热处理对稀土5Cr钢组织及析出相的影响

以稀土5Cr钢为对象,研究了热处理工艺(870、900、930 ℃保温50 min水淬,670、690、710 ℃保温90 min回火)对其组织及第二相析出行为的影响。结果表明,试验钢经870 ℃淬火后,组织未完全奥氏体化;随着淬火温度的升高,试验钢完全奥氏体化,原始奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸从900 ℃的13.49 μm增大到930 ℃的15.01 μm,且组织均匀性明显下降。合适的淬火温度为900 ℃。在670~710 ℃回火后,组织分布为回火屈氏体、回火屈氏体+回火索氏体、回火索氏体。回火后第二相为分布在基体上的Cr₇C₃碳化物及在界面聚集的Cr₂₃C₆碳化物。随着回火温度的升高,Cr₂₃C₆碳化物比例逐渐增加。为避免回火过程中M₂₃C₆型碳化物的聚集和粗化,合适的回火温度为690 ℃。     

金刚石表面金属化可控Cr层的形成机制及性能

通过对金刚石表面盐浴镀Cr,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)观察并分析镀层的形貌、生长、结构及结合力,并研究了镀层厚度的可控及形成机制。结果表明,镀层的形成先由Cr与金刚石表面的C原子反应生成碳化物,反应充分后碳化物层主要为Cr7C3相;镀层反应扩散充分后表面吸附多余的Cr形成一层纯Cr相层。最佳盐浴镀覆工艺在750~850℃保温60 min,通过改变镀覆温度或保温时间可得到可控厚度的镀层,其厚度为0.75~3μm。另外,当镀层厚度超过3μm在冷却过程中会直接开裂开脱。在形成包覆较好的镀层下,镀层厚度越薄与基体的结合能力就越强。     

感应加热金刚石/镍基复合涂层微观组织与性能

采用感应加热的方式,在65Mn钢基体表面制备了金刚石质量分数为10%的复合镍基涂层,利用SEM、EPMA、XRD对钎涂接头的微观组织和相组成进行了分析,研究了感应钎涂中金刚石/钎料界面的元素扩散机制和形成机制。并利用干砂橡胶轮磨损试验机测试了涂层的耐磨性能,分析了金刚石/镍基涂层的耐磨增强机制。结果表明,钎涂层中钎料合金物相主要为Ni₄B₃、(Ni,Fe)固溶体、Ni₃Si₂、CrB;金刚石与钎料合金发生了冶金反应,金刚石/钎料合金界面的C元素分布促使金刚石表面出现了双层碳化物结构,分别为金刚石侧的Cr₃C₂和在Cr₃C₂表面生长的Cr₇C₃。金刚石复合涂层的耐磨性能显著优于钢基体,涂层60min磨损失重仅0.25g,为钢对比试样磨损失重的1/12,金刚石在磨损过程中起到了阻挡犁沟扩展的作用,涂层的失效机制为镍基合金磨损和金刚石的脱落。     

Cr/Al/B/diamond体系中金刚石表面的热爆反应涂层

采用Cr/Al/B/diamond粉体为原料,并添加少量Cr₂O₃或B₂O₃以诱发热爆反应。结果表明:在高纯Ar保护下,热爆反应后的试样粉末化严重,易将结合剂与金刚石颗粒分离。添加Cr₂O₃的原料体系发生热爆反应后,结合剂中的主相为Cr₂AlB₂,金刚石表面会形成含Cr₃C₂和Al的复合涂层,涂层的晶粒大小为0.5～7.0 μm。当金刚石质量分数为10%和20%时,试样中的金刚石颗粒表面涂覆良好,其起始和终止氧化温度都显著高于未涂覆金刚石的;而在金刚石质量分数较高时,其表面涂覆效果略差。添加B₂O₃的原料体系发生热爆反应后,金刚石表面的涂覆效果不佳,只有半数或以下数量的金刚石颗粒被涂覆。      

热处理工艺对离心铸造高铬铸铁轧辊组织及硬度的影响

采用了光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、洛氏硬度计等仪器,研究了离心铸造高铬铸铁轧辊铸态及淬火与回火后的显微组织结构、碳化物和硬度等。结果表明:高铬铸铁轧铸态组织主要是由奥氏体+少量马氏体+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃碳化物组成,碳化物呈粗大板条状或块状,不同温度热处理后,得到回火马氏体+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃+Cr₇C₃碳化物的组织,组织中粗大板条状碳化物消失,得到细小块状或椭圆状碳化物。该高铬铸铁轧辊铸态硬度为56.0HRC左右,在950℃淬火及400℃回火处理后硬度增加到了约65.5HRC。     

PCrNi3Mo钢真空渗铬层的组织与性能

在真空条件下对PCrNi3Mo钢表面进行渗铬处理,采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、光学显微镜、自动显微硬度仪、干滑动摩擦及电化学腐蚀等手段分析了渗铬层的组织与性能。结果表明,PCrNi3Mo钢在真空渗铬处理后表面形成了一层由Cr₂₃C₆、Cr₇C₃和(Cr,Fe)₇C₃组成的化合物渗层,渗层致密且与基体结合良好。渗层深度、硬度、耐磨性以及耐腐蚀性均随渗铬保温时间的延长而提高。对工件进行12 h保温渗铬后得到的渗铬层厚度约为11 μm,表面硬度为1117.1 HV0.5,磨擦因数最低,其磨损量为0.1225 mg,自腐蚀电流密度比基体降低了2个数量级,综合性能最优。     

Ni-Cr合金钎焊镀W金刚石的微观结构分析

在1 030 ℃、保温20 min的真空条件下,空烧镀W金刚石及用Ni-Cr合金粉末钎焊镀W金刚石。用X射线衍射仪分析镀W金刚石空烧前后镀层物相的变化,用扫描电镜和能谱仪综合分析金刚石界面微观结构、新生物相和形貌以及元素分布特征。结果表明:镀W金刚石的镀层物相由空烧前的W₂C和单质W转变为空烧后的大量WC和少量W₂C,且镀层未脱落。镀W金刚石钎焊后,其镀层和钎料中有少量的NiW相生成,在镀W金刚石/Ni-Cr合金界面处有柱状Cr₇C₃生成,在钢基体/Ni-Cr合金界面处有铬基金属间化合物生成。      

Cr3C2/VC复合抑制剂比例对WC-10%Co超细晶硬质合金微观结构和力学性能的影响

本文以WC-10%Co为研究对象，添加质量分数1.0%的Cr₃C₂/VC复合抑制剂，在1 410℃下烧结1 h，制备了WC-10%Co-Cr₃C₂/VC超细晶硬质合金，研究了Cr₃C₂/VC复合抑制剂比例对物相组成、WC晶粒尺寸和粒度分布、WC三维形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明：随Cr₃C₂含量的减少和VC含量的增加，WC平均晶粒尺寸先快速后缓慢减小，WC粒度分布不断变窄；WC形貌由三棱柱向台阶三棱柱转变，WC(0001)晶面上的台阶数量不断增加，这些台阶会显著降低合金的断裂韧性和抗弯强度；WC-10%CoCr₃C₂/VC超细晶硬质合金的硬度先快速后缓慢增加，而断裂韧性和抗弯强度先快速后缓慢降低；当w(Cr₃C₂)∶w(VC)=4∶1时，WC-10%Co-0.8%Cr₃C₂-0.2%...     

冲蚀角对超音速火焰喷涂Cr3C2-NiCr涂层冲蚀磨损行为的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂(high-velocity oxygen-fuel, HVOF)技术,在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面制备Cr₃C₂-NiCr金属陶瓷复合涂层. 研究了涂层的显微组织、相组成以及涂层和不锈钢的冲蚀行为和机理,探讨了冲蚀角与耐冲蚀性能的关系规律. 结果表明,涂层组织结构致密均匀,主要由Cr₃C₂以及少量的Cr₇C₃, Cr₂₃C₆和(Ni, Cr)固溶体相组成. Cr₃C₂-NiCr涂层的耐冲蚀性能随着冲蚀角的增大而减小,在低冲蚀角下涂层的破坏形式主要为微切削,重量损失较低,表现出优异的耐冲蚀性能. 随着冲蚀角的增大,冲蚀沙粒对涂层产生垂直冲击作用,粘结相与硬质相之间产生裂纹导致粘结相脱落,硬质相失去粘结相的支撑作用而裸露出来,在冲蚀沙粒的持续攻击下剥落,形成许多小冲蚀坑. 随着剥落硬质相数量的增加,小冲蚀坑逐步发展为大冲蚀坑,重量损失较大,耐冲蚀性能较差.     

Cr镀层对金刚石/铝硼硅玻璃复合材料中金刚石氧化反应的抑制研究

为研究在镀铬金刚石/铝硼硅玻璃复合材料中Cr镀层对金刚石氧化反应的抑制作用,将不同镀层厚度的镀铬金刚石和铝硼硅玻璃在相同工艺下烧制成试样,检测试样的体积膨胀率和抗折强度,观察其断面形貌;同时分析烧结后金刚石单颗粒抗压强度和金刚石-结合剂界面的成分。结果表明:Cr镀层具有消耗和隔绝氧元素的双重保护作用,能有效抑制金刚石的氧化。同时,镀层厚度对金刚石氧化反应影响显著:镀层太薄,不能在高温烧结过程中持续保护金刚石;镀层太厚,会由于应力匹配问题产生裂纹或成片剥落,使金刚石暴露在有氧环境中,反而失去保护作用。对于粒度号为140/170的金刚石,最佳镀层厚度为1.58 μm。      

Microstructural characterization and abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr coating

Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process with different spray parameters to examine dominant microstructural factors in abrasive wear of the coatings. The microstructure of the HVOF sprayed Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The apparent average size and volume fraction of carbide particles in the coatings were estimated through a quantitative imaging analysis. The formation of carbide phases in the coating was discussed based on the TEM observation results. The abrasive wear behavior of the coating was evaluated by the dry rubber wheel abrasive wear test and the wear mechanisms were elucidated. Influences of apparent size and volume fraction of carbide particles on the abrasive wear weight loss were examined through correlating the proposed relation with the experimental results. Results showed that Cr₃C₂ particle size was significantly reduced after the spraying and Cr₇C₃ carbide was present around Cr₃C₂ particles, and Cr₂₃C₆ carbide was dispersed in NiCr alloy matrix with a nano-crystalline structure. The three carbides were formed in the coating through different mechanisms. The removal of carbide particles in the coating was mainly responsible for the abrasive wear of the coating. The content and particle size of the Cr₃C₂ carbides were the two key factors controlling the abrasive wear of the HVOF sprayed Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings.     

激光熔覆Fe/NiCr-Cr3C2复合涂层的组织和磨损性能

利用激光熔覆技术在GCr15 钢表面制备Fe/NiCr-Cr₃C₂复合涂层,研究不同NiCr-Cr₃C₂含量对铁基涂层微观组织和磨损性能的影响。结果表明:随NiCr-Cr₃C₂含量的增多,复合涂层显微组织逐渐细化,在铁基合金里掺入NiCr-Cr₃C₂金属陶瓷粉末导致复合涂层里残留奥氏体含量增多,α-Fe相含量减少,截面硬度显著降低。当加入10%NiCr-Cr₃C₂时,复合涂层中出现较多的Cr₃C₂和Cr₂₃C₆硬质相,同时磨痕表面生成了具有减摩作用的氧化产物,从而降低了磨耗和摩擦阻力,使涂层表现出最佳的耐磨性能。     

H13钢等离子堆焊Ni60A/Cr3C2覆层的磨损及热疲劳性能

采用等离子堆焊技术在H13钢基体表面上制备了Ni60A/Cr₃C₂堆焊覆层,研究了覆层的磨损行为和热疲劳性能。在600 ℃下销盘试验的结果表明,镍基碳化铬复合覆层的耐磨性是Ni60A堆焊覆层的2.8倍和基材H13钢的11.6倍。镍基覆层可以显著降低H13钢的摩擦因数,加入碳化铬则会削弱覆层的摩擦性能。随着磨损的进行,主要磨损机理从氧化磨损演变为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。在800 ℃到室温下的热疲劳测试结果表明,镍基碳化铬复合覆层在48个热循环后疲劳裂纹达到200 μm,早于镍基覆层的62次。这说明高温氧化促进热疲劳裂纹的产生。碳化铬增强相从镍基上剥离,导致镍基复合覆层热疲劳性能下降。     

等离子喷涂WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni/8YSZ复合涂层的组织及摩擦学性能

为提高连铸机拉矫辊的服役寿命,通过等离子喷涂技术在模具钢H13表面制备不同质量比的WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni+8YSZ复合涂层,分析各涂层的微区组织、显微硬度、抗划伤性、耐磨性和磨损形式。结果表明,在WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni粉末中分别加入30wt%、50wt%的8YSZ,其复合涂层的致密性明显提高,且涂层晶粒明显得到细化;WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni涂层中出现WC_1-x与W相,且随着8YSZ的添加WC相的结晶强度变弱;WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni+30wt%8YSZ涂层平均硬度(1172 HV0.2)相对于WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni涂层(1152 HV0.2)并没有明显变化,WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni+50wt%8YSZ涂层硬度(1052 HV0.2)相对于WC-20Cr₃...     

激光熔覆Ni-WC/Cr3C2涂层组织及性能

采用激光技术在45钢表面熔覆Ni-WC/Cr₃C₂涂层,采用SEM,XRD等手段进行熔覆层的显微组织、相组成及成分分析,并测试熔覆层的耐蚀性和耐磨性能.结果表明,Ni-WC/Cr₃C₂熔覆层底部生成方向性较强的胞状树枝晶,中上部组织为细小的树枝晶.涂层主要是由γ-(Fe, Ni),M₂₃C₆型碳化物以及未熔的WC颗粒组成.细晶强化、合金元素固溶强化以及碳化物强化的共同作用,使熔覆层的显微硬度提高至711HV0.1.熔覆层耐蚀性明显改善,腐蚀电流密度约为45钢的1/4.随着摩擦速度的增大,激光熔覆Ni-WC/Cr₃C₂涂层和45钢磨损量增加,且熔覆层的磨损量低于45钢,表明其耐磨性能明显提高.     

Laser cladding of stainless steel with Ni–Cr3C2 and Ni–WC for improving erosive–corrosive wear performance

The microstructure and the erosive–corrosive wear (ECW) performance of laser-clad Ni–Cr₃C₂ and Ni–WC coatings with overlapping clad tracks (OCT) on a 0.2% C martensitic stainless steel were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, EDX techniques and ECW testing. The coating produced by completely dissolving Cr₃C₂ particles in laser melted pool is composed of austenite (γ) dendrites surrounded by a γ-M₇C₃ eutectic, whereas another one is of granular solidifying structure in which contains the incompletely dissolved WC particles. The microhardness of Ni–WC coating is higher than that of Ni–Cr₃C₂, about 300 HV average. The main reason of microhardness difference is that two coatings have different solidified structure. The comparison of ECW tests found that the reduction of ECW rate dose not occur with the increase of hardness. The Ni–Cr₃C₂ coating with lower hardness has a lower ECW rate with respect to the Ni–WC one. Both average ECW rate decreased by approximately 30% and 60% as compared to that of stainless steel substrate, and both coatings had different ECW mechanism. The increase of ECW resistance is closely related to structure state, kind and amount of carbides, microhardness and toughening ability of the clad layer.     

Atomistic simulation on the structural properties and phase stability for Cr23C6 and Mn23C6

Based on the successful applications of lattice inversion method in many fields, the crystal structure and phase stability of Cr₂₃C₆ and Mn₂₃C₆ are investigated using the interatomic potentials obtained by lattice inversion method in this research. The calculated atomic coordinates and crystal parameters are in good agreement with the experimental results and the phase stability of Cr₂₃C₆ and Mn₂₃C₆ are tested by random atom shifts and global deformations. The calculated energy also indicates that the Cr₂₃C₆ is more stable than Mn₂₃C₆.