 2% Mo, Ti – 8% Al – 1% Mo – 1% V, and Ti – 10% V – 3% Fe – 3% Al, are studied. The process is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 950 and 1050°C for 1, 3, and 5 h. The resulting surface hardness exceeds the normal value for titanium alloys by a factor of 3 – 5 due to the change in the phase composition of the surface layer, yielding a solid solution of nitrogen in an α-Ti phase, a TiN nitride, and TiO₂ dioxide. The influence of the parameters of the treatment process and the chemical composition of the alloys on the phase composition, microstructure, microhardness, and thickness of the surface layer is analyzed. It is shown that nitriding of alloys with α- and (α + β)-structures at 1050°C yields surface layers with inhomogeneous composition and irregular thickness, whereas after nitriding at 950°C the surface layers are homogeneous and have high properties. Practical recommendations are given for choosing nitriding parameters for different alloys and variants of application are discussed.     

喷丸预处理对Ti6Al4V合金低温等离子体氮化的影响

为改善钛合金表面耐磨性能,同时达到防止薄壁零部件变形和节约能源的目的,以Ti6Al4V钛合金为对象,研究了喷丸强化预处理对钛合金低温渗氮层及耐磨性的改善作用。结果表明,喷丸强化预处理能够有效促进钛合金表面低温离子渗氮过程,在500 ℃低温渗氮试验条件下,随着喷丸预处理强度的增大,钛合金渗氮效率逐步提高,渗氮层的表面硬度、承载能力和表观韧性逐步增加,使得渗氮层的耐磨性能逐步提高。当喷丸预处理强度增加到0.25 mmA时,Ti6Al4V钛合金渗氮层的表面硬度比单纯渗氮处理试样提高32.7%,磨损率降低42.3%,使钛合金基体的磨损率降低70.5%,较好地实现了喷丸预处理促进钛合金低温离子渗氮的目标。     

Friction and wear properties of UHMWPE against ion implanted titanium alloy

In this study, a new two-step plasma immersion ion implantation technique was developed and applied for the modification of Ti6Al4V alloy; firstly ion implanting with nitrogen at high temperature and followed with oxygen in high dose. A graded titanium oxide-titanium nitride film was obtained on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The contact angle and the microhardness of the modified alloys were measured. The friction and wear properties of UHMWPE rubbing against the modified alloys under lubrication of distilled water were investigated using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The wettability and the microhardness of the alloy surfaces were found to be increased significantly after ion implantation. The friction coefficient decreased by nearly 5 times and the wear resistance of UHMWPE increased by about 40 times against the ion implanted Ti6Al4V alloy. Many deep furrows were found on the surface of the un-implanted alloy and were absent in the ion implanted surfaces of the alloy.     

Effects of Duplex Nitriding and TiN Coating Treatment on Wear Resistance,Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of Ti6Al4V Alloy

Ti6Al4V alloy substrates were nitrided at 900 °C. TiN coatings were then deposited on the nitrided substrates using a closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. The microstructure, hardness and adhesion properties of the TiN-N-Ti6Al4V substrates were evaluated and compared with those of an untreated Ti6Al4V sample, a nitrided Ti6Al4V sample and a TiN-coated Ti6Al4V sample, respectively. The tribological properties of the various samples were investigated by means of reciprocating sliding wear tests performed in 0.9 wt.% NaCl solution against 316L, Si₃N₄ and Ti6Al4V balls, respectively. In addition, the corrosion resistance was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization tests. Finally, the biocompatibility of the samples was investigated by observing the attachment and growth of purified mouse leukemic monocyte/macrophage cells (Raw 264.7) on the sample surface after culturing periods of 24, 72 and 120 h, respectively. Overall, the results showed that the duplex nitriding/TiN coating treatment significantly improved the tribological, anti-corrosion and biocompatibility properties of the original Ti6Al4V alloy.