含铬蠕墨铸铁摩擦磨损性能研究

用自制的干摩擦磨损试验机．研究了含铬蠕墨铸铁在不同接触压力及不同摩擦速度时的干摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：随着接触压力和摩擦速度的提高，含铬蠕墨铸铁的磨损量呈线性增加，摩擦系数先降低而后趋向于相对稳定；随着含铬量增加，蠕墨铸铁的磨损量降低，摩擦系数在碳化物含量为5％～6％左右时出现极大值；在试验条件下，含铬蠕墨铸铁的摩擦磨损性能优于普通蠕墨铸铁。     

蠕墨铸铁的干滑动摩擦学特性

分析了蠕墨铸铁的干滑动摩擦磨损规律，研究了工况条件（速度，压力）、成分、组织对蠕墨铸铁干滑动摩擦学特性的影响，探讨了蠕墨铸铁摩擦表面三维形貌与摩擦表而温度特性，结果表明：蠕墨铸铁与球墨铸铁和灰铸铁相比具有最低的磨损率和最高的摩擦系数与最低的摩擦系数衰减最，适合于作为制动器材料。在蠕墨铸铁中添加P、Cr等合金元素可以显著提高耐磨性能。增加摩擦系数。通过对试样三维表面形貌和干滑动摩擦温度场分析．进一步从机理上解释了蠕墨铸铁所具有的良好干滑动摩擦学性能。     

石墨及碳化物对高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊耐磨性的影响

本文研究了具有不同石墨和碳化物含量的高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊材料在滚动摩擦和干滑动摩擦条件下的摩擦学特性，考察了高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁中石墨和碳化物数量、分布对其摩擦学特性的影响。研究结果表明，组织中的石墨和碳化物数量、形态和分布对材料的耐磨性有较大影响。石墨含量在低于9．21％时，增加石墨量并适当减少碳化物量可以提高材料的耐磨性；呈均匀分布的长片状石墨和连续网状分布的碳化物对提高高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊的耐磨性有显著意义。     

变温条件下石墨形态对缸套铸铁磨损性能的影响

为了研究缸套铸铁材料石墨形态对其磨损过程的影响,选取了灰铸铁、蠕墨铸铁和球墨铸铁3种具有不同石墨形态的铸铁材料为研究对象,分别在不同温度下对其进行了干摩擦磨损实验。结果表明:灰铸铁的摩擦系数及磨损量随温度的上升而上升,而蠕墨铸铁及球墨铸铁随温度的上升呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势;常温下灰铸铁的摩擦系数及磨损量最大,耐磨性能最差;高温时灰铸铁的摩擦系数及磨损量仍然最大,蠕墨铸铁的摩擦系数大于球墨铸铁,但磨损量最小,耐磨性能最优。     

生理盐水润滑下PEEK/WK复合材料的摩擦学性能

为研究生理盐水润滑条件下碳酸钙晶须含量、载荷大小、滑动速度因素对PEEK/CaCO3复合材料摩擦学性能的影响规律,并考察复合材料的摩擦学稳定性,在自制改性偶联剂处理晶须表面的基础上制备了PEEK/CaCO3复合材料,利用MMW1A立式万能摩擦磨损试验机对复合材料的摩擦学性能进行测试,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对磨损表面形貌进行扫描分析表征。结果表明,晶须含量对复合材料摩擦学性能影响明显,在0.9%的生理盐水润滑条件下PEEK/CaCO3复合材料随着晶须含量的增加,摩擦因数及比磨损率均呈现先减小后增大现象;当晶须质量分数为15%左右时,复合材料的摩擦因数达到最低值,同时比磨损量相对最低,复合材料与摩擦副的磨合过程相对平稳,具有较好的摩擦学性能,表现为粘着腐蚀磨损特征。外加载荷、滑动速度增大,材料的摩擦因数增大,比磨损率增加。     

锡对铸造铝-石墨颗粒复合材料摩擦性能的影响

采用M-200摩擦磨损试验机,对加入固体润滑剂锡的铸造铝-3%石墨颗粒复合材料的摩擦性能进行试验研究,研究表明:锡和石墨具有优越的协同润滑效应,加锡可极大提高铝-石墨颗粒复合材料的减摩性能,使有润滑的摩擦系数达到0.004～0.005。同时锡和石墨的协同润滑作用存在最佳配合,在本试验条件下,加约7%的锡时,协同润滑效应最佳。加锡不能改善干摩擦时铝-3%石墨颗粒复合材料的耐磨性,但能极大提高有润滑时复合材料的耐磨性。并对加锡的铝-石墨颗粒复合材料的磨损机理进行了初步研究,其在干摩擦时的磨损机理为粘着迁移、粘着磨损和磨料磨损,在半干摩擦时的磨损机理为疲劳磨损和磨料磨损。     

Friction and wear characteristics of polymer-matrix friction materials reinforced by brass fibers

This study is an investigation of friction materials reinforced by brass fibers, and the influence of the organic adhesion agent, cast-iron debris, brass fiber, and graphite powder on the friction-wear characteristics. Friction and wear testing was performed on a block-on-ring tribometer (MM200). The friction pair consisted of the friction materials and gray cast iron (HT200). The worn surface layers formed by sliding dry friction were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray energy-dispersive analysis (EDX), and differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TAG). The experimental results showed that the friction coefficient and the wear loss of the friction materials increased with the increase of cast-iron debris, but decreased with the increase of graphite powder content. The friction coefficient and wear loss also increased slightly when the mass fraction of brass fibers was over 19%. When the mass fraction of organic adhesion agent was about 10–11%, the friction materials had excellent friction-wear performance. Surface heating from friction pyrolyzes the organic ingredient in the worn surface layer of the friction materials, with the pyrolysis depth being about 0.5 mm. The surface layers were rich in iron but poor in copper, and they were formed on the worn surface of the friction material. When the mass fraction of brass fibers was about 16–20%, the friction materials possessed better wear resistance and a copper transfer film formed on the friction surface of counterpart. Fatigue cracks were also found in the worn surface of the gray cast-iron counterpart, with fatigue wear being the prevailing wear mechanism.     

激光表面织构对铸铁摩擦磨损性能的影响

目的找出最佳的表面织构方案,将其应用在摩擦副的表面处理上,从而达到降摩减阻、节能减排的目的。方法设计了两种不同的加工面积占有率(10%和20%),三种不同形状的表面织构(圆坑、椭圆坑、沟槽),对铸铁试件进行激光表面加工,并利用环-块磨损试验机进行油润滑摩擦磨损实验。结果表面织构对铸铁材料的摩擦磨损性能有明显改善,尤其在磨损量方面。三种不同形状的表面织构相比,圆形表面织构试件的磨损量最小。两种不同面积占有率相比,面积占有率为20%的圆形微织构试件的磨损量最小,并在一定程度上减小了摩擦系数。结论在本实验研究条件下,面积占有率为20%的圆形表面织构对改善铸铁材料的摩擦磨损性能最显著。     

Influence of composition on friction-wear behavior of composite materi-als reinforced by brass fibers

In the study, for the composite materials reinforced by brass fibers, the influence of dominant ingredients, such as organic adhesion agent, cast iron debris, brass fiber, and graphite powder, on the friction-wear characteristics was investi-gated. The friction-wear experiment was carried out on the block-on-ring tribometer MM200. The worn surfaces of the fric-tion pair consisting of the composite materials and grey cast iron HT200 under dry sliding friction were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive analysis (EDX) and differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TAG). The experimental results showed that the friction coefficient and the wear loss of the composite ma-terial increase obviously with the increase of cast iron debris content, but decrease obviously with the increase of graphite powder content, and increase a little when the mass fraction of brass fiber was over 19%, and the orientation of brass fiber has obvious influence on friction-wear prop     

碳化铬/Ni3Al复合堆焊层组织及摩擦磨损分析

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射分析钨极氩弧堆焊碳化铬增强Ni3Al基复合堆焊层的组织结构,并采用销盘式干摩擦磨损试验机对堆焊层与活塞环用蠕墨铸铁材料的干摩擦磨损性能进行试验比较.结果表明,复合堆焊层内形成Ni3Al金属间化合物基体,其中弥散分布有大量细小的块状和条状碳化物硬质相Cr3C2和Cr7C3;焊接时焊丝中Cr3C2颗粒溶解析出,重新析出的碳化铬颗粒中包含Fe和Ni元素,碳化铬颗粒与Ni3Al基体形成良好的冶金结合;弥散分布的碳化铬颗粒和Ni3Al基体固溶强化的Cr元素决定了堆焊层具有较高的硬度.室温条件下,复合堆焊层具有优异的耐干摩擦磨损性能,其摩擦系数为0.23,远低于活塞环蠕墨铸铁的0.39;磨损率仅为蠕墨铸铁材料的43%.     

钢背UHMWPE纤维织物复合材料的摩擦学性能分析

纤维织物增强钢背复合材料因具备优异的力学与摩擦学性能在航空航海等领域备受关注,在无油或少油工况下具有较好的应用前景。使用改性处理的超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)纤维织物作为增强材料,利用环氧树脂热压在不锈钢环上制备UHMWPE纤维织物增强钢背复合材料,研究其与45钢盘在环-环端面干摩擦状态下的摩擦学特性,考察纤维织物层数与摩擦转速对材料摩擦学性能的影响,对磨损前后复合材料厚度及45钢质量进行测取,利用表面轮廓仪与扫描电子显微镜对复合材料及对偶件磨损面进行观察与分析。结果表明,三种织物结构均能改善不锈钢的摩擦磨损特性,其中一层织物结构所表现的综合摩擦特性最好,在试验工况下摩擦因数与磨损率平均降低了77.7%与67.2%,在试验工况下主要发生磨粒磨损;二层与三层织物由于具备下层织物的支撑,故在较高转速下能保持材料自身良好的摩擦学特性,二层织物在试验工况下摩擦因数与磨损率平均降低了71.5%与65.7%,三层织物则为73.1%与60.3%,由于摩擦热量的积聚同时伴有树脂碎屑与破碎纤维的加入,其在高速下主要经历黏着磨损与疲劳磨损。试验表明,织物结构于干摩擦工况下表现出较优的摩擦特性与可靠性,能较好地胜任无油或少油作业。     

等离子喷涂40%ZrO2-Al2O3-13%TiO2陶瓷涂层及其摩擦磨损性能研究

以Al2O3-13%TiO2粉末和ZrO2粉末为原料,采用等离子喷涂法在20钢基体上制备了40%ZrO2-Al2O3-13%TiO2陶瓷涂层,观察了涂层的微观形貌,在室温干滑动摩擦条件下对涂层和20钢基体进行摩擦磨损实验,对比了二者的摩擦系数和磨损形貌,并分析了磨损机理。结果表明:涂层内部结合紧密,且以机械结合为主;涂层的摩擦磨损性能优于20钢基体,其磨损机理为微观断裂引起的剥落磨损。     

不同热处理下滑动速度对SiCp/Al复合材料摩擦学性能影响研究

SiCp/Al复合材料非匀质性微观结构使其摩损机制较传统匀质材料更为复杂,不同工况及热处理工艺下复合材料的摩擦学性能也存在差异。以SiCp/2024Al复合材料为研究对象,进行球-面接触干滑动摩擦磨损实验,探究它在不同热处理状态及滑动速率下的摩擦磨损性能及磨损机制。结果表明:热处理对复合材料力学性能和摩擦学性能有显著影响,固溶+人工时效态复合材料具有更高的强度、硬度及耐磨性;滑动速度影响复合材料的表面接触性质及磨损程度,摩擦因数和磨损量随滑动速度提高逐渐增大;随滑动速度增加,复合材料主要磨损机制由剥层磨损向磨粒磨损转变,而磨损机制的转变明显加快了复合材料的磨损,在实际应用中应尽量避免此现象发生。     

Unlubricated friction and wear behaviors of Al2O3/TiC ceramic cutting tool materials from high temperature tribological tests

The unlubricated friction and wear behaviors of Al₂O₃/TiC ceramic tool materials were evaluated in ambient air at temperature up to 800 °C by high temperature tribological tests. The friction coefficient and wear rates were measured. The microstructural changes and the wear surface features of the ceramics were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the temperature had an important effect on the friction and wear behaviors of this Al₂O₃ based ceramic. The friction coefficient decreased with the increase of temperature, and the Al₂O₃/TiC ceramics exhibited the lowest friction coefficient in the case of 800 °C sliding operation. The wear rates increased with the increase of temperature. During sliding at temperature above 600 °C, oxidation of the TiC is to be expected, and the formation of lubricious oxide film on the wear track is beneficial to the reduction of friction coefficient. The wear mechanism of the composites at temperature less than 400 °C was primary abrasive wear, and the mechanisms of oxidative wear dominated in the case of 800 °C sliding operation.     

Tribological behaviors of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon films in different testing environments

Hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on Si substrate using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD) technique with CH4 plus H2 as the feedstock. The tribological properties of the hydrogenated DLC films were measured on a ball-on-disk tribometer in different testing environments (humid air,dry air, dry O2, dry Ar and dry N2 ) sliding against Si3 N4 balls. The friction surfaces of the films and Si3 N4 balls were observed on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the tribological properties of the hydrogenated DLC films are strongly dependent on the testing environments. In dry Ar and dry N2 environments, the hydrogenated DLC films provide a superlow friction coefficient of about 0. 008 -0.01 and excellent wear resistance (wear life of above 56 km). In dry air and dry O2, the friction coefficient is increased to 0. 025 - 0.04 and the wear life is decreased to about 30 km. When sliding in moist air, the friction coefficient of the films is further increased to 0. 08 and the wear life is decreased to 10. 4 km. SEM and XPS analyses show that the tribological behaviors appear to rely on the transferred carbon-rich layer processes on the Si3 N4 balls and on the friction-induced oxidation of the films controlled by the nature of the testing environments.     

石墨增强聚酰亚胺在海水中的摩擦学性能

目的为石墨增强聚酰亚胺复合材料在海水环境下的摩擦学应用提供实验依据。方法利用SST-ST销/盘摩擦试验机,研究了质量分数为15%石墨增强聚酰亚胺复合材料与17-4PH不锈钢组成的摩擦副在海水介质中的摩擦学性能,并与干摩擦和纯水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能进行比较。结果聚酰亚胺复合材料在干摩擦下的摩擦系数和磨损体积最大,分别为0.134、1.930 mm~3。干摩擦条件下,聚酰亚胺复合材料的磨损表面存在较深的犁沟,在犁沟周围出现了材料塑性流动及粘着剥落现象,对偶件表面有聚酰亚胺复合材料转移。磨损机理主要表现为磨粒磨损、材料塑性变形以及粘着和剥落。在纯水润滑下,聚酰亚胺复合材料表面存在较多材料粘着撕裂现象,同时存在宽浅不一的犁沟,磨损机理主要为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。在海水润滑下,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损体积最小,分别为0.086、1.235 mm~3,材料磨损表面十分光滑,只有沿运动方向存在少量轻微犁沟,磨损机理主要表现为磨粒磨损。结论石墨增强聚酰亚胺复合材料在海水中的摩擦学性能优于干摩擦和纯水环境下的摩擦学性能。     

Lubricated Sliding Wear Behavior of a Cast Iron: Effect of Graphite and/or Talc Fraction in Oil

The effects of suspended solid lubricant (graphite and/or talc) particles in oil on the sliding wear response of a cast iron have been studied in this investigation. The role played by the changing concentration of the talc and graphite particles added to the oil separately as well as in combination toward controlling the wear behavior of the cast iron has also been analyzed. The investigation strongly suggests beneficial effects of the solid lubricant particles suspended in lubricating oil in terms of decreasing wear rate, frictional heating, and friction coefficient. Interestingly, increasing concentration of the suspended lubricant particles in oil led to reduction in the mentioned properties initially followed by the attainment of the minimum at a specific concentration of the solid lubricants. At still higher concentrations, the trend reversed in the case of wear rate and friction coefficient while it remained unaffected as far as the influence on frictional heating is concerned. Formation of stable lubricating film/layer was noted to be responsible for the improved wear performance of the samples while rupture of the lubricant film led to deterioration in wear behavior.     

Laser-Assisted Surface Modification of Alumina and Its Tribological Behavior

High performance friction systems, e.g., dry clutches and brakes, require a good wear resistance and a friction coefficient that is nearly independent from sliding velocity and environmental conditions. Organic-based friction materials have reached their limitations regarding higher power densities. Engineering ceramics such as alumina (Al₂O₃) or silicon carbide (SiC) offer a great potential since remarkably higher thermal and mechanical loading is possible. However, the tribological performance of these monolithic ceramics is still insufficient. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of a laser-assisted surface modification process in order to improve the tribological performance with regard to the application in dry friction systems. Therefore, commercially available alumina was modified using a newly developed laser-assisted preheating process and subsequent melting of the ceramic’s surface using a CO₂-laser and modification by additives such as TiC, TiN, B₄C, WC, ZrB₂, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Ti. A systematic variation of additives and process parameters led to different multiphase microstructures. Subsequently, these were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and surface analysis methods (wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Finally, the tribological properties were investigated using a laboratory tribometer. The surface-modified ceramics were tested in unidirectional sliding motion against steel disks. The tribological results of the surface-modified ceramics were compared to those of monolithic Al₂O₃ and SiC ceramics and showed a reduced dependence of friction coefficient on sliding velocity. Moreover, the multi-phase ceramics possessed a higher wear resistance than the monolithic ones.     

Influence of graphite morphology on dry sliding wear of flake graphite cast irons

Abstract

Four flaky graphite cast irons of different graphite structures with a pearlitic matrix were prepared to clarify the graphite structure's influence on the dry sliding wear property. Two melts of cast iron with different carbon contents were solidified at two different cooling rates. The four resultant samples had type A flaky graphite or type D eutectic graphite structure with different graphite volume fractions and fully pearlitic matrixes. A pin on the disc type wear test evaluated the four samples' dry sliding wear properties. Results showed that the type D graphite structure wore down faster than the type A graphite structure did. The type of graphite morphology influenced the specimen wear rate as strongly as the graphite volume fraction did in flaky graphite cast irons of this experimental range.     

Plasma sprayed cast iron coatings containing solid lubricant graphite and h-BN structure

Water-atomized cast iron powder of Fe-2.17 at.%C-9.93at.%Si-3.75at.%Al were deposited onto an aluminum alloy substrate by atmospheric direct current plasma spraying to improve its tribological properties. Preannealing of the cast iron powder allows the precipitation of considerable amounts of graphite structure in the powder. However, significant reduction in graphitized carbon in cast iron coatings is inevitable after plasma spraying in air atmosphere due to the in-flight burning and dissolution into molten iron droplets. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) powders, which have excellent lubricating properties like graphite, were incorporated into the cast iron powder as a solid lubricant by the sintering process (1300°C) to obtain protective coatings with a low friction coefficient. The performance of each coating was evaluated using a ring-on-disk-type wear tester under a paraffin-based oil condition in an air atmosphere. A conventional cast iron liner, which had a flaky graphite embedded in the pearlitic matrix, was also tested under similar conditions for comparison. Sections of worn surfaces and debris were characterized, and the wear behavior of plasma-sprayed coatings was discussed. The original version of this paper was published in the CD ROM Thermal Spray Connects: Explore Its Surfacing Potential, International Thermal Spray Conference, sponsored by DVS, ASM International, and HW International Institute of Welding, Basel, Switzerland, May 2–4, 2005, DVS-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.