常规DC铸造和LFEC过程中Al-4.5%Cu合金微观偏析行为分析及数学描述

采用常规DC铸造工艺和LFEC铸造工艺制备了Al-4.5%Cu合金,通过改变凝固条件,研究熔体温度分布和合金铸锭的显微组织,并根据Cu元素的分布计算有效分配系数,以描述铝合金的微观偏析行为。结果表明:Cu元素的分布在电磁场产生的熔体流动作用下变得均匀,从而改善了Cu元素的微观偏析现象。     

电磁场对2524铝合金扁铸锭微观组织和宏观偏析的影响

采用在常规结晶器上布置线圈而开发的低频电磁半连续铸造技术（LFEC）制备2524铝合金扁铸锭并系统研究其对微观组织和宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,采用低频电磁半连续铸造技术制备的扁铸锭具有更加细小、均匀的铸态组织,而且组织由枝晶和蔷薇型转变为等轴晶组织。低频电磁半连续铸造技术对铸锭宏观偏析具有重要的影响,施加磁场后铸锭中心部分的反偏析明显减弱了。同时,对这些作用的机理进行了探讨。     

低频电磁场水平连铸铝合金板坯铸态组织

研究了低频电磁场对水平连铸铝合金板坯铸态组织以及合金元素宏观分布的影响.将传统水平连铸铝合金板坯的铸态组织与低频电磁水平连铸板坯进行了比较.研究结果表明,在铝合金水平连铸中施加低频电磁场可显著提高铸锭品质,具体表现为:施加低频电磁场能够细化晶粒,削弱重力对铸锭凝固的影响,从而在整个铸锭横截面上获得细小均匀的铸态组织;施加低频电磁场能够减少负偏析和重力偏析,使溶质元素在铸锭横截面上的分布趋于均匀.     

低频电磁场对半连续铸造Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金显微组织的影响

采用低频电磁场半连续铸造工艺制备Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金铸锭,研究了低频电磁场对Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金铸锭组织的影响。结果表明,施加低频电磁场可以细化Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金铸锭的晶粒组织,减轻晶内元素的偏析程度。与常规半连续铸造相比,施加频率为20 Hz、电流为120 A的交变电磁场后,铸锭中的等轴晶组织增多,枝晶状组织减少,晶粒尺寸变得更加细小,铸锭边部和中心平均晶粒尺寸由常规半连续铸造的170和259μm分别降至133和187μm,同时有利于提高溶质元素在晶内的分布,很大程度上减轻了溶质元素的偏析。此外,低频电磁场的电磁振荡使得液穴内部温度场和流动场更趋均匀,溶质元素分配系数增大,结晶区间变小,抑制了树枝晶的生长,促进了Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金半连续铸锭中非枝晶组织的形成和溶质元素的强制固溶,并且抑制了溶质元素的偏析。     

电磁场频率对电磁铸造7075铝合金微观组织的影响

观察了电磁场频率对电磁铸造705铝合金圆锭（直径为200mm)微观组织的影响；在10－100Hz范围内采用不同的电磁场频率通过电磁铸造工艺制得7075铝合金铸锭，分析其微观组织及合金元素分布情况，结果表明，电磁场频率的发言为可显著影响熔体的凝固组织，频率为30Hz时可最有效地抑制宏观偏析，改善铸锭的表面质量，15Hz时能够更有效地细化晶粒。     

低频电磁水平半连续铸造中磁场的分布及其对宏观偏析的影响

采用数值模拟的方法研究了低频电磁水平半连续铸造7075铝合金中不同强度及频率的磁场在熔体中的分布,并采用试验的方法研究了不同条件的磁场对铸锭宏观偏析的影响.将使用传统水平半连续铸造生产出的铸锭与低频电磁水平半连续铸造生产的铸锭进行了比较.研究结果表明:在传统水平半连续铸造工艺条件下,铸锭中易出现较严重的负偏析及重力偏析;然而,在低频电磁水平半连续铸造过程中,低频电磁场的存在明显削弱了铸锭中的宏观偏析.此外,磁场在熔体中的分布情况将直接影响其作用效果,提高磁场强度及适当降低磁场频率均有利于对宏观偏析的改善.     

电磁场施加方式对半连续铸造镁合金锭坯组织与性能的影响

采用不同电磁场施加方式和半连续铸造制备Φ200 mm AZ31镁合金锭坯.研究电磁场施加方式对AZ31锭坯微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,与常规直接水冷半连铸锭坯相比,单感应线圈通电(LFEC)或两组感应线圈同时通电(LFEVC)来铸造锭坯时,组织细化,第二相(β-Mg17Al12)变得细小弥散,锭坯横截面边部与中心部位晶粒大小差别明显降低,LFEVC铸造的锭坯比LFEC铸造的更为明显;两种电磁场施加方式均有利于主合金元素在锭坯中均匀分布,宏观偏析在很大程度上得到抑制;两种电磁场施加方式均有利于锭坯的力学性能的提高,与常规铸造相比,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别提高50～60 MPa和40～50 MPa,延伸率也增大1倍.     

均匀化处理对低频电磁铸造7050铝合金微观组织的影响

利用低频电磁铸造工艺制备了具有细小、均匀等轴晶组织的7050铝合金铸锭,研究了均匀化处理过程中铸锭微观组织及性能的变化.结果表明,与普通DC铸造锭坯相比,低频电磁铸造铸锭有更佳的均匀化处理效果.在同样的均匀化处理条件下,低频电磁铸造铸锭的晶间低熔点相含量更低,晶内溶质元素含量更高.低频电磁铸造铸锭在均匀化处理12 h后,晶内溶质元素含量即已达到合金的平均含量;而普通铸锭在均匀化处理48 h后,晶内溶质元素含量仍低于合金的平均含量.     

低频电磁热顶铸造7050铝合金铸锭的表面质量和组织

在传统热顶铸造基础上,开发了一种新的热顶铸造结晶器,并在铸造过程中施加低频电磁场;得出了稳定铸造φ500mm 7050高强铝合金铸锭的工艺条件,当电磁场频率为15 Hz、磁场强度为10000 A/m时,铸造出了表面光滑的铸锭.采用偏光显微镜(Leica DMI)观察试样,分析试样的微观组织.试验结果表明:铸造过程中施加低频电磁场能提高铸锭的表面质量,细化铸锭的内部组织,抑制铸锭内部裂纹的产生.总结了低频电磁铸造改善表面质量和细化组织的原因以及低频电磁场对液穴形状的影响.     

低频电磁铸造超高强铝合金铸锭

通过使用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法,研究低频电磁场对铝合金半连续铸造过程中宏观物理场与铸锭的组织和裂纹的影响;比较低频电磁铸造和DC铸造过程的宏观物理场。结果表明：应用电磁场可以完全改变熔体的流动方向,加快流动速度,均匀熔池内熔体温度,降低温度梯度,提升等温线,减少液穴深度和铸造应力及塑性变形;低频电磁铸造还可以明显细化铸锭的微观组织和消除铸造裂纹,其原因是低频电磁场改变了宏观物理场。     

Effects of electromagnetic stirring on microstructures of solidified aluminum alloys

1　INTRODUCTIONPractically ,mechanicalstirringandelectromag neticstirring (EMS)arewidelyusedtogenerateforcedflowinsolidificationandcastingofmetalsandalloys,resultingin greatchangesofthesolidifiedstructures,segregationsand propertiesofthecast ings .Muchattentionhasbeenpaidtosolidificationofdendriticalloyssuperposedwithforcedflow ,andmanypreviousworkshavebeenfocusedontheeffectsoffluidflowonthestructuraltransitions,suchascolumnar equiaxedtransitions(CET)ormacro segre gationinthealloys[13] .…     

凝固路径对Al-4.5%Cu合金共晶相体积分数影响的数值模拟研究

通过Al-4.5％Cu合金铸锭显微偏析形成的数值模拟，研究了凝固路径对凝固后铸锭不同位置处共晶相体积分数的影响。在显微偏析模型中考虑了树枝晶粗化、固相溶质逆扩散、枝晶尖端过冷、随温度变化的溶质扩散系数等影响显微偏析形成的动力学因素。数值方法中采用变网格技术跟踪移动界面，通过迭代求解溶质扩散方程和溶质守恒方程计算显微偏析参数。结果表明，不能仅靠局部凝固时间来分析共晶相体积分数的变化，还要考虑凝固路径的影响。     

Microstructures and constituents of super-high strength aluminum alloy ingots made through LFEC process

Ingots of a new super-high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy were produced respectively by low frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) and by conventional direct chill (DC) casting process. Microstructure and constituents of the ingots were studied. The results indicated that the LFEC process significantly refines microstructure and constituents of the alloy, and to some extent, decreases the area (or volume) fraction of constituents and eutectic structure precipitated at grain boundaries. But, no difference in the type of constituents was observed between LFEC and DC ingots. The results also showed LFEC process can improve the as-cast mechanical properties.     

Effects of cooling rate and initial composition on the solidification path and microstructure of Al-Cu-Si alloys

The influences of cooling rate and initial composition on solidification path, microstructure and hardness of Al-Cu-Si alloys were investigated. The results indicate that the solidification paths of alloys Al-3.7Cu-6.5Si, Al-5.2Cu-2.6Si and Al-15.1Cu-6.2Si were (L + α-Al)→(L + α-Al+ β-Si)→(L + α-Al+ β-Si+ θ-Al₂Cu), and the solidification paths of alloys Al-4.6Cu-0.9Si, Al-24.2Cu-3.9Si and Al-26.9Cu-2.1Si were (L + α-Al)→(L + α-Al+ θ-Al₂Cu)→(L + α-Al+ β-Si+ θ-Al₂Cu). Furthermore, it is found that the further the initial compositions from the binary eutectic trough and the slower the cooling rate was, the second dendrite arm spacing was larger and the volume percent of phase θ-Al₂Cu was fewer, and then influence the hardness. There were three kinds of (α-Al+ θ-Al₂Cu) binary eutectic, two kinds of (α-Al+ β-Si+ θ-Al₂Cu) ternary eutectic and one kind of (α-Al+ β-Si) binary eutectic morphologies existed in the solidification specimens.     

Direct-chilling casting of Mg alloy under electromagnetic and ultrasonic combined field

The effects of low frequency electromagnetic (LFEC) field and ultrasonic (US) field on the microstructures, macrosegregation of alloying elements and the mechanical properties of DC cast AZ80 alloy were studied. The results show that both LFEC and US fields can refine the grains of the billets, which results in the increase in mechanical properties and uniformity of alloying element distribution. The effective refinement takes place on the edge of ingots when LFEC field is applied, while in the center of billets when field US is adopted. Combined the characteristics of LFEC and US fields, a new process for direct-chilling (DC) casting of Mg-electromagnetic-ultrasonic (ECUS) casting is developed, by which the grains are refined significantly and are more uniform in the whole ingots, and the mechanical properties of the ingots are improved.     

低频电磁铸造对7050铝合金羽毛晶组织缺陷的影响

常规DC铸造7050铝合金铸锭常常含有羽毛晶组织缺陷.采用低频电磁铸造技术,半连续铸造制备了直径为200 mm的7050铝合金锭坯,考察了电磁场对羽毛晶组织缺陷的影响.结果表明,在低频电磁场作用下,半连续铸造组织得到显著细化,为均匀细小的球形和多边形等轴晶组织,有效抑制了羽毛晶组织缺陷的产生.     

Characteristics of copper-clad aluminum rods prepared by horizontal continuous casting

An innovative horizontal continuous casting method was developed and successfully used to prepare copper-clad aluminum (CCA) rods with a diameter of 85 mm and a sheath thickness of 16 mm. The solidification structure and element distribution near the interface of the CCA ingots were investigated by means of a scanning electron microscope, an energy dispersive spectrometer, and an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. The results showed that the proposed process can lead to a good metallurgical bond between Cu and Al. The interface between Cu and Al was a multilayered structure with a thickness of 200 μm, consisting of Cu₉Al₄, CuAl₂, α-Al/CuAl₂ eutectic, and α-Al + α-Al/CuAl₂ eutectic layers from the Cu side to the Al side. The mean tensile-shear strength of the CCA sample was 45 MPa, which fulfills the requirements for the further extrusion process. The bonding and diffusion mechanisms are also discussed in this paper.     

Effects of Homogenization Treatment on the Microsegregation of a Ni–Co Based Superalloy Produced by Directional Solidification

To reduce microsegregation,a series of homogenization treatments were carried out on a Ni-Co based superalloy prepared through directional solidification(DS).The element segregation characteristics and microstructural evolution were investigated by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).The results show that the elements are non-uniformly distributed in the solidified superalloy,in which W and Ti have the greatest tendency of microsegregation.Furthermore,severe microsegregation leads to complicated precipitations,including η-Ni_3Ti and eutectic(γ+γ').EPMA results show that Al and Mo are uniformly distributed between the eutectic(γ+γ')and γ matrix,whereas Ti is segregated in the eutectic(γ+γ') and η phases.The positive segregation element Ti,which is continuously rejected into the remaining liquid during γ matrix solidification,promotes the formation of eutectic(γ+γ') and the transformation of the η phase.According to the homogenization effect,the optimal single-stage homogenization process of this alloy is 1180 ℃ for 2 h because of the sufficient diffusion segregation of the elements.In the present study,a kinetic diffusion model was built to reflect the degree of element segregation during homogenization,and the diffusion coefficients of W and Ti were estimated.     

凝固路径对Al-4.5%Cu合金显微偏析参数影响的数值模拟

通过对Al-4.5%Cu合金铸锭显微偏析形成的数值模拟,研究了凝固路径对凝固后铸锭不同位置处显微偏析参数的影响.在显微偏析模型中考虑了树枝晶粗化、固相溶质逆扩散、枝晶尖端过冷、随温度变化的溶质扩散系数等影响显微偏析形成的动力学因素.数值方法中采用变网格技术跟踪移动界面,通过迭代求解溶质扩散方程和溶质守恒方程计算显微偏析参数.结果表明,对于Al-Cu合金,固相扩散主要由溶质扩散速率控制,而非局部凝固时间.显微偏析参数不仅取决于局部凝固时间,还要考虑凝固路径的影响.     

方波脉冲电流对Al-Cu合金凝固组织的影响

针对单极方波脉冲电流幅值对Al-Cu合金凝固组织的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,脉冲电流对亚共晶Al-5Cu和过共晶Al-50Cu合金的凝固组织和初生相有明显细化作用,这主要是由于方波脉冲电流频域较宽,高次波的能量衰减较慢,对凝固系统所做的有效功值较高。由于电流及感生磁场的不均匀性而产生的磁场梯度漂移和磁力线曲率漂移,使得过共晶Al-50Cu合金中Al3 及Cu 离子沿磁场方向迁移,在脉冲电场作用下,促使初生相CuAl2沿磁场方向优势生长。