基于非爆开采和固废资源化利用的硬岩矿山绿色开发（英文）

基于深部高地应力、高地温、高井深等灾害因素的"变害为利",提出深部固体资源开采技术变革思路,实现深部固体资源的绿色开采。首先,通过深部硬岩可截割性实验研究和回归分析,获得能够有效改善非爆机械化破岩的应力诱导调控方法。其次,通过非爆机械化和智能化开采,实现以坚硬磷矿石为代表的深部硬岩连续化精准开采,确保贵州开阳磷矿资源的高回收率(大于90%)、低废(贫化率5%)、高效(开采效率107.7t/h)开采。最后,开发矿山循环经济新模式,构建矿山全固废充填系统,实现矿山固废资源化利用。连续实施后,2018年开阳磷矿的磷石膏、黄磷渣、废石利用量分别达到1853.6×10~3 t/a、291.1×10~3 t/a和1493.8×10~3 t/a。     

硬岩矿山开采方式变革与智能化绿色矿山构建——以开阳磷矿为例

在阐述矿山开采模式历程、非爆连续开采和智能化开采现状的基础上,探讨硬岩矿山开采方法变革与智能化矿山构建。基于深部开采矿岩受力特征、秉承"变害为利"的思想,构建了深地资源安全高效开采发展框架和矿山循环经济模式,并以开阳磷矿为例,初步实践了矿山深部硬岩开挖与灾害控制互换的非爆连续开采与资源开采无害化循环利用新模式;构建和完善了智能化矿山理论框架和方法体系,在资源与开采环境可视化、生产过程与设备智能化、生产信息与决策管理科学化的基础上,借助数字化建模软件、信息采集系统、光纤环网,人机交互系统和数据传输系统等,架构了开阳磷矿三维可视化集成平台,实现了设计智能化、监测可视化、设备自动化、生产系统无人化和管控一体化,为深部固体资源安全高效智能化开采与循环利用实践提供参考。     

硬岩矿山开采技术回顾与展望

以国内外硬岩矿山特别是有色金属矿山开采现状及研究成果为基础,综述了硬岩矿山开采方法与技术的发展历程和主要进展。随着技术的进步和对安全环保要求的提高,硬岩矿山地应力探测与地压监测技术更加精准可靠,传统的空场法、崩落法过渡到充填法,隐患破碎矿段实现安全高效开采,大型水(海)下金属矿床实现安全高效低贫损开采,智能化矿山构建已初见成效,深部硬岩开采理论与技术正日趋成熟;同时,以硬岩矿山技术变革为导向,以解决深部固体资源开发的瓶颈难题为目标,系统阐述了变害为利的深部开采方法构思和不同深度的深地资源特别是有色贵重矿物资源的不同开采模式与开采技术构想,并就深部开采理论难题与技术瓶颈及突破方向进行了探讨,以期为资源开采将向地球深部进军提供理论和技术参考。     

金属矿滨海基岩的安全开采技术(英文)

三山岛金矿新立矿区是我国第一个滨海开采的金属矿山,要使生产能力在安全开采的前提下达到6kt/d,高强度开采势必扰动原岩地应力场,破坏矿岩的稳定性。通过矿岩、充填尾砂取样、试验及原岩地应力场的测定,建立任意点的应力—应变强度折减过程与莫尔-库仑准则条件下的安全系数法计算模型,计算出矿山在动态回采过程中矿岩的安全系数及其相对应的极限位移沉降量。通过为期3年的现场滨海开采实践及多点位移计岩移监测,结果表明:低沉降框架式上向分层充填法、采场结构参数、盘区回采顺序及安全系数法矿岩稳定性分析、现场实时监测为滨海基岩开采提供了技术支撑。     

金属矿崩落法扰动范围预测新方法及应用（英文）

为量化金属矿崩落法扰动范围，提出一种基于岩石力学参数扰动范围的预测新方法。通过将岩石力学指标与随机介质理论相结合，建立扰动范围预计修正公式。基于扰动等效中心和扰动衰减球面，推导金属矿山开采扰动的二维安全判据。将该方法应用于6个矿山和尖山矿，并利用FLAC^3D模型对尖山矿进行数值模拟。经对比，预测值与实测值的后验差比值为0.0357，多因素交叉分析得到该方法对结果产生的相对误差仅为0.078。研究表明，该方法的预测精度高，且不会对安全性产生显著影响。     

高静应力卸载过程中频繁动力扰动作用下岩石的动力学特性

利用改进的岩石动静组合加载SHPB试验系统,开展矽卡岩在不同静力轴压水平上以不同卸载速率的卸载过程中受频繁动力扰动作用的动力学试验,研究矽卡岩在高静应力卸载过程中受频繁动力扰动作用下的动力学特性,重点讨论静力轴压大小和卸载速率对岩石受频繁动力扰动时的动力学特性的影响。结果表明:当卸载轴压一定时,累计扰动冲击次数与卸载速率成线性正相关关系;而当卸载速率一定时,累计扰动冲击次数与轴压成线性负相关关系;随着轴压卸载速率的增大,当卸载轴压较小时,动态变形模量先增大后减小;而当轴压较大时,动态变形模量持续减小;岩石动态峰值应力与动力扰动次数呈二次函数关系,但随卸载速率的增加,动态峰值应力与扰动冲击次数关系逐渐过度为线性负相关关系;最大动态应变与扰动冲击次数呈正相关关系。     

金属矿山井下电气设计要点

我国目前已面临矿山浅部资源危机,深部有潜力或新发现矿山位于深部的状况,井下开采矿山将成为资源开采的一个重要方向。矿山井下电气设计作为电气设计中的一个特殊部分,和其它电气设计有着明显的不同之处,笔者通过对相关电力设计规范的分析研究,结合实际管理、使用及生产作业环境的实际情况,阐述了金属矿山井下电气设计应注意的要点。     

金属矿山岩移预计的损伤力学模型

矿山开采引起的岩层与地表移动是一个复杂的力学过程.根据地质采矿特点,把金属矿山的岩体看作经过变形、受过破坏的地质体,将岩层移动看作因开采产生再变形、再破坏的过程,提出了一个岩移预计的损伤力学模型,编制了考虑损伤的平面有限元程序,研究了金属矿山的岩移机制和规律;并在工程实用中取得了令人满意的结果.     

基于地压诱导致裂的高应力硬岩矿床优化回采数值模拟(英文)

采用离散元数值模拟分析软件3Dec,依据贵阳开阳磷矿深部硬岩矿床的工程实际情况建立三维数值模拟模型,对开阳磷矿深部硬岩矿床的3种不同开挖工况进行模拟计算,包括在矿体中开挖地压诱导致裂巷道及不同方向(水平向和竖向)、不同顺序(先上后下/先下后上)开挖后的巷道围岩体的位移和塑性区分布情况。结果表明:在矿体中开挖诱导致裂巷道时,巷道周边岩体塑性区和位移场随着暴露时间的延长而不断增大,矿岩朝着有利于破碎的趋势发展,即为掘进机的高效切割回采提供了有利条件;不同开挖方向对充分利用深部地压效果不同,竖向开挖比水平横向开挖可形成更大的位移场和塑性破坏区,地压致裂的效果更明显;先下后上式开挖比先上后下式开挖产生的临空面附近矿岩产生更大的变形量和破坏区,更能有效地利用深部地应力破岩。该研究对开阳磷矿深部高应力硬岩矿体非爆掘进机连续开采的采矿方法设计、充分利用地压破岩和合理确定开挖方式具有重要的意义。     

俄罗斯金属矿地下开采的主要问题及分析

综述了俄罗斯地下金属矿山开采的现状与问题 ,分析了问题发生的原因 ,提出了改进发展的意见。这对我国的矿山开采起到启发性作用     

Field application of non-blasting mechanized mining using high-frequency impact hammer in deep hard rock mine

A non-blasting mechanized mining experiment was carried out with a high-frequency impact hammer, and the daily mining performance was recorded to explore the applicability of the high-frequency impact hammer in deep hard rock mines. Before the field application, the scope of the excavation damage zone was monitored, and rock samples were obtained from the ore body to be mined to carry out a series of laboratory experiments. Field application results show that the overall excavation efficiency reaches 50.6 t/h, and the efficiency of pillar excavation after excavating stress relief slot reaches 158.2 t/h. The results indicate that the non-blasting mechanized mining using high-frequency impact hammer has a good application in deep hard rock mines, and the stress relief slot is conducive to mechanical excavation. In addition, the high-frequency impact hammer also exhibits the advantages of high utilization rate of labor hours, small lumpiness of spalling ore, little dust, and little excavation damage. Finally, according to the field application and laboratory experiment results, a non-blasting mechanized mining method for hard rock mines based on high-frequency impact hammer is proposed.     

甘冲石灰石矿资源优化开采方案

针对甘冲石灰石矿在开采过程中遇到的矿区南部顶板岩石剥离量大和北部孤立山头开拓难度大等不利因素,通过分析计算和优化,对矿区南部顶板岩石采取配矿措施,北部孤立山头采用高台阶开采的方法,有效减少了不利客观条件对开采的影响,取得了一定的经济效益。     

Analyses and predictions of rock cuttabilities under different confining stresses and rock properties based on rock indentation tests by conical pick

The rock indentation tests by a conical pick were conducted to investigate the rock cuttability correlated to confining stress conditions and rock strength. Based on the test results, the regression analyses, support vector machine (SVM) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) were used to find the relationship among rock cuttability, uniaxial confining stress applied to rock, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and tensile strength of rock material. It was found that the regression and SVM-based models can accurately reflect the variation law of rock cuttability, which presented decreases followed by increases with the increase in uniaxial confining stress and the negative correlation to UCS and tensile strength of rock material. Based on prediction models for revealing the optimal stress condition and determining the cutting parameters, the axial boom roadheader with many conical picks mounted was satisfactorily utilized to perform rock cutting in hard phosphate rock around pillar.     

地下连续采矿过程中顶板岩体卸荷的力学响应(英文)

以铜坑矿92#矿体连续采矿顶板诱导崩落采场为研究对象,建立模拟的卸荷计算流程。依据影响区域理论的卸荷带划分方法,基于开挖卸荷过程中岩体力学参数变化规律,利用有限元软件MIDAS/GTS对地下连续采矿过程进行卸荷分析,并与常规分析进行对比。结果表明:卸荷分析的顶板最大拉应力、下沉位移以及等效塑性应变分别达到1.5MPa、20cm和1.5%;常规分析的顶板最大拉应力、下沉位移以及等效塑性应变分别为1.0MPa,13cm和0.9%;卸荷分析值均比常规分析值大,更接近实际情况;连续采矿开采的最大步距为48m,在开采两步距以后,应当对顶板进行诱导处理。     

Exponential decay law of acoustic emission and microseismic activities caused by disturbances associated with multilevel loading and mining blast

To investigate decay law of acoustic emission and microseismic activities caused by disturbances associated with multilevel loading and mining blast, a new exponential decay (ED) law was proposed. The results show that the micro-fracture activity decay law after multistage stress loading and blasting disturbance conforms to the ED model, in which the sum of A and n represents the number of initial micro-fracture events, and n represents the level of background micro-fracture events. The ED model can describe the number of initial micro-fracture events with a deviation less than 10%. The ED model outperforms the traditional aftershock models in describing the micro-fracture event decay law in the three cases considered. The ED model can provide a reference for selecting the blasting interval in mines, which is of great significance to maintain the stability of the surrounding rock and ensure safe production in metal mines.     

中铝矿业有限公司雷沟矿区开采对地表影响的数值分析

用快速拉格朗日有限插分法,对中铝矿业有限公司雷沟矿区开采时对地表影响进行了空间效应的数值分析。通过岩石物理力学参数及地应力的计算,模拟出矿区开采时引起的地表位移情况及围岩应力场的分布情况,为实际矿区开采提供理论依据。     

滨海大型金矿床取消矿柱及房柱交替采矿的新工艺

针对三山岛金矿条件,研究了深部开采取消点柱的工艺技术。首先,调查测试了矿岩物理力学参数,并对矿岩质量进行了分级。其次,在详细分析上下盘及矿体的物理力学特性的基础上,对三山岛金矿深部开采取消矿柱进行了有限元数值模拟,研究得出-555m水平以下矿体的开采可全面取消矿柱。最后,结合矿床条件,提出了房柱交替式盘区上向分层充填采矿新工艺。工业试验结果显示,该新工艺大幅度提高了单位面积开采强度,对岩层扰动小,盘区生产能力大,矿石损失贫化小,获得了显著的经济效益。此外,对三山岛金矿由于深部开采而导致的地表沉降利用ANSYS软件进行分析,同时对岩层变形进行了监测。结果表明,三山岛金矿深部开采取消矿柱和采用房柱交替采矿新工艺后能够有效控制岩层变形,从而可实现滨海大型金矿床安全高效低贫损开采。     

Challenges and new insights for exploitation of deep underground metal mineral resources

Long-term and continuous large-scale exploitation has increasingly exhausted shallow metal mineral resources, and deep mining has become inevitable. The current global status of deep mining of metal mineral resources was presented, a series of engineering challenges faced by deep mining were systematically analyzed, and some progress and future innovation focus in key engineering technologies, such as the prediction and prevention of rockburst, cooling techniques, rock support techniques, deep hoisting techniques, and several nontraditional deep mining techniques, were highlighted. Meanwhile, new insights into development strategies of deep mining technology were proposed. The integration of these forward-looking key innovative technologies will form the overall framework of an innovative technology system for the deep mining of metal minerals. This technology system will help to achieve safe, efficient, and green exploitation of deep underground metal mineral resources and ensure the sustainable development of the metal mining industry.     

连续介质流变理论及其在岩层下沉动态过程中的应用

将连续介质力学理论与流变力学原理统一起来，研究了地表下沉的动态变化过程，并引用薄板弯曲的工程理论，建立了一个岩体实际层状分布的计算模型。此外还在考虑岩体流变特性的同时，进一步探讨了近水平煤层开采引起地有下沉积的动态分布规律。     

Dynamic behavior of rock during its post failure stage in SHPB tests

In order to investigate the micro-process and inner mechanism of rock failure under impact loading, the laboratory tests were carried out on an improved split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system with synchronized measurement devices including a high-speed camera and a dynamic strain meter. The experimental results show that the specimens were in the state of good stress equilibrium during the post failure stage even when visible cracks were forming in the specimens. Rock specimens broke into strips but still could bear the external stress and keep force balance. Meanwhile, numerical tests with particle flow code (PFC) revealed that the failure process of rocks can be described by the evolution of micro-fractures. Shear cracks emerged firstly and stopped developing when the external stress was not high enough. Tensile cracks, however, emerged when the rock specimen reached its peak strength and played an important role in controlling the ultimate failure during the post failure stage.