Assessing the efficiency of galvanic cathodic protection inside domestic boilers by means of local probes

The efficiency of cathodic protection implemented through magnesium anodes has been investigated inside a 100 L domestic boiler, as a function of temperature (18-60 °C) and of water conductivity (50-500 μS/cm). Continuous monitoring of potentials and partial currents, corresponding to all metallic parts of the boiler and to six local probes, installed on the critical points of the tank, has been carried out. Cathodic protection is more efficient increasing water conductivity (500 μS/cm) and further low conductivities (50 μS/cm) tend to increase the probability of tank failure in a relatively short time, even in presence of magnesium anodes protection.     

淡水中镁基牺牲阳极上的析氢行为

用失重法,收集氢气,电子探针合金成分分析和腐蚀形貌观察等方法。研究了ＡＺ６３和ＺＡ４１镁合金及纯镁在水中的析氢行为,结果表明：在淡水中镁阳极处于活性溶解状态;淡水中镁阳极上的析氢速度与电流密度呈线性关系,这与在０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ＋Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）２（ｐＨ＝１０．２）溶液中的情况类似。     

带状镁合金牺牲阳极在库鄯输油管线阴极保护中的应用

根据φ３７７埋地管道工业规模预备试验的初步结果，在土壤电阻率相当高的新疆库鄯输油管道工程中，分别依靠三组长１０００ｍ的带状镁合金牺牲阳极，在两个相邻的测试桩上以两根并联或四根并联的方式埋设使得长８１ｋｍ，１３１ｋｍ和１０７ｋｍ的三处φ６１０长输管段受到了有效的阴极保护。     

交流电干扰对镁合金AZ41牺牲阳极电化学性能的影响

在模拟填包料环境的硫酸钙－氢氧化镁饱和溶液中,在ＡＺ４１镁合金牺牲阳极直流放电的同时引入交流电干扰,试验发现,引入交流电干扰时采用不同形状的辅助电极,电场分布情况不同,放电试验后镁阳极形貌明显不同,镁阳极工作电位等随着交流电干扰的增强面明显正移,有时甚至可能正于铁人开路电位,出现所谓的“极性逆转”现象。从硫酸钠＋铁氰化钾＿亚铁氰化钾溶液中测试的极化曲线来看,镁阳极上的腐蚀产物具有ｎ－型半导全的导电     

Current efficiency during the electrochemical machining of iron and nickel

Current efficiency determinations from weight-loss measurements were made on pure iron and pure nickel anodes in 4M NaClO₃ solution in a flow cell at flow rates between 500 and 3000 cm/s in a current range from 5 to 50 A/cm². The current efficiency for metal removal was virtually independent of current density and flow rate on iron anodes. On nickel anodes the current efficiency increased strongly with current density. In the high current density region, the current efficiency decreases with flow rate up to 2000 cm/s and then increases with higher flow rates. This behavior was accounted for by differences in the nature and properties of the anodic films formed on iron and nickel anodes.     

Activation of aluminium alloy sacrificial anodes by selenium

Several studies have focussed on alloying and structural modifications of aluminium alloy sacrificial anodes using different activators. The present work explores the feasibility of effective aluminium activation by selenium incorporation. The electrochemical performance of these anodes is evaluated by galvanic and galvanostatic polarization, OCP and CCP measurements etc. The selenium incorporated anode showed improved galvanic efficiency of around 70%. High performed anodes were developed by incorporating other activators of Sn and Bi along with Se in aluminium alloy anodes. The best activator combination was found to be 0.5%Se + 0.1%Sn + 0.1%Bi. This combination of activator in aluminium alloy anodes shows a galvanic efficiency of 90%.     

国产铁基牺牲阳极在冷却器上的应用

依据阴极保护的理论分析了铁基牺牲阳极保护铜冷却器的可行性;收集了几种典型的国产铁基牺牲阳极材料与俄罗斯的铁基牺牲阳极材料进行了室内电化学保护性能对比,并且选取了国产Q235B材质的铁基牺牲阳极与俄罗斯的CT3nc材质铁基牺牲阳极,在实船冷却器上进行了对比应用试验。结果表明,国产铁基牺牲阳极材料的电化学性能与俄罗斯的阳极材料相当,工作电位处于船用铜合金的保护电位范围,电流效率略高于俄罗斯铁基牺牲阳极;实船试验选用的国产Q235B材质铁基牺牲阳极,其活化性能略优于俄罗斯的CT3nc材质铁基牺牲阳极,其保护期效远长于传统的锌合金牺牲阳极。     

Industrial testing of property-modified prebaked carbon anode for aluminum electrolysis

1　INTRODUCTIONInaluminumelectrolysis process ,thequantitygradeofcarbonanoderestrictsnotonlytheimprove mentofproductiontechniques ,butalsotheadvance mentofproductiontargets.Formany years ,largenumberofresearchesweredonetoimprovethephysi cal,chemicalandelectrochemicalperformanceoftheanodeinordertoenhancecurrentefficiency ,reduceenergyconsumption ,decrease productioncostandcleancircumstanceofaluminum plantanditssur roundingarea .Recently ,manylaboratoryresearchresultsweresuccessfullyappliedf…     

东海大桥钢管桩在役牺牲阳极性能分析及剩余寿命评定

通过对东海大桥钢管桩在役牺牲阳极现场取样,观察其腐蚀形貌,系统分析阳极本体化学成分及其电化学性能,推算牺牲阳极的消耗量及剩余寿命。结果表明:受海水电阻率变化影响,不同桥墩处阳极表观及溶解度差异较大;阳极化学成分、开路电位及工作电位仍满足GB/T 4948-2002标准要求,但电流效率有所降低;根据阳极实际消耗率测算其使用寿命满足33a的设计要求。     

Improving the efficiency of magnesium sacrificial anodes

To improve the efficiency of magnesium sacrificial anodes used in corrosion protection, the effect of microstructure was investigated. Efficiency was improved by controlling the amount of second-phase particles at grain boundaries, by producing a uniform distribution of impurities in the matrix, and by ensuring a micrometer-order cell size via cooling rate and heat treatment. After evaluation with the efficiency test, it was found that the efficiency values were quite good as compared with commercially available magnesium sacrificial anodes.     

铝合金牺牲阳极金相组织与电化学性能关系研究

用恒电流方法测定了3种Al-Zn-In系合金阳极的电化学性能,用金相显微镜和扫描电镜技术(SEM),分析了3种阳极材料的金相组织.结果表明:阳极晶粒越小,电流效率越高;阳极第二相数量越少,电流效率越高,但溶解不均匀;阳极的电流效率和溶解均匀性与第二相的优先溶解—脱落有关     

The effect of magnesium additions on the microstructure and cut edge corrosion resistance of zinc aluminium alloy galvanised steel

The magnesium levels in 20 μm thick 4.5% Al/Zn galvanising coatings applied to 0.7 mm gauge steel under continuous galvanising conditions were altered from 0.0% to 0.05%. The additions result in an increase in the zinc dendrites (volume fraction from 6% to 22% and number from 150 to 325 mm⁻²) since magnesium depresses the eutectic temperature increasing the freezing range. The microstructural modification results in increasing cut edge corrosion determined using a scanning vibrating electrode technique for 24 h exposure to 5% NaCl. The Mg additions result in an increase in zinc loss (from 80 to 185 μg), an increase in active anode numbers (from 600 to 1700 m⁻¹ cut edge) and an increase in the number of long lived anodes.     

添加镁对锂负极在碱性水溶液中放电性能和析氢反应行为的影响

通过测定负极放电电流、放电电位、极化曲线和析氢速率研究添加镁对锂负极在碱性水溶液中放电性能和析氢反应行为的影响。结果表明,在锂中添加0.07%Mg(质量分数)降低了锂负极的析氢速率,锂镁合金负极电流效率比纯锂负极高,放电电流密度略低于纯锂负极,高电流密度放电时放电电位比纯锂负极略有正移。极化曲线测量结果表明,Li-0.07%Mg(质量分数)合金负极开路电位比纯锂负极稍有正移,自腐蚀微电池电流密度接近纯锂负极。XRD结果表明,锂镁合金负极放电后表面膜主要由LiOH、LiOH·H2O和Mg(OH)2组成。SEM结果表明,锂镁合金负极放电后的表面膜比纯锂负极表面膜的孔隙少,即添加镁降低锂负极析氢速率与负极表面膜中形成的Mg(OH)2对提高膜的完整性有关。     

镁海水电池阳极活化机理研究

研制了新型Mg-Hg-X合金阳极材料,用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱、X-射线衍射(XRD)和电化学测试等方法分析了镁合金阳极材料在海水介质中腐蚀前后的微观结构、表面形貌及表面元素的组成,研究了Mg-Hg-X合金阳极的溶解过程及活化机理.结果表明:在放电初期,Mg-Hg-X合金阳极材料中的第2相粒子随点腐蚀的发生直接脱落,形成腐蚀坑,随后Mg-Hg-X合金阳极溶解在介质中的合金元素离子与基体镁发生反应,再沉积于镁阳极材料表面的点蚀孔中,形成Hg、X的沉积层,破坏钝化膜的结构,降低了Mg-Hg-X合金阳极极化.使电极电位负移,同时沉积的具有高析氢过电位的Hg、X抑制了析氢腐蚀.     

Effects of precipitates on the electrochemical performance of Al sacrificial anode

The influence of precipitates on the electrochemical performance of Al–Zn–In–Mg–Ti–Si sacrificial anode was investigated by the TEM observation and electrochemical measurements. The results indicate that the shape and size of precipitates in the alloys has great impact on the electrochemical performance. The anodes with rod-like precipitates are easily corroded along grain boundaries, resulting in the low current efficiency caused by serious grain loss. In comparison, the anodes with spherical or discal precipitates have high current efficiency and even corrosion morphology. The precipitates with a size of about 400 nm are conducive to improve the electrochemical performance of anodes.     

杂质Fe对A1-Zn-In牺牲阳极性能的影响

炼制Fe杂质含量不同的6种Al-Zn-In阳极,采用恒电流方去评价了其电化学性能,并通过扫描电镜观察其溶解的微观形貌,探讨了Fe杂质含量对阳极电化学性能的影响规律与机制.结果表明,随着Fe杂质含量的升高,Al-Zn-In阳极的电流效率呈先增加后降低趋势,原因足少量的Fe可增加阳极的活化点,而过量的Fe则作为阴极相引发电偶腐蚀使得阳极呈局部腐蚀溶解.     

Mg和RE合金化对Al-Zn-Bi合金阳极组织和电化学性能的影响

针对Al-Zn-Bi合金,分别单独及复合添加Mg、RE元素进行微合金化,利用金相、扫描电镜及X射线能谱等分析了该合金添加不同元素前后的微观组织特征;采用恒电流法测定了该系列合金在人造海水中的开路电位、工作电位和电流效率,利用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱,分析了微合金化对Al-Zn-Bi阳极材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明：单独添加Mg、RE可以细化晶粒、改善偏析相的组成和分布,将电流效率提高15.93%和4.12%;二者复合添加虽电流效率稍有降低,但可促使基体均匀溶解,减小腐蚀电流密度,从而有效提高其综合性能。     

Corrosion behaviour of magnesium sacrificial anodes in tap water

The effects of applied current, testing time and microstructure on the electrochemical properties of magnesium‐based sacrificial anodes in potable water were evaluated. Galvanostatic tests, potentiodynamic polarisation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were used to determine anode efficiency, corrosion rate and microstructures of the Mg‐anodes under study. The contribution of processes as mechanical material loss and hydrogen evolution on the current wastage was investigated. The effect of the different microstructures like those obtained by heat treatments to reduce the intermetallic phase was also tested.     

Revealing the effect of aluminum content on the electrochemical performance of magnesium anodes for aqueous batteries

Al is one of the principal alloying elements for Mg anodes. In this study, a series of Mg–Al alloys has been evaluated as anode materials for optimizing the Al addition amount in Mg anodes with the intention of improving the discharge performance in aqueous batteries. The effect of Al content on the discharge potential and corrosion resistance of the Mg anode has been investigated through microstructure characterization, electrochemical measurements in a half-cell, discharge morphology analysis, and Mg–water battery tests. The results show that the Mg–1Al alloy possesses a larger corrosion resistance during discharge, with significant increase of the anode utilization efficiency at 1 and 5 mA/cm² compared with pure Mg. However, a further increase of Al content does not continuously improve the discharge performance of the Mg anode with the decline of utilization efficiency due to the influence of the precipitated phase. This study contributes to a better understanding about the effect of Al on anodic dissolution and corrosion kinetics of the Mg anode.     

含Mg铝合金牺牲阳极的电流效率及其影响因素

在铝合金牺牲阳极中添加Mg、Ti、Nb等合金元素,研究它们的含量与存在形式对牺牲阳极性能的影响,分析第二相、晶粒细化等的作用和影响。结果表明：在所讨论的含Mg铝合金牺牲阳极中,会形成一定类型的第二相,进而影响牺牲阳极的电化学性能;理想的Mg含量为2%;加入微量Ti、Nb可以有效细化晶粒,对提高牺牲阳极的电流效率有很好的促进作用,而且单独加入Ti要比同时加Ti、Nb的效果好。