NiTi形状记忆合金回复应力-温度模型改进与实验研究

针对NiTi形状记忆合金的马氏体不完全逆转变带来的回复应力模型预测误差,开展了NiTi形状记忆合金一维回复应力-温度模型研究。在Brinson的形状记忆合金(SMA)一维本构模型基础上,增加马氏体回复因子为内变量,给出了马氏体回复因子与预应变的关系,综合考虑温度和应力对马氏体体积分数的影响,构造NiTi形状记忆合金回复应力-温度改进模型,通过实验测试了不同预应变量的NiTi合金回复应力与温度关系曲线。研究表明:本研究提出的改进模型预测的NiTi形状记忆合金回复应力-温度曲线,与实验曲线吻合较好。     

Ti—Ni形状记忆合金回复应变率和回复力测定的研究

较详细地叙述了用拉伸试验法测量Ti-Ni形状记忆合金的回复应变和回复力特征的研究结果,并分析了Ti-Ni合金回复应变率和回复应力同低温马氏体状态下残余变形程度之间的关系。     

TiNi及TiNiCu形状记忆合金的回复力特征

研究了TiNi二元与TiNiCu三元形状记忆合金的回复力特征,并通过示差扫描量热分析研究了合金的热弹性马氏体相变特征.结果表明:二元与三元合金在一定温度范围内的最大回复力随着预应变的增大而升高,但是当预应变达到或超过其最大可恢复变形极限时最大回复力反而减小.对于TiNi合金,回复力随温度增长的速率随着预应变的增加而增加,而TiNiCu合金的回复力随温度增长的速率随着预应变的增加而减小.通过对克劳修斯-克拉珀龙方程进行修正,分析了回复力和相变之间的关系.结果表明:TiNi二元合金的冷变形应变越大,相变温度区间越小,其回复力随温度增长的速率就越大;TiNi三元合金的冷变形越大,相变温度区间越大,其回复力随温度增长的速率就越小.     

2024铝合金高温损伤模型的建立及其应用

针对2024铝合金在其高温拉伸过程中颈缩现象显著,实验测得的应力-应变曲线并不能准确反映材料的真实应力应变关系的问题,通过分析高温拉伸曲线中的流变软化现象及微观组织演化规律,认为动态回复和损伤是导致材料软化的主要机制,提出了一种"去耦合"方法求解真实应力-应变曲线。采用由Avrami方程求解所得的动态回复曲线作为高温下"无损伤"2024铝合金的应力应变关系,并引入Johnson-Cook损伤模型描述2024铝合金高温损伤演化过程。利用ABAQUS有限元模拟软件,集成上述应力应变关系和损伤模型,预测了2024铝合金拉伸断裂和方盒件热拉深成形破裂过程。其预测结果和实验基本一致。     

两种不同变形方式对NiTi合金回复特性的影响

研究了马氏体再取向(MR)和应力诱发马氏体转变(SIM)两种不同变形方式对Ni50.2Ti49.8合金拉伸性能及预应变后加热回复特性的影响.结果表明:拉伸变形中,MR变形方式的应力平台结束时的应变值较SIM变形方式大.在拉伸预应变处于应力平台阶段时,两种变形方式在相同预应变后加热回复有相同的记忆能力;在拉伸预应变大于应力平台时,两种变形方式在相同预应变后加热回复,SIM变形方式的逆相变温度和回复应变略高于MR变形方式.     

TiNi形状记忆合金的力学和电阻特性的同步测量

报道采用新型SMT－1型形状记忆合金特性综合测试仪对Ti-50.9at%Ni合金在拉伸变形,形状记忆回复以及约束应力或约束应变条件下的力学和电阻特性进行同步测试的部分结果,并讨论了其内在物理本质。实验结果表明：拉伸加载过程中的电阻－应变曲线比应力－应变曲线更能揭示应力诱发马氏体相变过程,应力,应变,电阻,温度的同步测量是研究形状记忆合金性能和组织结构变化的简便和有效的工具之一。     

NiTi形状记忆合金高温变形神经网络研究

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上进行热变形压缩试验,获得了NiTi形状记忆合金在不同应变速率和温度下的真应力-真应变实验数据及微观组织,根据实验数据基于BP神经网络建立模型对NiTi合金的高温变形进行预测。结果表明:随着应变速率的增加,TiNi合金的软化特性变得明显,模型的预测值与试验值误差较小,且预测精度和可靠度高。     

NiTi形状记忆合金高温变形神经网络研究

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上进行热变形压缩试验,获得了NiTi形状记忆合金在不同应变速率和温度下的真应力-真应变实验数据及微观组织,根据实验数据基于BP神经网络建立模型对NiTi合金的高温变形进行预测。结果表明:随着应变速率的增加,TiNi合金的软化特性变得明显,模型的预测值与试验值误差较小,且预测精度和可靠度高。     

一种新型亚稳β钛合金热变形的本构模型(英文)

基于新型亚稳β钛合金Ti2448在温度1023～1123K、应变速率63～0.001s-1下的等温热压缩流动应力曲线特征,构建能够完整描述该合金流动应力与应变、应变速率、变形温度之间关系的本构模型。在此过程中,通过基于统一黏塑形理论改进双曲正弦函数,构建合金在高应变速率(≥1s-1)下发生动态回复(DRV)的模型;通过对标准的Avrami方程进行简化,表征了Ti2448在低应变率(1s-1)下发生的动态再结晶(DRX)软化机制。最终通过应用全局优化求解非线性方程的新方法确定模型中的相关参数。根据所建模型得到的预测曲线和实验曲线吻合得较好,能够有效预测Ti2448在热变形过程中的流动应力,为构建亚稳β钛合金热变形本构模型提供一种有效的方法。     

TiNiFe低温形状记忆合金弹簧回复特性的研究

测定了Ti50Ni47Fe3形状记忆合金弹簧升温过程经过马氏体相变、R相变回复力、回复位移的特性曲线.结果表明:Ti50Ni47Fe3弹簧在马氏体相变(-100℃至-70℃)过程,回复性能不明显,而在R相变(-10℃至10℃)过程,回复位移和回复力变化显著;Ti50Ni47Fe3弹簧最大的回复位移随约束力的增加而呈非线...     

Stress-Induced Martensite in Front of Crack Tips in NiTi Shape Memory Alloys: Modeling Versus Experiments

NiTi-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit an unusual stress distribution at the crack tip as compared to common engineering materials, due to a stress-induced martensitic transformation resulting from highly localized stresses. Understanding the fracture mechanics of NiTi-based SMAs is critical to many of their applications. Here, we develop an analytical model, which predicts the boundaries of the transformation region in the crack tip vicinity of NiTi-based SMAs. The proposed model is based on a recent analytical approach which uses modified linear elastic fracture mechanics concepts to predict the crack tip stress distribution and transformation region in SMAs but, unfortunately, it applies only to the plane stress condition. To overcome this limitation, the proposed model accounts for stress triaxiality, which plays an important role in restricting crack tip plastic deformations in common ductile metals as well as the stress-induced martensite in NiTi SMAs. The effects of triaxial stress at the crack tip are taken into account by including a new parameter, the transformation constraint factor, which is based on the plastic constraint factor of elasto-plastic materials. The predictions of the model are compared with synchrotron x-ray micro-diffraction observations and satisfactory agreement is observed between the two results. Finally, the evolution of crack tip transformation boundaries during fracture tests of miniature compact tension specimens is predicted and the effects of applied load and crack length are discussed.     

A micromechanical analysis of the coupled thermomechanical superelastic response of textured and untextured polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys

In this paper a micromechanical model that incorporates single crystal constitutive relationships is used for studying the pseudoelastic response of polycrystalline shape memory alloys (SMAs). In the micromechanical framework, the stress-free transformation strains of the possible martensite twinned structures, correspondence variant pairs (CVPs), obtained from the crystallographic data of NiTi are used, and the overall transformation strain is obtained by defining a set of martensitic volume fractions corresponding to active CVPs during phase transformation. The local form of the first law of thermodynamics is used and the energy balance relation for the polycrystalline SMAs is obtained. Generalized coupled thermomechanical governing equations considering the phase transformation latent heat are derived for polycrystalline SMAs. A three-dimensional finite element framework is used and different polycrystalline samples are modeled based on Voronoi tessellations. By considering appropriate distributions of crystallographic orientations in the grains obtained from experimental texture measurements of NiTi samples, the effects of texture and the tension–compression asymmetry in polycrystalline SMAs are studied. The interaction between the stress state (tensile or compressive), the number of grains and the texture on the mechanical response of polycrystalline SMAs is studied. It is found that the number of grains (or size) affects both the stress–strain response and the phase transformation propagation in the material. In addition to tensile and compressive loadings, textured and untextured NiTi micropillars with different sizes are also studied in bending. The coupled thermomechanical framework is used for analyzing the effect of loading rate and the phase transformation latent heat on the response of both textured and untextured samples. It is shown that the temperature changes due to the heat generation during phase transformation can affect the propagation of martensite in samples subjected to high strain rates.     

Analytical modelling of functionally graded NiTi shape memory alloy plates under tensile loading and recovery of deformation upon heating

This paper presents an analytical model describing the deformation behaviour of functionally graded NiTi plates under tensile loading and their shape recovery during heating. The property gradient of the plate is achieved by either a compositional gradient or microstructural gradient through the thickness. Closed-form solutions are obtained for nominal stress–strain variations of such plates under uniaxial loading at different deformation stages. It is observed that the martensitic transformation occurs partially over the nominal stress gradient, unlike typical NiTi shape memory alloys. The curvature–temperature relations are established for complex shape memory effect behaviour of such plates during the recovery period. The analytical solutions are validated with relevant experimental results.     

“Yield” surfaces of shape memory alloys and their applications

The “yield” (transformation start stress in stress induced martensitic transformation) surfaces of shape memory alloys (SMAs) are investigated. It is assumed that the driving energy (or driving force) for phase transformation is approximately a constant. By using the lattice structure and correspondence of a SMA in phase transformation, the “yield” surfaces of the following polycrystalline SMAs are calculated: NiTi, NiAl, CuZnGa, and CuAlNi. It is also found that all these “yield” surfaces can be described roughly by a general formula. In this formula, the parameters can be decided by using the “yield” stresses of a particular SMA in uni-axial tension and compression. The “yield” surface of NiTi is compared with the experimental results reported in the literature. The possibility of applying such a “yield” surface in predicting the behavior of a SMA under other stress conditions based on the tensile result is also studied.     

Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Instability of Superelastic NiTi Shape Memory Alloy

In this paper, primary attention is paid to the mechanical instability of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) during localized forward transformation at different temperatures. By inhibiting the localized phase transformation, we can obtain the up-down-up mechanical response of NiTi SMA, which is closely related to the intrinsic material softening during localized martensitic transformation. Furthermore, the material parameters of the up-down-up stress-strain curve are extracted, in such a way that this database can be utilized for simulation and validation of the theoretical analysis. It is found that during forward transformation, the upper yield stress, lower yield stress, Maxwell stress, and nucleation stress of NiTi SMA exhibit linear dependence on temperature. The relation between nucleation stress and temperature can be explained by the famous Clausius-Clapeyron equation, while the relation between upper/lower yield stress and temperature lacks theoretical study, which needs further investigation.     

孔隙对NiTi形状记忆合金中B2-R相变影响的相场模拟

建立了适用于含孔隙NiTi合金中B2-R相变的相场模型,并用该相场模型研究了多孔NiTi合金中B2-R转变的微观组织演化过程以及孔隙率和孔尺寸对R相变体生长动力学行为的影响.多孔NiTi合金中R相变体以相互协调的方式形成"带状"的三维结构和"鱼骨"状的二维组织,变体之间形成的孪晶面包括{101}B2和{001}B2 2...     

Phase Transformation Behavior of Hot Isostatically Pressed NiTi-X (X?=?Ag, Nb, W) Alloys for Functional Engineering Applications

Owing to their unique properties, NiTi-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) are highly attractive candidates for a lot of functional engineering applications like biomedical implants (stents), actuators, or coupling elements. Adding a third element is an effective measure to adjust or stabilize the phase transformation behavior to a certain extent. In this context, addition of alloying elements, which are low soluble or almost insoluble in the NiTi matrix is a promising approach and??with the exception of adding Nb??has rarely been reported in the literature so far, especially if the manufacturing of the net-shaped parts of these alloys is aspired. In the case of addition of elemental Nb, broadening of hysteresis between austenitic and martensitic phase transformation temperatures after plastic deformation of the Nb phase is a well-known effect, which is the key of function of coupling elements already established on the market. In the present study, we replaced Nb with additions of elemental Ag and W, both of which are almost insoluble in the NiTi matrix. Compared with Nb, Ag is characterized by higher ductility in combination with lower melting point, enabling liquid phase sintering already at moderate temperatures. Vice versa, addition of W might act in opposite manner considering its inherent brittleness combined with high melting temperature. In the present study, hot isostatic pressing was used for manufacturing such alloys starting from prealloyed NiTi powder and with the additions of Nb, Ag, and W as elemental powders. Microstructures, interdiffusion phenomena, phase transformation behaviors, and impurity contents were investigated aiming to better understand the influence of insoluble phases on bulk properties of NiTi SMAs.     

循环应力作用下TiNi形状记忆合金应力诱发相变行为演变的原位研究

利用马氏体相变有相变潜热释放的性质,通过精确测量TiNi形状记忆合金在不同变形条件下试样温度的变化波形,结合应力应变响应研究了循环应力作用下TiNi形状记忆合金相变行为的演变过程,对循环应力造成形状记忆合金超弹性退化的原因进行了探讨.结果表明:试样的温度变化比普通金属材料高许多,可以用温度法来研究马氏体相变在变形过程中的变化;在应力控制的循环应力作用下,试样内应力诱发马氏体相变量随着循环周次的增加而不断减小,每一周内应力诱发马氏体相变行为也在不断演化,发生应力诱发马氏体相变的临界应力不断减小,而由马氏体弹性变形所携带的应力增加.     

Embedding of Superelastic SMA Wires into Composite Structures: Evaluation of Impact Properties

Shape memory alloy (SMA) represents the most versatile way to realize smart materials with sensing, controlling, and actuating functions. Due to their unique mechanical and thermodynamic properties and to the possibility to obtain SMA wires with very small diameters, they are used as smart components embedded into the conventional resins or composites, obtaining active abilities, tunable properties, self-healing properties, and damping capacity. Moreover, superelastic SMAs are used to increase the impact resistance properties of composite materials. In this study, the influence of the integration of thin superelastic wires to suppress propagating damage of composite structures has been investigated. Superelastic SMAs have very high strain to failure and recoverable elastic strain, due to a stress-induced martensitic phase transition creating a plateau region in the stress-strain curve. NiTi superelastic wires (A _f = ?15 °C fully annealed) of 0.10 mm in diameter have been produced and characterized by SAES Getters. The straight annealed wire shows the typical flag stress-strain behavior. The measured loading plateau is about 450 MPa at ambient temperature with a recoverable elastic strain of more than 6%. For these reasons superelastic SMA fibers can absorb much more strain energy than other fibers before their failure, partly with a constant stress level. In this paper, the improvement of composite laminates impact properties by embedding SMA wires is evaluated and indications for design and manufacturing of SMA composites with high-impact properties are also given.     

Superelastic cycling and room temperature recovery of Ti74Nb26 shape memory alloy

The superelastic cyclic response of Ti₇₄Nb₂₆ shape memory alloy (SMA), and the nature of cyclic evolution of its superelastic properties and their unexpected static recovery process after cycling, were investigated at room temperature. The critical stress for stress-induced martensitic transformation (σ_SIM) and stress hysteresis (Δσ) continuously decrease with increasing number of superelastic cycles. However, cumulative irrecoverable strain during cycling in samples of particular processing conditions increases only up to a certain number of cycles before decreasing with further cycling. Stress-free aging at room temperature after cycling was shown to increase σ_SIM and Δσ. The unexpected room temperature recovery is attributed to the recovery of retained martensite and point defects. Similar experiments conducted on conventional Ni-rich Ni–Ti SMAs also show static recovery at room temperature, indicating that the recovery process is not unique to Ti–Nb SMAs.